 Well, good morning everybody certainly those of you who are in Europe and good afternoon. I think it's just gone midday in Kampala So you're all very very welcome to this webinar on air pollution Urban mobility and governance organized by the Institute for Sustainability leadership at the University of Cambridge That's CISL for short in conjunction with the University of Birmingham and many partners in Uganda A number of which are able to be with us today And I'm delighted really to welcome this international cooperation My name is Jake Reynolds and I'm responsible for research at CISL at the University of Cambridge And I'm pleased to say I do have some familiarity with Uganda having lived in your amazing country in the early 1990s Kampala of course was a very different city in those days cars were comparatively rare And one could reach the central post office. I remember from McCurry University in less than 10 minutes I'll let you pause those of you living in Kampala to think about that 30 years on that would be an impossible feat of course Kampala's grown and grown like many similar cities different parts of the world It's driven a lot of economic development, but I've also it's also attracted its fair share of Environmental challenge is not least air pollution So this webinar brings together a great lineup of Ugandan and international panellists academia policy business public health and social sciences to discuss their quality from a number of different perspectives It's emergence as a public health threat The promise and peril of new technologies and solutions and the state of current and proposed public policy regulation and Interventions intended to address the pollution issue in Kampala The webinar will be recorded for academic purposes. So I just wanted to make you aware of that So I understand today marks day two of Uganda's air quality awareness week with the theme of healthy air important for everyone Collaborative initiative as I understand it from the National Environmental Management Authority Neymar Kampala City Council City Kampala Capital City Authority KCCA the US Embassy in Uganda and a number of other organizations including air quo at Macquarie University I'd like to commend those organizations for such a fantastic initiative And open some small way that our discussions today may assist with its important work So our discussion today focuses on the air quality and urban mobility in Kampala a classic urbanizing African city context and the importance of governance Informalating strategies to deal with what is after all a systemic problem So if I could sum up our goal today, it would be to bring together the science technology health and policy making communities to discuss long-lasting solutions to our pollution Built on the strongest possible in fact global evidence base That will put Kampala and similar cities on to a path to a more prosperous greener future For all of its citizens and I emphasize all of its citizens because air quality Issues as we know do affect adversely Communities with lower income levels to a larger extent in many parts of the world It is important that we take a very inclusive approach here I think Now that's those few words of introduction from me as As your chair today, I did want to pass over to Gabriel O'Callow dr. Gabriel O'Callow. That's the ISL Just to contextualize The event a little bit more in the Ugandan context, which of course is where he's from So Gabriel just a couple of minutes if I can ask you just to set the scene from a Ugandan perspective Thank you very much Jake and thanks for everyone was tuned in to this webinar I would like to first start by saying, you know much as the discussion today focuses on Kampala city, which is Rapidly urbanizing it's important to note that the information that will be shared is relevant to many of them and It's estimated by 2030 over 60% of population will be living in cities So meaning other cities apart from Kampala will also urbanizing towards the level of Kampala We need to work towards achieving cities that are not only economically vibrant like Kampala, but also in cities that are socially inclusive and and for Kampala's case the challenge of urban mobility is Is is because is growing by the day with the traffic jam and you have The noise within the city. So we hope that this discussion provides some insights on Not only the initiatives taking place in Kampala, but also the interventions that could benefit the city Thank you very much, Jake Brilliant. Thank you very much Gabriel. I think that's very very helpful indeed and just helps us sort of bring bring us all into the same zone before we ask our panel to Share their thoughts. So I won't waste any more time and I'll ask Professor Francis Pope who's chair of Atmospheric Science at School of Geography Earth Environmental Sciences at the University of Birmingham here in the UK To set the scene by exploring for us the science of air pollution and Francis some rather than me attempt you know long and probably inaccurate descriptions of your experience and Institution and general introduction, perhaps you could just say a couple of words And perhaps I could encourage each of the panelists to say a couple of words about who they are Where they're from before you get started and I would also remind you that if we can keep to time then We will have more discussion time later in the webinar. So over to you Francis Brilliant, thank you very much. Jake. Can you hear me? Okay, and can you see my screen? I'll share it now. We can Brilliant Yeah, there's a real pleasure to be here today. So thank you, Jake for introducing I'm Francis Pope from the University of Birmingham where I'm a professor of Atmospheric Science So as stated I was asked to set the scene a little bit And Jake's already done that to a degree, but I'll put some further notes on top So I looked at the I looked at the ranking of the air pollution in Kampalee yesterday afternoon. So this is from the US Embassy Regulatory site and so what it was saying at four o'clock yesterday. That's four o'clock UK time So I guess that would be six o'clock seven o'clock Kampala time that at that moment in time It was unhealthy for sensitive groups and we can see this time series as we go through And so what we can see is yesterday It was it was essentially either orange or red and so it's going between unhealthy sensitive groups or unhealthy for everyone So clearly air pollution is a problem at Kampala And just a snapshot from yesterday, but that's very much what we have been seeing So when we talk about air pollution state, we'll be talking about Particular matter and I'm sure most people on the call are very happy with this but just to make sure we're all We're all thinking about the same thing so particular matter these little bits of pollution in there Little bits of dust and solid and liquids in the air and they tend to be less than 10 microns in size So just to give you context the human hair is about 70 microns. So these are one The things we're interested in are at least one seventh smaller than the human hair diameter And so these bits of particulate matter get smaller and smaller will again worse and worse for you So I like this diagram So the the big bits the PM 10 They they tend to get stuck in the upper respiratory tract. They're still problematic, but they don't get too far into the lungs Once we get smaller to PM 2.5. So that's particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size So about one 40th of the human hair they're then very much getting into the lungs When we go down smaller to one micron So 70 times smaller Then they're really getting all over the lungs And then when we get to the really small stuff the ultrafines and this is where they can really travel around the body They can go through the cardiovascular system. They can attack the brain etc So that So most of the health effects of air pollution is because of this particulate matter There are other things to worry about but I think by and large what we're talking about today is particulate matter Um, so I led up a group with many of the people on the call actually, which was called a systems approach to Air pollution in East Africa or ASAP East Africa and this was funded by DIFID Which is now turned into fcdo or the foreign and common law development office So the program brought together leading uk and east african researchers in various Fields to try and think about air pollution holistically And this is where we met gabriel through this. So it's been a great pleasure to work with him over the years And there's some of our stakeholders there um So again, everyone on the call is probably more afraid with this than I am But just just I think it's really worth thinking about this background So we know that ukanda's population is growing rapidly as is much of south sub-saharan africa And and correspondingly we're getting these high rates of urbanization And with campala being this biggest city then that really is pushing campala's population up So not only is the population of campala going up the economy is increasing and motorization is increasing Noting what jake said earlier about the time taking to get to the post office back in the day Um and correspondingly air quality appears to be diminishing But I think it's really worth thinking about how big campala is So this is just some data from the um world population prospect Here and I know there's question marks about the daytime the nighttime side of the city But if we look at the 2010 data, we can see between 2010 and 2020 there's been about 60 70 percent increase And if we look at the projections to 2030 then we can see that there's almost another doubling of population And what we have to remember is 2030 is only nine years away So this is a really really very significant increase in population And if each of these people in the city pollute the same amount as the current population then The air pollution which is already unhealthy for sensitive groups unhealthy for all that's going to get worse before it gets better um So one of the troubles in campala and also in many places around the world actually there's a lack of historic air pollution data So we don't really know how the situation has changed um And so one of the things my group's done over the years It's used visibility as a proxy for air pollution and particulate mass air pollution um and so The nice thing about visibility is if you have an international airport You have to measure visibility to have planes to land And what visibility is is just how far can I see and the more particulate matter you have in the air the less far you can see So essentially the the the dirty of the air The the the the less you can see so can I see that mountain or can I not see that mountain for example? and what we can see here is if we look at campala this is work from Published late last year what we can see if we look at campala the black line back in the 70s the visibility Was somewhere between 25 and 30 kilometers on average per year Okay, and now we go to the current time it's down the average is around eight kilometers per year Okay, so there's been this very significant decrease in visibility and correspondingly a significant increase In um in air pollution. So it's it seems to be tracking that population increase as you might expect um And so if we can think about this so the environmental kuznets curve and so this this idea is is Is disliked by many people, but I think it's a useful thought experiment here So the environmental kuznets curve essentially says that the Environment initially as your economy increases the environment degrades Okay, so we go up the left hand side of that graph and then at some point the uh as the development increases as Economy increases then we go down the other side the environment improves with further development Okay, so we know that campala is shooting up The left hand side or at least it's going up We don't know if it's going to follow this curve, but we know it's going upwards And so if we look like somewhere like london where the worst of our air pollution was back in the 50s And so maybe that was the worst as bad as it got in the london and because of clean air access As such we're now going down here in the uk. It's not perfect by any means But we've gone over that hump, but we know that campala is going up this side So I think the big science question for me at least is how do we Reduce that hump. Is there a way to actually tunnel through this mountain? Is there a way to get through it using technology, etc? Is there a way not to go through the london smogs? So I think that's the big science question for me. How do we improve air pollution? How do we improve it quickly? And this is just some more data from our group. This is showing This was from 2019 before COVID And again, this just shows what the US EPA site was showing yesterday So again, this is the 24 hour data and campala compared to Nairobi and Addis seems to be Some of the worst air pollution in East Africa again consistently in this unhealthy for everyone or unhealthy for sensitive groups Area and so I put a picture of low cost sensors to the top right here And so one of the problems was this porosity of data and so this low cost sensor this kind of Paradigm shift has really made a big difference. And I know we've got to talk from air quite later And they're really leading the way here. You know really brilliant work um And so this this ability to measure air pollution in a cost-appropriate way has really made a big difference So something I'd also say I think what we now need to start thinking about is source of portion So where is the air pollution coming from? We know roughly it's coming from traffic It's coming from biomass burning Ascension but when you really need to start being able to pinpoint exactly where it's coming from So I think that's what's going to happen in the next few years And my final point I want to make is and this follows on I guess with this being air quality awareness week So whilst the science is really important In many ways the science is relatively easy the difficult bit is getting people to care Getting people to realize that air quality is this environmental risk And so we've done some nice work with robin prices an international Artist and so what he does is he takes these long exposure photos and then he super imposes the air pollution situation on front of it and so We've got great coverage with this. We've done work around the world You'll recognize the The street scene on the right hand side in the middle of campala. So again this shows how much air pollution is So it's like putting a microscope up to the air and that's been very successful in getting people to think about Oh, I'm actually breathing this in. How do I do something about it? And this is thanks. Thank you Francis. I think we are yeah, that's it. I'm brilliant. All right. Thank you very much Francis Pope for that introduction to air quality in campala and of course the It just occurred to me as as you were talking about this being a challenge for for all often it's the The people who have least say and voice who of course are are experiencing air pollution to the worst extent so I think it would be fantastic if we can bear that in mind all through this webinar about You know who who we're really doing this for and how We are trying to change those curves either because Nick curve and turning the corner at the top or um Or in general, um, you know where campala Benchmarks if you like in in air quality in different parts of the world So thank you very much Francis. And if I could turn now to back to Gabriel. In fact Gabriel is our Prince of Wales fellow at CSL my institution and His work is on air quality and non-communicable diseases and it's actually supported by AstraZeneca For a period of three years in a fairly unique Partnership that we have there. So Gabriel over to you to shed light on the perils and promise of technology In addressing air pollution in campala. So moving closer to the solutions. I think Over to you Gabriel Gabriel, do we have you there? You on mute? Hello Any imaging we've got you now Yeah is my And we have your screens. We have your slide on the screen. You could you could put it into presenter mode if you wish Thank you. Thank you very much Jake. Yes. Um, as Jake mentioned, I'm Gabriel O'Kello research fellow at the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership searching in air quality and non-communicable diseases My fellowship is funded by AstraZeneca Just to give you a brief Preview of research focus is looking at address non-communicable disease risk by focusing on air quality through a collaborative approach centered on involvement of stakeholders in academia policy business and community in cities in Uganda And uh, we have Francis just explained a little bit about How the population in campala Has grown over the last 10 years this just The picture in the slide shows a demonstration of how it is At peak times that's in the morning sometimes at large time on the evening in campala. You have Approximately 2.5 million people committing daily from the Greater metropolitan area uh, coming into campala within campala and out of campala and this has really led to a surge in motorized transport. Um, that's the the fuel part motorcycles which we commonly call the boat and the mini buses which are taxis and these are usually second hand reconditioned vehicles that are associated with high levels of Pollution, but it's fair to say not all the pollution in campala is from motorized sources Some pollution is from industries waste that is sometimes burnt or left but in a landfill and biomass is for cooking That's to give a little bit of context on the effects of air pollution The Wilderness Organization provides very staggering numbers of seven million deaths globally every year and in Uganda we're losing about 30 000 people every year due to air pollution and you know living with the death Besides the death we also have been the burden of disease from both short-term effects and long-term effects from the cough the the pneumonia the irritation to cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. This burden is leading to obscenity in schools at work which is reducing productivity and loss of income because people have to treat these diseases at some of the pollutants like ozone have negative and methane have negative impact to our planet But uh, what is the promise of technology? Well, uh, the recent proliferation of air quality sensors in campala and Uganda plans provides a ray of hope as these these are sensors not only provide us with With with a location of the hot spot, but they also provide a magnitude of the air pollution At the moment campala has approximately a hundred sensors both reference monitors and local sensors from a mercury airport and the campala capacity authority and in the museum in an app an airport app where you can check the the air pollution around the area where you are And how significant is this? This is the hotspots as air pollution changes within space and time we are able so to explore the How various areas are polluting but also in future this will be able to help us to evaluate the effect of the interventions and also drive up citizen science within within the community we can see from the From the graphs below one graph is showing how air pollution in one place That's at the u.s. Embassy changes over time And the and the graph on the right is showing how air pollution is different in different places within campala and it's different on different days From the data that we have and we know that the fine particular that francis talked about We are five times above the the WHO required uh recommended levels. So that is a really way above We've gone ahead recently with the pilot in collaboration with the mercury airport and University of colorado to try and establish what are the sources of this air pollution and the state we are at now is Showing that slightly over half of them come from combustion sources including vehicles and Cooking and then the other half is coming from the dust. That would be the antenna However, some interventions are taking place in campala. We have the Nameda room street corridor, which was converted to non-motorized by the campala capital city authority We also have the rail transport that transport that transports people from campala to mamamve and also having the soon to be launched air quality standards that will provide guidance on vehicle vehicle emissions another promise of technology is Is the electric mobility or the e-boarders and these are in the pilot phase in campala with the various companies trying to explore How how this can be adopted within campala other companies are converting the already existing fuel powered motorcycles into electric whereas Others are outright importing electric motorbikes and it will be interesting to see the impact of adoption of these e-boarders We also have the cars our own kira motors corporation is doing a bit of pilots on the On the kaiola bus and recently Nissan is also Is also importing into the country electric vehicles But is it only is it only technology that will solve this? I think that that is still a big question as addressing Air pollution involves a societal change which clearly calls for involvement From various stakeholders for example with the e-boarders It's very important to involve the border border riders themselves other transport sectors like the minister of us to try and harness the complex issues And also the advantages and even in any trade-offs of adopting such interventions Now as I as I conclude I would like to Reflex on the Partial of months with the massive disruption of kovid and the and the lockdown with all those negative impacts One of the takeaways from those parts of months is that we saw a very unprecedented In Not only in Uganda, but in many countries especially in Uganda. We had Different ministries lending the ministry of health cars for transporting Four to different areas we had different people contributing Food contributing medical supplies, etc that level of collaboration were so unprecedented that Someone would never have thought of it pick of it They also there's some experience of what the air would what what benefit would have in addressing air pollution we had a drop in particulate matter concentrations by 45 55 percent and also we had a drop in Nitrogen oxides. There's massive awareness What do I take away from the past 12 months that tackling such complex issues? like air pollution requires massive disruption and tremendous collaboration post-science Thank you, Gabriel Very very very very useful indeed It's really good to hear about the The pandemic response and the collaboration of that bread and the hope I I guess that One can find in new ways of working and and working towards longer term Vision for example a a prosperous and clean a campala So wonderful to get those those inputs about some of the solutions there and In fact, what I'd like to do is is invite Immaculate Niamazi from the ministry of works and transport where she's senior vehicles inspector To help us understand about the government's strategies to manage transport related air pollution In Uganda and immaculate You know the focus today is on is on mobility and Gabriel mentioned Try and understand there is a very large number Something like 250 000 so clearly there's That is part and other forms of mobility a part of the air pollution issue It's not the only part of course cooking and And waste burning and industry of course we're all there To but help us understand if if you can immaculate what how the government sees this and You know what what it's sort of longer range Thinking is about getting a grip on this problem of air pollution. Thank you Okay, good morning and afternoon to everyone My name is immaculate Niamazi I work with the ministry of works and transport Can you see my screen? We can immaculate yes, it's if you if you wanted to press present a mode We'd see it probably a little bit more clearly, but it's very visible Okay So straight I will talk about the genders transport safety overview It's a landlocked country. We of course around the 46 million people The total number of vehicles is around 2 million including motorcycles And The biggest percentage the biggest vehicle percentage around 60 percent is in Kampala The big the major means of transport remain may have 14 seater mini buses and border border and buses which work with around the city The transport sector is mainly steered by ministry of works and transport Other key holders we have the Uganda national roads authority. We have the Uganda railway cooperation Kampala capital city authority Yeah, we are to focus on road transport All the vehicles currently that are in our country are imported both brand new and used vehicles We import around 70 000 motor vehicles and around 1 000 motorcycles for our down Of the brand new vehicles imported you find that 10 percent are procured by government And embassies and non-government organizations and those are usually between one to two one to four years The rest of the cars Are used vehicles Most of our used vehicles come from Japan, Singapore, South Africa United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom And according to a baseline study that was done by ministry of energy in 2018 The average age of the petrol vehicles is around 15.4 years and the diesel vehicles around 16.4 But this was before we put an age limit to vehicles So currently this is what Kampala looks like on a daily basis. We have any time model kind of transport We find pedestrians, motorcycles, minibuses, buses all sharing the same road And it's an everyday thing in Kampala So far the government has put some regulations in place to manage motor vehicles and also manage air pollution We have the code of practice for inspection and testing of used vehicles for roadweavings 2017 We have the traffic hundred safety motor vehicle inspection regulation 2016 We have the traffic hundred safety act 1998 amendment act 2020 This one was recently amended and we are waiting for Neyma to finalize the air quality regulations Now In 2009 You've done the Because you wanted to get rid of old vehicles hoping that they would Immaculate we have from we've lost you If you can hear us immaculate, I don't know if you want to Unplug your mic and try again or Hello, can you hear me now? Yes, we can hear you now. Yeah Yeah So the government of Uganda introduced an environmental level of 20 percent surcharge in 2009 On cars that are older than eight years within an with an aim of reducing old cars It came back if a car is below five years there will be zero chances if it's between six and ten years It should pay 35 percent of the CFI value And if it's above ten years, it would pay 50 percent However, this hasn't been deterrent enough in stopping old vehicles from coming into From coming into the country this is because This is because the CFI value of older cars is low relative to That run of buying new cars and you find that a very small portion of Ugandan's can afford to buy A brand new car on first of October 2018 The Ugandan revenue authority moved Moved to insert a ban on importation of motor vehicles, which are over 15 years from date of manufacture But this ban is only applicable to To Saloon cars and public service vehicles. It doesn't apply to road tractors or wood vehicles with a gross weight of at least six tons going upwards All special purpose vehicles like breakdown vehicles concrete mixers And I'm fighting vehicles. So it's not so effective We had already introduced a mandatory motor vehicle inspection scheme that was running under SGS and a private public partnership But it hasn't been successful due to some political challenges And of course, we cannot talk about vehicle standards without talking about fuel standards Ugandan adopted the 20 the January 2015 low self-offer fuel standards for which For East Africa, which allow a maximum content of 50 parts per million for diesel for diesel fuel and 150 parts per million for gasoline And we have also started constructing an assembly plant for vehicles Especially Our electric vehicles But the plant the construction is 60 percent complete. We hope to kick off by 2023 And there's also a proposal to have a vehicle recycling industry established in Uganda to manage the old and decommissioned vehicles We hope this can be used for spare parts And repair as well as craft metal for other recyclable Parts, we hope this will go along when eliminating emissions associated with cars Now in October 2012 the ministry of works and transport published a standalone A standalone nine motorized transport policy Which notes that NMT is the popular means of transport in Uganda and get the most unsafe And in this policy We hope to achieve The objectives of increasing working and cycling As well as making it safer for pedestrians and cyclists to to work So far we have a pilot study that has been done on a Mirimbe road We haven't yet carried out A study to see how successful this has been but at least now a number of people are cycling but people use this corridor and I think it's a good project We have also incorporated this NMT policy in most of the new roads that have been redesigned in Kampala You can see the green stretch shows the cyclist Of course the factors which determine levels of Emission include the quality of fuel imported and the used vehicles the quality of vehicles The enforcement of vehicle emission standards the frequency of use This is what now the government of Uganda has done so far We have I think you have one about one minute left if I could just remind you. Thank you. Okay. Just give me a few more minutes like five we have Air quality regulations. We have abandoned motorized routes that have been developed We have this Kira EV the black vehicle is an electric car And the white bus you see is a solar powered bus. It runs on solar batteries All being done by Kira motors, which is completely a abandoned company We have air quality monitoring systems in Kampala we have A vehicle edge limit now, which we didn't have previously And we have more roads that are being built in Kampala Now the future interventions is that we have a BRH study was a paratransit study was completed last year in november And currently what is taking place is that they're implementing the recommendations of the paratransit study Which included forming an update body for the management of the bus rapid transport We have also developed terms of reference For the technical support to review the proposed designs with assistance from the world bank The plans are underway to revamp the passenger train services in Kampala before covid The passenger train has five coaches and one locomotive and it was carrying 4000 passengers on a daily basis From Namanve to Kampala But because of covid the number has reduced now it is carrying to between 2000 to 2500 passengers on a daily But plans are underway to rehabilitate the 10 coaches and also increase the number of locomotives to two And also expand the passenger train services to other areas in the Kampala metropolitan area We have plans to assemble hybrid budge high breed electric buses for mass transport And we also want to reduce the vehicle age to eight years and We are also rehabilitating the Mitagage railway the contract already has been approved by cabinet and he's just mobilizing resources to start doing the job and We are also doing what? The number of signaled junctions is going to increase in Kampala However, the challenges in all this Applying safety and emission standards too without enforcing that challenge We have there is no proper verification of results of procurement inspection At the point of entry in Uganda not even at that time of vehicle purchase We lack information regarding fuel efficiencies of imported vehicles you find that most of these imported vehicles Come with manuals in Japanese everything is written in Japanese. So you really can't know the fuel efficiency of that car Valentinua system system in Uganda also leads to high resettlement costs in the case you need to increase You know in like for BRIT's case it is it is it is very costly for Uganda because we have to compensate people And of course there are political challenges Thank you, Immaculate. Um, I think we need to wrap up very shortly. Did you have a final word or? No, it's time up. It's okay Okay, thank you very much, Immaculate. That was really amazing the the range of the range of activities underway through the the ministry of transport and works and In combination, I'm sure will make a substantial difference It crossed my mind as you were speaking that the transition from petrol and diesel engines to electric mobility Which in some parts of the world has now been Um, for example in the UK we we brought forward the date by which no, um vehicles will be sold which are not Which are diesel or electric or diesel or petrol powered to 2030 these kinds of transitions are Are hopefully not only able to accelerate the air pollution Solution but also to create jobs And I'm thinking that a lot of things which you've described in your presentation Immaculate may also be part of what we might call a green economy or greens uh helping Helping citizens to develop skills which are actually very important for the future and and could be very economically Um, very economically advantageous for those individuals and for the for the city as a whole So lots of good stuff there Um, if I may move on to, um, Paul Green Uh, Paul is technical manager at McCary air quo, which has been referenced many times already in this webinar And paul, I think you're going to talk us through the relationship between air quality and mobility in campala And interestingly some neighboring towns as well. So over to you paul Uh, can you hear me as see the screen? Okay We can we can do both paul. We have you fantastic. Okay. All right. Great. So thanks very much for having me I'll try to move through things very swiftly as unconscious jake of the pressures on you. Um, so Yeah, as as you said, we've heard quite a bit about what airco does we're a Google funded air quality monitoring program operating out of campala Um, we tried to solve the challenge of there being this big data gap where historically we haven't known What's happening with air quality in african cities because the monitoring just hasn't been there So we wanted to solve that problem by introducing low cost sensors But also recognizing that even then the number of sensors that would be involved. There's still a high cost element So the goal of our project is to use AI machine learning another technology Which was supported by google to kind of power up these low cost devices so that we can get a really good understanding of what's happening with air quality Without having to spend a huge amount on high cost expensive infrastructure So we're getting there Our activities therefore involve building our own low cost sensors customized to the local environment Calibrating them against the few selected reference sensors including the u.s. Embassy and a couple of our own but not huge numbers And from that building the spatial and temporal models, which will help Understanding so the key part of the project though is that it's about impact It's not just about collecting data passing it to government or for academic study It's that actually using the data to inform To create actionable insights to encourage decision makers, whether they're Families or whether they're government ministers to use air quality data in making day to day decisions Okay, so this is there's many things that I could talk about we're just going to talk about What we would call a think piece just to explore some of the issues relating to how mobility is Captured by air quality. So we're looking at these select sensors. So those of you familiar here's campala The two closest towns that it connects to the ginger This road that you see going out to the west past ginger actually connects Uganda to Kenya and to many of the the ports Mombasa, Dar es Salaam So huge amount of traffic and commerce Will pass along these roads. So we have a kind of campala capital city. We've got these transit roads Ginger over here with a lot of industry and international traffic and then down here We have in tebi, which those of you who have visited will know is is where the airport is located So there's not a lot through traffic there, but similarly there is still quite a bit of movement between the two towns So just looking in slightly more detail. We've got devices that we're looking at going around What I've called the orbital road. So this comprises the northern bypass going over the top here ginger road along the southeast and then some just moving along this southern bit here Contrasting to some there in the some devices in the city center So we've got a selection of orbital roads campala city center transit roads between the other cities and devices located in those cities themselves Okay, so This graph has been seen Shared by a few people just to give an impression. So we have what can call a diurnal variation So how much does the air quality vary over the course of the day? And what you can see so that the orbits All of those is that kind of ring road that I was speaking about before is the top level Then we've got the transit roads the green and the orange between and tebi and campala campala and ginger And then down at the bottom. We've got ginger and interior themselves So we're just going to spend a little bit of time depending on the the knowledge that different Viewers might have is to think a bit about its shape because if we there's a very clear wave here And you've seen that that that image on several presentations So very often when this is presented to people for the first time, they'll say It's obvious. This is to do with rush hour traffic You can see that you have a peak in the morning six seven eight nine That makes sense and then you have another one at the end of the day five six seven eight So that's that that explains it But when you actually stop and you come to think of it anybody who's actually Spent any time in campala will know that it's not the case that traffic happens between six seven and eight Everybody then goes into their office and works away and the streets are deserted for most of the day Before five o'clock when they come out again and rush home. It really doesn't follow that pattern Uh, empirically plus when you look at it, you know, seven o'clock maybe a little bit early to be doing that traveling and An eight or nine o'clock at night. Perhaps that's a little bit after so although that gives um A first impression and perhaps it satisfies a few people It's something that we need to look at in more detail because that pattern is there Whether we're looking at small rural towns or uh, well, I'm sorry smaller towns or um, or transit roads So let's have a little bit of a look. We just wanted to get uh, you know a general idea to think about what might be going on Okay, so one way we wanted to do this is to try and capture the level of traffic activity so One challenging way of doing that would be to go out with counters Um, literally counting the number of trucks bikes speed that they're moving and all that kind of thing That's impractical at any level. So if you've ever been on google maps and you switch on the traffic app You can see that we have um Different colors to capture the levels of traffic activity at different points in the city So the green shows that there is traffic, but that it's moving Swiftly that there's no there's no congestion But there are cars on the roads orange means it's starting to slow down red means it's really congested And burgundy which i'm not sure we've got too much of one here, but burgundy pretty much demonstrates good luck So google doesn't share the You know the full details about what that means they capture this information by monitoring the speed of gps systems for All of those, you know mobile phones that are sitting in vehicles So the more the more mobile phones are being used the more accurate this data becomes So we set up a relatively simple tool to take screenshots and to actually count the number of pixels At different times in the day like an hourly basis during the day to see how that changed See how the conjection picture Changed this is an example. This is actually 10 p.m. On a monday. You can see that there are certainly hot spots A lot of those hot spots are around that orbital road that we mentioned This green line here is this is campfire in teby expressway beautiful road like we agreed um It has some challenges of its own like people are quite nervous about it because if you break down There's not really anything nearby that can help you. There's no way off Um, but yeah, so let's have a look at what we what we found So we took a hundred percent represents the maximum road road Uh, occupancy that we saw so you can see here on a typical day between 6 a.m. And 10 p.m The roads across campfire are operating pretty close to the busiest they've ever been the roads are full This is this green line shows whether they're they're cars at all whether they're fast moving slow moving or whatever Uh, so the the roads are packed at any time. It's not like there are these empty highways with not much happening This orange line though is perhaps the more interesting one. So this is all slow moving traffic So those are the orange the red and the burgundy And you can see that far from having that uh sine wave kind of shape that we saw With the air pollution. We can see that from 6 a.m. It starts steadily increases Bit busy at lunchtime. Maybe a little bit in the afternoon um Where roads are 20% of roads are around a slow moving But by the time we get up to 8 p.m. 8 9 p.m We can see that that's nearly 50 of the roads in campala are slow moving So it's not to do with that, you know evening rush We've got some really interesting things going on Um, but this is the peak time of the day when it comes to slow slow moving traffic When we look at the different Um areas so that in between ginger and campala that has a really different pattern You can see it's got this peak. It's quite high already. It's 6 a.m. It's got 40 of the roads are slow moving Quite high at midday as well, but then drops off towards the end of the afternoon Specky this is an area for further research, but I suspect it's to do with traffic pattern It's both traveling between ginger and campala But also, you know when the board is open when when the sun comes up and how long it takes a truck to get from The border with kenya to ginger to campala fascinating About the movements of traffic, but um, there's a lot more work to be done there and then um instead of campala pretty low for large parts of the day Remember, this is a quieter route. It sees a peak at around nine or 10 o'clock But I'm I'm thinking that this isn't actually to do with weight of congestion. Most of the flights that leave In tebbing leave around 11 or 12 o'clock at night So there's there's actually quite a bit of congestion just queuing up to go into the airport So I suspect that on a relatively quiet, you know part of the country a lot of that relies on on the airport. So there's lots of fun stuff to do lots of exploration Um But what's going on? How do we explain it? How can we explain that we've got this increasing traffic that that goes up across the day? Um, but at the same time we've got that curve shape where we've got that dip Uh in the middle of the day that makes it look like everybody's gone away so, um, I think part france is alluded to some of this in in In really simple terms and I know Uh meteorology expert or atmospheric chemist myself But when air is cool, uh, it drops and the pollution drops and hovers around ground level. So cool times particularly overnight Early morning later at night you have air settling around ground level. So the pollution is denser As the sun comes up in the morning That cool air starts to rise and filter up into the higher parts of the atmosphere Which means the concentration at ground level is lower So at the highest part of the day 12 o'clock 1 o'clock when it's hottest You see that concentrations appear to be much lower But that isn't actually because the emissions are lower at that time It's because all of those emissions are there. They just higher up in the atmosphere And it's only when it starts to cool at four or five six o'clock in the evening that you see that pollution that's been high up dropped down and start to really hang around the street And uh and household level and unfortunately that seems to coincide with exactly the same time that we've got high levels of traffic So that can I just um, can I just give you a one minute? Yeah, absolutely Um Yeah, so so we've got a similar pattern going on going on throughout So just a few three insights that I have brief ones that we can that we can finish on So we need to look at the systems that what's happening between roads that connect different cities and what's happening in on orbital on the orbital road that um All engine and commuters are going to use to get around the city need to be looked at in much more detail because that seems to be where areas are um Other worst We took about the northern bypass But if you see this map in the top right hand corner, you can see it's not really a bypass It bypasses the center, but it by no means bypasses the city. So if I'm traveling from Mombasa to to Kigali, I'm going to go pretty much through through Kampala. I'm not bypassing at all So those interactions are still worth exploring Another thing that really is interesting for me is that idea of nighttime exposure We saw in all of those at that nine 10 o'clock sweet spot where not only is traffic at its worst, but also We've got that boundary layer the air the air is cooling and it's descending again Means that nighttime is actually the time of greatest exposure But are we thinking about households, you know, trying to protect themselves from from air pollution at that time of day rather than during in the day And the final thought is are we you know, it's traffic actually the whole story if you look at the the structure of Kampala It's quite hilly so roads are built going through valleys. So perhaps there's an issue of a valley Valleys contain water which is often useful for industry where there's industry there tends to be Very low low cost housing lower social economic groups And you can see that the the slumber informal settlement areas tend to be around that area Roads also attract a lot of hawkers and street food and cooking and that kind of thing So although we're identifying these issues with roads There's more work to be done to see if it's actually roads or if it's actually vehicles or something else So there's a lot of issues raised So much more to go into but I just want to give you a flavor of some of the things that the data was showing up Thank you very much So thank you. Thank you very much indeed. Paul. What an obviously amazing tool and if you're a callback to the goal that I Provided at the start of this webinar about informing the process of policy development also business Action, I think this kind of platform clearly is is is remarkably Able to do that and I I imagine as it as it evolves further will become an absolutely indispensable tool to transport planners and in fact air quality planners generally in Uganda and who knows elsewhere too So thank you very much, Paul. Um I mean one of the it's a sort of nice segue to Jennifer Kudasakwe who's the senior environmental officer at the national environmental management authority on NEMA um Jennifer you're going to tell us about Namas role in managing air quality in Uganda and perhaps Updates on the air quality regulations and it'd be wonderful if you could also reflect on how Tools like the approach we've just seen from air quo could potentially assist in The development of these these regulations and perhaps the monitoring That follows them as well. So Jennifer if I can hand over to you Thank you so much I request for my screen to be shared Might want to close Sorry, I request to come here to share my screen or any other person Not to share my screen to share my presentation We can we can see your presentation Jennifer It's but it's tucked away behind a little box from Microsoft office Are you able to see it now? We can yes, we can see it now and maybe if you if you wanted to click on the presentation mode It might be a little clearer for us all but we can see it. Yes, Jennifer You can you can see okay. We can so Okay, so, um, my name is Jennifer the circuit and I work with the national environment management authority as a senior environment inspector Yeah, I'm so excited to be part of this team And for giving me an opportunity to share What we've been doing as the national environment management authority Uh The number of of you have taken part in the development of the air quality Standards for Uganda and regulations Like Yeah, uh, Gabriel all green From behind, you know, some of you have really supported us and we are so excited about the support Some of you have provided comments and we are so excited and We are almost through with the development of the air quality standards for Uganda Which uh has been a track since 2015 So we are seeing us You know coming up with this document It it is it is such a blessing and it gives us uh the hope that we are going to To improve the air quality situation in Uganda because it's hard to do that if you don't have a regulation in place So my presentation is Or the role of Neema Uh involvement of the air quality standards and regulation So as Neema We are mandated by the act of parliament To develop standards and guidelines for environmental management. So in being this we contribute to the the To the government government goals and protect the lives of all people of Uganda So um and our role is gotten from the act the mandate that we are given by parliament To do that. So we've been developing this regulation But of course, there has been limited expertise in the development of the air air quality standards and regulations and You know because of the limited expertise in the country we had to source for different comments for various people to support us In this process. So we've had the number of people like I said Hope provided some comments and hope Yeah, provided some comments and the number of you guys who provided those who worked with us throughout this process And we are almost we are almost We are almost there. It's almost done so We we've been working through it Especially through the covid lockdown time since March up to now We are still refining and ensuring that what comes out is the best for our country So basically there are several sources of where pollution the the picture shows Factory inside the factory where Emissions are produced and such emissions probably they normally go They are released without any form of treatment And they cause As the result they cause pollution to the surrounding environment. So the law that we are making looks at At several aspects It looks at the industries we have the ambient air quality standards Yeah, we have Just the second we have the ambient air quality standards, then we have the industry emissions These are limits beyond which industries should not exceed the emissions We we attached numeric values to these to several parameters that are likely to come out of Of an industry and the industries have been categorized depending on the kind of processes That they are involved in and then we have attached numeric values for emissions And then we have also standards for protection of public health Which for under ambient air quality standards? So we have ambient then we have industrial emissions Then we have another patch which speaks to Bacla emissions Like my colleague from the ministry of works has Has said you worked with them in the In the program of this standard And we in this vehicle emission standards. We are looking at your whole standard as our Comparative standard. So all East African countries All towards achieving we don't work towards achieving Euro four standard of emission limits So currently we are looking at euro four then after five years. We are going to change and go to euro six So that's how we're going to move every after five years We will be changing the standard of the vehicle emissions. So that's how we've been working And then also the the regulation the air quality Regulation also has a part that speaks to the situation of health and safety Standards and this will this this basically Helps It it will be applicable In industries in offices where people or the public is exposed to emissions That could probably harm them and as a name we have mandated to protect the gardens and the lives of every garden They're sure that they live in a healthy and clean environment So we are making these standards for occupational health and safety exposure But it will be the mandate of the occupational health and safety Department to enforce but never is mandated to make the standard But other institutions will be given the mandate to do the enforcement So we may not come in to take professional health and safety measurements But we'll require the the the department Where this force to do the enforcement of this standard the same way is the same similar thing is going to happen with the vehicle emissions Where we'll require ministry of works to ministry of works to to do the enforcement of this standard there will be required to To to to to routinely Do checks on every vehicle in Uganda and issue them with their permits or licenses or Certificates, I don't know but we will require that the ministry that is responsible for vehicle inspections to do the enforcement of this standard on vehicle emissions We are mandated by law to coordinate So we are we'll work with ministry of works to make sure to make sure that this standard is enforced So that's how we're going to work. That's how we've been working and the development of this standard has been through a consultative process We've consulted several several standards which include the world health organization The guidelines and standard then we looked at World Bank IFC standard. We looked at euro the euro Air quality directive then we looked at the EPA the environmental the american US EPA Standards we looked at the south african air quality standards. We looked at the kenya air air quality standards and the east african air quality standards So the process has been so consultative and we will engage various experts in this process and we We we are still We are almost there, but we can still share and we'll come comments from various experts till Until we finally say It is the process is close, but we hope to to have this regulation passed by end of june So end of june the regulation will be in place for air quality and we'll be happy to share to share it with most of you Yeah, and gabriel Who is the part of the steam has been very instrumental generally in the development of the of the Occupational health and safety standards He was one of the key people that were involved in this so and he came in as the On the part of the public symbols also at the organization here So he came in to lead this process and he worked together with the occupational health and safety department And even nema was involved and then we came up with this With the the the limits the exposure limits for over 500 parameters Yeah, so Sorry to stop you jennifer. Um, could I just ask you to wrap up within within one minute, please if that's possible Fine fine fine fine. So I already talked about how the the the Air quality Standard and regulation was formulated through a consultative process and then Yeah, the enforcement bit the different government institutions ambient air quality would be enforced The ambient air quality standards would be enforced by nema and then Vecla emissions is the mandate of Ministry of Works and Transport Occupational Health and Safety it is the Occupational Health and Safety Department that will do the enforcement bit of it Yeah, then Finally, yes, we hope that the enforcement of these standards plus other deliberate efforts that Plus other deliberate efforts would be useful in using air pollution from various I thank you. Thank you so much for listening to me That's wonderful jennifer. Thank you so much for bringing us up to date and uh Your patient explanation there about how the the system Of institutions in the government Is is jointly responsible for this and how they work together. So that that was really good I mean you have your work cut out. There's a there's of course a huge Challenge out there in terms of air quality, but good to know the standards are on their way And also good to know that you're you know, you're borrowing and interacting with other parts of the world that are facing similar challenges Because I think that's that kind of cooperation is is really at heart of this. It's also interesting. I think to see that You know even based around the presentations today, and I'm sure many others Working in this area. There really does seem to be a community emerging in in Uganda or people with Different lenses on the problem different capabilities. They're offering whether it's analytical and data or engagement Or some of the underlying science and of course the policy and regulation on the business side Uh, so that's all very hopeful. Um, if I may I would like to move on now to uh, dr. William avis At a research fellow at the university of Birmingham um, and also um his colleague allison Is it allison brown who is a professor At cardiff university. We're jointly going to Uh, provide the final presentation For us this afternoon on the role of societal factors in air quality So, um, William and allison the floor is yours if I could ask you to Keep as far as possible to time then we may have just a little moment at the end of the session To invite questions. So over to you, william Excellent. Thank you. I'll go through this as quickly as possible and Prompt allison when it's her time to come in So allison and I have been invited today to reflect on the social impacts of air pollution And the extent to which societal factors may affect efforts to address this issue I'll start with the general and then move on to a Discussion of a study that we have collectively pulled together As noted earlier, uh air pollution causes around seven million deaths every year And the cost associated with this health damage From ambient air pollution is estimated to be five point seven trillion dollars equivalent to four point eight percent of global gdp Given the above concerns about air pollution are increasingly rising up the political agenda in many countries Examples can be drawn from Bulgaria Where citizen campaigns prompted a mayoral debate in the uk where politicians are encouraged to act And in the Uganda at both local and national levels In the Ugandan context issues around air quality were mentioned in the nr ebb 21 26 badifesto Including commitments to reduce biomass use and to monitor and benchmark environmental indicators for cities In terms of social impacts, it's important to consider the following Whilst air pollution is considered to impact on all groups, particularly when exposed over prolonged periods of time Some groups are considered to be more susceptible than others Here we can think about the young the old Those who work in polluting industries or those from low socioeconomic status It's also important to consider How exposure to and perception of air pollution will vary between groups For example between those whose exposure is the result of their occupation Or for those who may be relatively removed from sources of air pollution But consider the issue an area of concern for a range of other reasons whether age ill health being apparent Finally, it is also important to consider our attempts to address air quality issues They also impact on groups in different ways both negatively and positively Here issues around affordability, availability, acceptability of interventions are important I'll now pass over to Alison to talk a little bit about this study So my interest is in urban livelihoods in street vendors and people Bodobodo riders And we have to ask the question. What's it like to live in an air pollution hotspot? The big trend data is important, but but how do we raise awareness of what can we do about it? Bodobodo riders are polluters from their engines, but they also sit in dirty traffic every day And as long as it goes 2017 the daily monitor in Kampala carried articles on the impact of air pollution on Kampala streets And that was highlighting a who study in 2016 Which ranked Kampala as one of the most polluted cities in the african continent I'm also highlighting the work of our collaborator dr Bruce Kieringhe of the Macquarie Lone Institute But this is what Bodobodo riders and many others face on a daily basis This is a photograph that I took of waste recycling at the kitesi landfill site So here we have a problem of those three different types of of air pollution that Was mentioned by gabriel right at the beginning of dust and of traffic fumes and also of biomass And really very little is known about occupational exposure to air pollution Which is why the study led by france's pope at birmingham university Is so important in improving our understanding and awareness And I think what we've what we have in kampala is some Very in of some good data some very enlightened ministries But our critical question is how you translate that into action So i'm just going to hand back over to william again So now i'm going to talk a little bit about a forthcoming study that illustrates the complexity of addressing the causes and consequences of air pollution This study reflected on the role of bodoboda in kampala The extent to which the proliferation of motorcycles is impacting on air quality as well as on the health of riders And others and also reflects on the extent which efforts to address the Air quality must be nested within a broader range of interventions to support improvements to transport within kampala In many city motorcycles and are an important transport mode addressing mobility needs Drivers of the proliferation of motorcycles include population growth inadequate road infrastructure and declining formal bus services in many estimates of the number of bodoboda in kampala suggests the figure of up to or over 250,000 Forming up to 40 of vehicles on particular sections of roads Motorcycles also offer a range of employment opportunities including riding repairs spare parts dealing and also a source of revenue for City and national government from taxation licensing, etc It's also important to reflect on the political power of representative organizations such as the national federation for bodoboda riders Which in 2007 had over 70 thousand members And therefore exerted a significant amount of political influence So bodoboda riders are both Contributors to and victims of air pollution Findings from a spot measurement campaign conducted by the ASAP research team Highlighted that riders are exposed to unhealthy levels of air pollution between 40 to 63 percent of the working day The map on the image shows reported levels of air pollution as the rider moved around the city The graph shows a percentage of time riders spent in different levels of air pollution And when interviewed riders reported high levels of respiratory illnesses And reported issues around skin and irritation often associated with air pollution exposure What this study did is highlight that a central problem for bodoboda riders Is that air pollution can only be effectively addressed as part of the wider transport strategy One that addresses this transport needs of a range of income groups That tackles kampala's endemic congestion and supports the livelihoods and well-being of riders and their dependents I'll now pass back over to allison for our final couple of slides So we've talked a lot about who needs to be involved to try to create that action What needs to happen in kampala for it to be leading the way And we've already heard from national government from the department of works and transport and from namia But there needs to be a contextual strategy which improves transparency and decision making We need to involve state and city government The unions the branches local unions local operators users local banks non users the media and civil society And this sort of approach requires the development of a multi-level and multi-stakeholder participatory And consensual process about how to improve motorcycle transport in kampala And whilst the barriers to action are evident at all levels and across all stakeholders research has shown that there is a way forward That can bring together the groups and address the barriers that we've identified here Next please william So our recommendations are and these are really points for discussion because it's the last speakers We need to allow points from the floor That actually we need to move from the knowledge that we've seen today that's evident in these many powerful studies To setting up participatory processes with some of those key individuals on our study We were looking at boda bodas, but they're also As various other people have mentioned as paul mentioned hawkers and perhaps waste management people traffic policemen too But we need to set up that participatory processes between the representatives of key Vulnerable groups and the authorities to explore measures for boda boda riders in particular and others to reduce their own own exposure We need collective action boda bodas have have powerful and influential associations And so how do we strengthen their mechanisms for joint working with? The department of works and transport ministry works and transport and also kcca How do we ensure that boda boda interests are represented in transport policy? And how do we encourage boda boda riders to join stages their stopping points to record stage location and encourage Stages to promote good practice perhaps in vehicle maintenance And finally our last discussion point. I'm there jake Despite these longer term questions about the role of commercial motorcycle transport in growing cities like campala We have to remember that measures to limit boda boda operations should recognize their critical importance in urban livelihoods And urban poverty reduction And boda boda riders told us that they Frequently have nephews staying in their households. They send money to their parents in ginger and rural areas And we need to protect those livelihoods and and make things safer for people who are exposed in vulnerable hotspots So I hope that's given us given some thought for discussion as we move on to the next stage. Thank you Thank you so much allison and william. It certainly has A fantastic stakeholder map. In fact, uh, I've taken out of that a really uh detailed look at the various roles and responsibilities of the immense range of stakeholders who have something to contribute to uh, equality management and a sense I I picked up of the need for a common ambition and mechanisms to work together more effectively to understand each other's perspectives and also the The strength of the evidence base, which we've seen is coming through Um, I'm going to try the impossible here. We really have almost no time for questions I'm afraid but I'm going to ask a few people to give me 30 second responses if I can I'm going to start with you francis um What would you say were some of the the tactical solutions that we can implement? As organizations to solve their quality really in the next in the shorter term as opposed to some of the perhaps the longer term transitions Uh in campala, I think paving roads will make a big difference and slightly longer term I think it's just a realization of that population that is going to come And just everyone needs to appreciate that it is coming now and it's coming quickly Thank you francis paul um From the perspective of air quality monitoring well We have a question from the floor, which is About how one um deploys their quality monitoring systems in cities um What what are the sort of takeaways from your experience? Yeah, there's a few trends. I mean citizen science is one where we kind of rely on willing members of the public to take on Monitoring but the problem with that is that it tends to favor a certain type of demographic So you might actually end up with things looking a little greener than they do Another temptation is to go for hotspots Which has the opposite effect where you find that things might actually end up looking a lot worse than they do We as a as our plug We're trying to use machine learning and AI to To optimize device locations So to keep the cost down is to if we can put 15 devices in carefully selected optimized Locations rather than 50 in a you know in every corner Then we can be more efficient But the key really in a in a word is diversity not to put Devices in the same places all the time to put them in green spaces to put them in high spaces low spaces So that you get that variation you get a good overall picture Thank you. Thank you so much And Jennifer just just turning to you very briefly. What what can we do to instill a sense of awareness? Perhaps even love for our environment amongst the population in a city like campala A particularly where levels of education aren't necessarily Um as high as one might wish do you have any thoughts about that just very briefly? um I did not understand you very creating awareness. Is that what you said? Well A lot of a lot of the actions which have been proposed here and the direction of travel depends on people citizens of a city like campala coming along You know being motivated to get engaged and play that part and i'm wondering whether nema has any Thoughts about how to instill that sense of environmental awareness our I think uh, we We've had several awareness engagements with With the public we have a whole section that does the public awareness bit of it environmental public awareness that That that is responsible for generating materials for public awareness and all those things and education so as nema there is We always do engage the public or all categories of the public the communities the schools who are We use social media for those for the elites for the Peter drillers we use the tv radios There are various channels of communication. Thank you very much. We communicate to the public. Okay. Thank you Thank you very much jennifer. I think school education could could very much be part of the answer As you say so look, um, we we're we're we're just coming up to time now. So Firstly, can I extend a big thank you to all of our panelists for their great contributions really? I've personally learned a lot. I hope Those of you've joined us as the audience for this webinar have have learned Uh, I've taken something from this too. Um, I'm leaving with a sense of excitement about the possibilities, but I'm also leaving with a sense of Realism about the challenges and I think that's been amply Uh conveyed through some of the slides today about where where our starting point is but yet We're having a conversation and the right actors are talking with one another and some other solutions whether it's electrification of transport Or or or many other strategies, which we've heard about will surely make a difference in the future However, I'd like to leave Gabriel to See if he could just sum up in in a minute any of the key takeaways that he's obtained from today's webinar And and also Gabriel any any questions which have which are which are leaving On your mind, which we may need to come back to In the future through another webinar or through another engagement process. So a final word from you Gabriel Gabriel are you there? If you might be on mute Gabriel are you are you with us? I think you might be on mute Gabriel I think has not been able to Join us, but never mind. Um, it's three minutes after time and I would love to just thank you all again Especially the audience for coming with us on this webinar and all of the panelists And I'm sure Comments will mean that we have to reconvene and continue this process if you pause. Thank you all very very much indeed. Goodbye