 Today I am going to talk about research and publication practices where ethical issues are involved that how we are going to deal with them. First of all, this is very important to seek institutional approval. As a student of psychology, you have been engaged in different small projects or different large-scale research projects in which you will have to collect data from any institution. When institutional approval is required, psychologists provide accurate information about their research proposal and obtain approval prior to the conducting of research. First of all, we have to approve our questionnaire from the relevant individual of that institution. If you approve our questionnaire that we can use it with your population, then we will be allowed to do the research. There is also an informed consent, where all the questionnaire and demographic information is also included. And all these protocols are informing us whether we are taking any sensitive information, whether we are taking any psychological harm, whether we are asking any such questions, whether the sample after reading will be disturbed or if their confidentiality will be disturbed, then the institution approves the data from that place after looking at all these things. Sometimes we have seen that students are very disturbed, that we did not get permission from the diabetes centre, or that we did not get permission to do research with cancer patients. And when I see their questionnaire, I get to know that they ask such questions with diabetes patients, which are related to their sexual orientation. So the institution does not allow them. Similarly, when cancer patients are getting permission from stage 3 and 4 for data collection, and as a health psychologist, I understand that stage 3 and 4 patients are not able enough to give any kind of data to the students, because their condition is so vulnerable that they cannot be a part of the research activity. So by looking at all those constraints, the institution has the right to approve and disapprove the questionnaire of that student. So there is no negativity in this, there are no personal relations in this, there is an authentic thing in this that you have to see that either your sample is not being affected by it, and by looking at it, the permission is being sustained or cancelled. They conduct the research in accordance with the approved research protocol. You cannot say that you have approved the questionnaire, but when it comes to data collection, you have to change it and start asking questions. Inform-concent to research is an important thing. When obtaining informed consent as required in ethical standard, psychologists inform participants about the purpose of the research duration, which is expected to be involved in that research, the procedure which is going to be conducted by the psychologist, and their right to decline and to participate and to withdraw from the research at any time. So all these things, you tell them that if you leave them, or if you become a part of them, then how long will it take for you to leave them? Will you be penalized by any of these activities? There are some other scenarios that we will talk about. For instance, foreseeable consequences of declining or withdrawing. If you are giving treatment to some kind of patients and they want to withdraw, then it will be necessary to tell them that if you withdraw from this therapy, then maybe you are going to go for certain consequences of that discontinuation. For example, if we leave a drug therapy or a medical therapy in the middle of that therapy, maybe it can create a problem for health. If we leave it in the middle of a psychological rehabilitation program, then it can create some other kind of limitations. So it is very important to tell these informed concerns. Factors expected to influence their willingness to participate, that is potential risk, discomfort and adverse effects. For example, if an individual is looking like a mild shock electric or they are hearing some unpleasant noise, or they are seeing these factors during their assessment, that if the effect of light is more or less, then it is necessary to tell them in some way what kind of situation you have to face. Then any prospective research benefits, if there is any benefit, then you should also tell them that you will be able to learn something from it. By doing this, your psychological conflicts will be resolved. So it is equally important to tell these benefits. Then limits of confidentiality should also be discussed with them as we already talked about them, that what is meant by limits to confidentiality and whom to contact for questions about the research and research participants' rights. Students may find this very unfamiliar that there are some rights of participants, but there are rights of every individual. When we talk about human rights, there are rights of every individual in every scenario and research participants have very strong rights. So first of all, tell the participants which authority will inform you about your rights which is leading the research. This is also very much important. Then psychologist conducting intervention research used experimental treatments clarified the subjects at the onset of the research that what would be the nature of treatment if an experimental study is keeping them, they are either being kept in a control group or they are kept in an experimental group. And what kind of treatment will be given to them? Services that will and will not be available to the control group. If they become a part of the control group, then what kind of things will not be shown to them? What kind of things will be exposed to them? Means by which assignment to treatment and control group will be made? Like for instance, if we are showing some participants a movie made with violence, and we are not showing anything, then in the beginning we can say that maybe we will show you some movies and we will not show some participants and the effect of that will be assessed on your thinking later on. In such situations, you can ask the participants that if you have any reservations then you can tell them in the beginning. Maybe some people say that we don't want to go for the movie and we want to go for the movie. And some participants can ask that either the movie will be funny or it will be comic or it will be full of violence. So here you have to tell them that there will be scenes of violence and then we will look at the effect of that. So you know, such things where you want to ask the participants and they come to the right, it is very important to tell them there. Available treatment alternatives if an individual does not wish to participate in the research or wish to withdraw once a study has begun. If he is an individual who participates in such research, if he can be harmed by leaving him in the centre, then it will be necessary to arrange an alternative treatment for him. Then compensation for monetary costs for participation including if appropriate whether reimbursement from the participant or a third-party pair will be sued. If it is already decided that someone who will participate in this experiment will be given a monetary compensation, then it will also be decided that what will be the process of its reimbursement. Either the psychologist will pay or an organisation will pay or a third-party will pay. Students sometimes participate in such research where there is no monetary compensation, but there can be some refreshments involved in it. Maybe you can get some kind of training incentive. So it is a responsibility of a psychologist to inform such things beforehand. And this is a very pivotal part of authentic research.