 Section 57 of English Synonyms and Antonyms. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlain-Fernald. From Sacrament to Self-Abnegation. Sacrament. Synonyms. Ceremony. Communion. Eucharist. Lord Supper. Observance. Ordnance. Right. Service. Solemnity. Any religious act, especially a public act viewed as a means of serving God, is called a service. The word commonly includes the entire series of exercises of a single occasion of public worship. A religious service ordained as an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace is called a sacrament. Ceremony is a form expressing reverence, or at least respect. We may speak of religious ceremonies, the ceremonies of polite society, the ceremonies of a coronation, an inauguration, etc. An observance has more than a formal obligation, reaching or approaching a religious sacredness. A stated religious observance, viewed as established by authority, is called an ordinance. Viewed as an established custom, it is a right. The terms sacrament and ordinance in the religious sense are often used interchangeably. The ordinance derives its sacredness from the authority that ordained it, while the sacrament possesses a sacredness due to something in itself, even when viewed simply as a representation or memorial. The Lord's Supper is the scriptural name for the observance commemorating the death of Christ. The word communion is once applied to it, 1 Corinthians 10, 16. But not as a distinctive name, at an early period, however, the name communion was so applied to denoting the communing of Christians with their Lord, or with one another. The term Eucharist describes the Lord's Supper as a Thanksgiving service. It is also called by preeminence the sacrament, as the ratifying of a solemn vow of consecration to Christ. Cegaceous, synonyms, able, acute, apt, clear-sighted, discerning, intelligent, keen, keen-sighted, keen-witted, judicious, perspicacious, quick-of-scent, quick-scented, rational, sage, sensible, sharp, sharp-witted, shrewd, wise. Cegaceous refers to a power of tracing the hidden, or recondite, by slight indications as by instinct or intuition. It is not now applied to mere keenness of sense perception. We do not call a hound Cegaceous in following a clear trail. But if he loses the scent, as at the edge of a stream, and circles around till he strikes it again, his conduct is said to be Cegaceous. In human affairs, Cegaceous refers to a power of ready, far-reaching, and accurate inference from observed facts, perhaps in themselves very slight. That seems like a special sense. Or to a similar readiness to foresee the results of any action, especially upon human motives or conduct. A kind of prophetic, common sense. Cegaceous is a broader and nobler word than shrewd, and not capable of the invidious sense which the latter word often bears. On the other hand, Cegaceous is less lofty and comprehensive than wise in its full sense, and more limited to matters of direct practical moment. Compare Astute Wisdom Antonyms Absurd, dull, foolish, futile, ignorant, irrational, obtuse, senseless, silly, simple, soughtish, stupid, undiscerning, unintelligent. Sale Synonyms Bargain Barter Change Deal Exchange Trade A bargain is strictly an agreement or contract to buy and sell, though the word is often used to denote the entire transaction and also as a designation for the thing sold or purchased. Change and exchange are words of wider signification, applying only incidentally to the transfer of property or value. A change secures something different in any way or by any means. An exchange secures something as an equivalent or return, though not necessarily as payment for what is given. Barter is the exchange of one commodity for another, the word being used generally with reference to portable commodities. Trade in the broad sense may apply to vast businesses, as the book trade, but as denoting a single transaction is used chiefly in regard to things of moderate value when it becomes nearly synonymous with barter. Sale is commonly and with increasing strictness limited to the transfer of property for money or for something estimated at a money value or considered as equivalent to so much money in hand or to be paid. A deal in the political sense is a bargain, substitution or transfer for the benefit of certain persons or parties against all others, as the nomination was the result of a deal. In business it may have a similar meaning, but it frequently signifies simply a sale or exchange, a dealing as a heavy deal in stocks. Sample Synonyms Case Example Exemplification Illustration Instance Specimen A sample is a portion taken at random out of a quantity supposed to be homogeneous, so that the qualities found in the sample may reasonably be expected to be found in the whole as a sample of sugar, a sample of cloth. Specimen is one unit of a series or a fragment of a mass, all of which is supposed to possess the same essential qualities as a specimen of coinage or of architecture, or a specimen of quartz. No other unit or portion may be exactly like the specimen, while all the rest is supposed to be exactly like the sample. An instance is a sample or specimen of action. Compare example Antonyms Abnormality Aggregate Exception Monstrosity Total Whole Satisfy Synonyms Cloy Content Fill Glut Sate Satiate Suffice Surfeit To satisfy is to furnish just enough to meet physical, mental or spiritual desire. To sate or satiate is to gratify desire so fully as for a time to extinguish it. To cloy or surfit is to gratify to the point of revulsion or disgust. Glut is a strong but somewhat coarse word applied to the utmost satisfaction of vehement appetites and passions, as to glut a vengeful spirit with slaughter. We speak of glutting the market with the supply so excessive as to extinguish the demand. Much less than is needed to satisfy may suffice a frugal or abstemious person. Less than a sufficiency may contend one of a patient and submissive spirit. Compare Pay Requite Antonyms Check Deny Disappoint Refuse Restrain Restrict Starve Stint Straighten Tantalize Prepositions Satisfy with food With gifts Etc Satisfy one In the sense of makesatisfaction For labours and sacrifices Satisfy oneself by or upon enquiry Scholar Synonyms Disciple Learner Pupil Savant Student The primary sense of a scholar is one who is being schooled, thence the word passes to denote one who is apt in schoolwork and finally one who is thoroughly schooled, master of what the schools can teach, an erudite accomplished person. When used without qualification, the word is generally understood in this latter sense, as he is manifestly a scholar. Pupil signifies one under the close personal supervision or instruction of a teacher or tutor. Those under instruction in schools below the academic grade are technically and officially termed pupils. The word pupil is uniformly so used in the reports of the commissioner of education of the United States, but popular American usage prefers scholar in the original sense, as teachers and scholars enjoyed a holiday. Those under instruction in Sunday schools are uniformly designated as Sunday school scholars. Student is applied to those in the higher grades or courses of study, as the academic, collegiate, scientific, etc. Student suggests less proficiency than scholar in the highest sense, the student being one who is learning, the scholar one who has learned. On the other hand, student suggests less of personal supervision than pupil. Thus the college student often becomes the private pupil of some instructor in special studies, for disciple, etc. compares synonyms for adherent. Antonyms, dunce, fool, idiot, idler, ignoramus, illiterate person. Science, synonyms, art, knowledge. Knowledge of a single fact not known as related to any other or of many facts not known as having any mutual relations or as comprehended under any general law does not reach the meaning of science. Science is knowledge reduced to law and embodied in system. The knowledge of various countries gathered by an observant traveller may be a heterogeneous medley of facts, which gain real value only when coordinated and arranged by the man of science. Art always relates to something to be done. Science to something to be known. Not only must art be discriminated from science, but art in the industrial or mechanical sense must be distinguished from art in the aesthetic sense. The former aims chiefly at utility, the latter at beauty. The mechanic arts are the province of the artisan, the aesthetic or fine arts are the province of the artist. All the industrial arts, as of weaving or printing, arithmetic or navigation, are governed by exact rules. Art in the highest aesthetic sense, while it makes use of rules, transcends all rule. No rules can be given for the production of a painting like Raphael's Transfiguration, a statue like the Apollo Belvedere or a poem like the Iliad. Science does not, like the mechanic arts, make production its direct aim, yet its possible productive application in the arts is a constant stimulus to scientific investigation. The science, as in the case of chemistry or electricity, is urged onto higher development by the demands of the art, while the art is perfected by the advance of the science. Creative art seeking beauty for its own sake is closely akin to pure science seeking knowledge for its own sake. Compare knowledge, literature, security, synonyms, bail, earnest, gauge, pledge, surety. The first four words agree in denoting something given or deposited as an assurance of something to be given, paid or done. An earnest is of the same kind as that to be given, a portion of it delivered in advance, as when part of the purchase money is paid according to the common expression to bind the bargain. A pledge or security may be wholly different in kind from that to be given or paid, and may greatly exceed it in value. Security may be a real or personal property, anything of sufficient value to make the creditor secure. A pledge is always of personal property or chattels. Every pawn shop contains unredeemed pledges. Land, merchandise, bonds, etc. are frequently offered and accepted as security. A person may become security or surety for another's payment of a debt, appearance in court, etc. In the latter case, he is said to become bail for that person. The person accused gives bail for himself. Gage survives only as a literary word, chiefly in certain phrases as the gauge of battle, prepositions, security for the payment of a debt, security to the state, for the prisoner in the sum of a thousand dollars. Self-abnegation, synonyms, self-control, self-denial, self-divotion, self-immolation, self-renunciation, self-sacrifice. Self-control is holding oneself within due limits in pleasures and duties, as in all things else. Self-denial, the giving up of pleasures for the sake of duty. Self-renunciation surrenders conscious rights and claims. Self-abnegation forgets that there is anything to surrender. There have been devotees who practiced very little self-denial with very much self-renunciation. A mother will care for a sick child with complete self-abnegation, but without a thought of self-denial. Self-divotion is hard consecration of self to a person or cause with readiness for any needed sacrifice. Self-sacrifice is the strongest and completest term of all, and contemplates the gift of self as actually made. We speak of the self-sacrifice of Christ, where any other of the above terms would be feeble or inappropriate. Antonyms, self-gratification, self-indulgence, selfishness, self-seeking, self-will. End of section 57, recording by Estelle Jobson, Italy, Rome. Section 58 of English synonyms and antonyms. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Estelle Jobson. English synonyms and antonyms by James Champlin-Fernald. From Send to Shake. Send. Synonyms. Cast. Delegate. Depute. Dispatch. Discharge. Dismiss. Deprive. Emit. Fling. Forward. Hurl. Impel. Lance. Launch. Project. Propel. Sling. Throw. Transmit. To send is to cause to go or pass from one place to another, and always in fact or thought away from the agent or agency that controls the act. Send in its most common use involves personal agency without personal presence. Send into the adage, if you want your business done, go if not send. One sends a letter or a bullet, a messenger or a message. In all the derived uses the same idea controls if one sends a ball into his own heart, the action is away from the directing hand, and he is viewed as the passive recipient of his own act. It is with an approach to personification that we speak of the bow sending the arrow or the gun the shot. To dispatch is to send hastily or very promptly, ordinarily with a destination in view. To dismiss is to send away from oneself without reference to a destination, as to dismiss a clerk, an application, or an annoying subject. To discharge is to send away so as to relieve a person or thing of a load. We discharge a gun, or discharge the contents. As applied to persons, discharge is a harsher term than dismiss. To emit is to send forth from within, with no reference to a destination, as the sun emits light and heat. Transmit from the Latin is a dignified term, often less vigorous than the Saxon send, but preferable at times in literary or scientific use as to transmit the crown, or the feud, from generation to generation. To transmit a charge of electricity, transmit fixes the attention more on the intervening agency as send does upon the points of departure and destination. Antonyms bring, carry, convey, get, give, hand, hold, keep, receive, retain. To send from the hand to or toward, rarely at a mark. Send to a friend by a messenger or by a mail. Send a person into banishment. Send a shell among the enemy. Sensation. Synonyms. Emotion. Feeling. Perception. Sense. Sensation is the mind's consciousness due to a bodily affection, as of heat or cold. Perception is the cognition of some external object, which is the cause or occasion of the sensation. The sensation of heat may be connected with the perception of a fire. While sensations are connected with the body, emotions, as joy, grief, etc., are wholly of the mind. As the most of them, the sensations, are positively agreeable, or the opposite, they are nearly akin to those emotions, as hope or terror, or those passions, as anger and envy, which are acknowledged by all to belong exclusively to the spirit, and to involve no relation, whatever, to matter or the bodily organism. Such feelings are not infrequently styled sensations, though improperly. Porter, human intellect, section 112, page 128. Section 90. Feeling is a general term popularly denoting what is felt, whether through the body or by the mind alone, and includes both sensation and emotion. A sense is an organ or faculty of sensation, or of perception. Sensibility. Synonyms. Feeling. Impressibility. Sensitiveness. Susceptibility. Sensibility in the philosophical sense denotes the capacity of emotional feeling as distinguished from the intellect and the will. Compare synonyms for sensation. In popular use, sensibility denotes sometimes the capacity of feeling of any kind as sensibility to heat or cold. Sometimes a peculiar readiness to be the subject of feeling, especially of the higher feelings, as the sensibility of the artist or the poet. A person of great or fine sensibility. Sensitiveness denotes an especial delicacy of sensibility. Ready to be excited by the slightest cause, as displayed, for instance, in the sensitive plant. Susceptibility is rather a capacity to take up, receive, and, as it were, to contain feeling so that a person of great susceptibility is capable of being not only readily, but deeply moved. Sensitiveness is more superficial. Susceptibility more pervading. Thus, in physics, the sensitiveness of a magnetic needle is the ease with which it may be deflected as by another magnet. Its susceptibility is the degree to which it can be magnetized by a given magnetic force or the amount of magnetism it will hold. So, a person of great sensitiveness is quickly and keenly affected by any external influence as by music, pathos, or ridicule, while a person of great susceptibility is not only touched but moved to his inmost soul. Antonyms. A coldness, deadness, hardness, insensibility, numbness, unconsciousness. Prepositions. The sensibility of the organism to atmospheric changes. Severe. Synonyms. Osteer. Hard. Harsh. Inexorable. Inflexible. Morose. Relentless. Rigid. Rigorous. Stern. Stiff. Strict. Uncompromising. Unmitigated. Unrelenting. Unyielding. That is severe, which is devoid of all softness, mildness, tenderness, indulgence, or levity. Or, in literature and art, devoid of unnecessary ornament, amplification, or embellishment of any kind, as a severe style, a set of anything painful. Severe signifies such as heavily taxes endurance or resisting power, as a severe pain, fever, or winter. Rigid signifies primarily stiff, resisting any effort to change its shape. A corpse is said to be rigid in death. Hence, in metaphorical sense, a rigid person or character is one that resists all efforts to change the will or course of conduct. A rigid rule or statement is one that admits of no deviation. Rigorous is nearly akin to rigid, but is a stronger word, having referenced action or act of qualities as rigid does to state or character. A rigid rule may be rigorously enforced. Strict, Latin, stringer, bind, signifies bound, or stretched, tight, tense, strenuously exact. Stern unites harshness and authority with strictness or severity. Stern, as said even of inanimate objects, suggests something authoritative or forbidding. Orstier signifies severely simple or temperate, strict in self-restraint or discipline, and similarly unrelenting toward others. We speak of austere morality, rigid rules, rigorous discipline, stern commands, severe punishment, harsh speech, or a harsh voice, hard requirements, strict injunctions, and strict obedience. Strict discipline holds one exactly and unflinchingly to the rule. Rigorous discipline punishes severely any infraction of it. The austere character is seldom lovely, but it is always strong and may be grand, commanding, and estimable. Antonyms, affable, bland, easy, genial, gentle, indulgent, lenient, mild, pliable, soft, sweet, tender, tractable, yielding, shake. Synonyms, agitate, brandish, flap, fluctuate, flutter, jar, joggle, jolt, jounce, oscillate, quake, quaver, quiver, real, rock, shiver, shudder, sway, swing, thrill, totter, tremble, vibrate, wave, waver. A thing is shaken which is subjected to short and abruptly checked movements, as forward and backward, up and down, from side to side, etc. A tree is shaken with a mighty wind. A man slowly shakes his head. A thing rocks that is sustained from below. It swings, if suspended from above, as a pendulum, or pivoted at the side as a crane, or a bridge draw. To oscillate is to swing with a smooth and regular returning motion. A vibrating motion may be tremulous or jarring. The pendulum of a clock may be said to swing, vibrate, or oscillate. A steel bridge vibrates under the passage of a heavy train. The term vibrate is also applied to molecular movements. Jolting is a lifting from and letting down suddenly upon an unyielding surface, as a carriage jolts over a rough road. A jarring motion is abruptly and very rapidly repeated through an exceedingly limited space. The jolting of the carriage jars the window. Rattling refers directly to the sound produced by shaking. To juggle is to shake slightly, as a passing touch joggles the desk on which one is writing. A thing trembles that shakes perceptibly and with an appearance of uncertainty and instability as a person under the influence of fear. A thing shivers when all its particles are stirred with a slight but pervading tremulous motion as a human body under the influence of cold. Shuddering is a more pronounced movement of a similar kind in human beings, often the effect of emotional or moral recoil, hence the word is applied by extension to such feelings even when they have no such outward manifestation, as one says, I shudder at the thought. To quiver is to have slight and often spasmodic contractile motions as the flesh under the surgeon's knife. Thrill is applied to a pervasive movement felt rather than seen as the nerves thrill with delight. Quiver is similarly used but suggests somewhat more of an outward manifestation. To agitate in its literal use is nearly the same as to shake, though we speak of the sea as agitated when we could not say it is shaken. The Latin agitate is preferred in scientific or technical use to the Saxon shake and especially as applied to the action of mechanical contravences. In the metaphorical use agitate is more transitory and superficial, shake more fundamental and enduring. A person's feelings are agitated by distressing news, his courage, his faith, his credit or his testimony is shaken. Sway applies to the movement of a body suspended from above or not firmly sustained from below and the motion of which is less pronounced than swinging, smoother than vibrating and not necessarily constant as oscillating as the swaying of a reed in the wind. Sway used transitively especially applies to motions of grace or dignity. Brandish denotes a threatening or hostile motion. A monarch sways the scepter, the ruffian brandishes a club. To reel or totter always implies liability to fall. Reeling is more violent than swaying, tottering more irregular. A drunken man reels, we speak of the tottering step of age or infancy. An extended mass which seems to lack solidity or cohesion is said to quake as a quaking bog. Quaver is applied almost exclusively to tremulous sounds of the human voice. Flap, flutter and fluctuate refer to wave-like movements. Flap generally to such as produce a sharp sound. A cock flaps his wings, flutter applies to a less pronounced and more irregular motion. A captive bird or a feeble pulse flutters, compare, fluctuate. End of section 58, recording by Estelle Jobson, Rome, Italy. Section 59 of English Synonyms and Antonyms. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Mario Pineda. English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlin-Fernald. Shelter to slander. Shelter, synonyms. Cover, defend, guard, harbor, protect, screen, shield, ward. Anything is covered over which something is completely extended. A vessel is covered with a lid, the head is covered with a hat. That which covers might also defend or protect. Those trips interposed between some portion of their own army and the enemy are often called a covering party. Two shelters to cover so as to protect from injury or annoyance. As the roof shelters from the storm, woods shelter from the heat. To defend, letting defendere, to strike away, implies the actual. Protect, letting protegere, to cover before, implies the possible use of force or resisting power. Guard implies sustained vigilance with readiness for conflict. We defend the person or thing against actual attack. We guard or protect against possible assault or injury. A powerful person may protect one who is weak by simply declaring himself his friend. He defends him by some form of active championship. An inanimate object may protect as a garment from cold. Defend is used, but rarely, and by somewhat violent metaphor in such connection. Protect is more complete than guard or defend. An object may be faithfully guarded or bravely defended in vain, but that which is protected is secure. To shield is to impose something over or before that which is assailed so as to save from harm and has a comparatively passive sense. One may guard an order by standing arm at his side, defend him by fighting for him, or shield him from a missile or a blow by interposing his own person. Harbor is generally used in an unfavorable sense. Confederates or sympathizers harbor a criminal, a person harbors evil thoughts or designs. See, cherish, compare synonyms for hide, defense. Antonyms, betray, cast out, expel, expose, give up, refuse, reject, surrender. Propositions, shelter under a roof from the storm, in the fortress behind or within the walls from attack. Sign, synonyms, emblem, indication, manifestation, mark, note, omen, research, prognostic, signal, symbol, symptom, token, type. A sign, Latin, signum is any distinctive mark by which a thing may be recognized or its presence known and may be intentional or accidental, natural or artificial, suggestive, descriptive, or wholly arbitrary. Those, obliged, may be a sign of shame. The footprint of an animal is a sign that it has passed. The sign of a business house now usually declares what is done or kept within, but formerly might be an object having no connection with the business, as the sign or the throat. The letters of the alphabet are signs of certain sounds. While a sign might be involuntary and even unconscious, a signal is always voluntary and is usually concerted. A chip may show signs of distress to the casual observer, but signals of distress are the distinct appeal for aid. A symptom is a vital phenomenon resulting from a disease condition. In medical language, a sign is an indication of any physical condition, whether morbid or healthy. Those, a hot skin and rapid pulse, are symptoms of pneumonia. The illness of some portion of the lungs under percussion is one of the physical signs. Compare, augur, characteristic, emblem, sin, synonyms, crime, criminality, delinquency, depravity, evil, fault, guilt, ill-doing, immorality, inequity, misdeed, offense, transgression, ungodliness, unrighteousness, bias, viciousness, wickedness, wrong, wrongdoing. Sin is any lack of holiness, any defect of moral purity and truth, whether in a heart or life, whether on commission or a mission. All unrighteousness is sin. 1 John verses 17. Transgression, as its etymology indicates, is the stepping over the specific enactment, whether of God or man, ordinarily by overact, but in the broadest sense, embellition or desire. Sin may be either act or state. Transgression is always an act, mental or physical. Crime is often used for a flagrant violation of right, but the technical sense denotes a specific violation of human law. Guilt is the cert of an exposure to punishment because of sin. Depravity denotes not any action, but a perverted moral condition from which any act of sin may proceed. Sin, in the generic sense, as denoted in a state of heart, is synonymous with depravity. In the specific sense, as in the expression a sin, the term may be synonymous with transgression, crime, offense, misdeed, etc., or may denote some moral activity that could not be characterized by terms so positive. Immorality denotes outward violation of the moral law. Sin is thus the broadest word, and immorality next in the scope. All crimes, properly so-called, and all immoralities are sins, but there may be sin as ingratitude, which is neither crime, transgression, nor immorality, and there may be immorality, which is not crime, as falsehood. Compare criminal, antonyms, blamelessness, excellence, godliness, goodness, holiness, innocence, integrity, morality, purity, rectitude, right, righteousness, sinlessness, uprightness, virtue. Compare synonyms for virtue. Sin, synonyms, carol, chant, chirp, chirrup, hum, morvel. To sing is primarily and ordinarily to utter a succession of particular musical sounds with the human voice. The word has come to include any succession of musical sounds. We say the bird of the ribolette sings. We speak of the singing quality of an instrument, and by still wider extension, meaning we say the tick-headle or the cricket sings. To chant is to sing in solemn and somewhat uniform handings. Chant is ordinarily applied to non-metrical religious compositions. To carol is to sing judiciously, and to warble, kindred with whirl, is to sing with thrills or quavers. Usually also with the idea of joy. Carol and warble are especially applied to the singing of birds. To chirp is to utter a brief musical sound, perhaps often repeated in the same key as by certain small birds, insects, etc. To chirrup is to utter a somewhat similar sound. The word is often used of a brief, sharp sound uttered as a signal to animate or rouse a horse or other animal. To hum is to utter murmuring sounds with somewhat monotonous musical cadents, usually with closed lips. We speak also of the hum of machinery, etc. Skeptic synonyms, agnostic, atheist, diced, disbeliever, doubter, freethinker, infidel, unbeliever. The skeptic doubts divine revelation. The disbeliever and the unbeliever rejected. The disbeliever with more of intellectual dissent, the unbeliever in the common acceptation, within difference or with opposition of heart as well as of intellect. Infidel is an opprobious term that might once almost have been said to be geographical in its range. The crusaders called all Mohammedans infidels and were so called by term in return. The word is commonly applied to any decided opponent of an accepted religion. The atheists denies that there is a god. The diced admits the existence of god but denies that the Christian scriptures are a revelation from him. The agnostic denies either that we do know or that we can know whether there is a god. Antonyms, believer, Christian, sketch, synonyms, brief, design, draft, drawing, outline, picture, plan, skeleton. A sketch is a rough suggested presentation of anything, whether graphic or literary, commonly intended to be preliminary to a more complete or extended treatment. An outline gives only the bounded or determining lines of a figure or a scene. A sketch might give not only lines but shading and color, but is hasty and incomplete. The lines of a sketch are seldom so full and continues as those of an outline, being, like the shading or color, little more than indications or suggestions according to which a finished picture may be made. The artist's first representation of a sunset, the use of which to change rapidly, most of necessity be sketch. Draft and plan apply especially to mechanical drawing, of which outline, the sketch and drawing are also used. A plan is strictly a view from above, as of a building or machine, giving the lines of a horizontal section originally at the level of the ground, now in a wider sense at any height, as a plan of the seller, a plan of the attic. A mechanical drawing is always understood to be in full detail. A draft is an incomplete or unfinished drawing. A design is such a preliminary sketch as indicates the object to be accomplished or the result to be attained and is understood to be original. One may make a drawing of any well-known mechanism or a drawing from another man's design, but if he says the design is mine, he claims it as his own invention or composition. In written compositions, an outline gives simply the main divisions and in the case of a sermon is often called a skeleton, a somewhat fuller suggestion of illustration, treatment and style is given in a sketch. A lawyer's brief is a succinct statement of the main facts involved in the case and of the main heads of his argument on points of law with reference to authorities cited. The brief has none of the vagueness of a sketch being sufficiently exciting and complete to form, on occasion, the basis of the decision of the court where our argument, when the case is said to be submitted on brief. Compare design, skillful, synonyms, accomplished, adept, adroit, apt, clever, deft, dexterous, expert, handy, happy, ingenious, practiced, proficient, skilled, trained. Skillful signifies possessing and using readily practical knowledge and ability, having alert and well-trained faculties with reference to a given work. One is adept in that for which he has a natural gift improved by practice. He is expert in that of which training, experience and study have given him a third of mastery. He is dexterous in that which he can do effectively with or without training, especially in work of the hand or bodily activities. In the case of the noun an expert denotes one who is experienced in the fullest sense, a master of his branch or knowledge. A skilled workman is one who has thoroughly learned his trade, though he might be naturally quite dull. A skillful workman has some natural brightness, ability and power of adaptation in addition to his acquired knowledge and dexterity. Compare clever, dexterity, power, antonyms, outward, bungling, clumsy, helpless, inexpert, maladroit, shifless, unhandy, unskilled, untaught, untrained. Propositions. A skillful ad or in a work with a pen or tool of any kind. Slander. Asperors. Bug-biked. Calumniate. Decry. Defame. Depreciate. Disparage. Libel. Malign. Revile. Traduce. Belify. To slander a person is to utter a false and injurious report concerning him. To defame is specifically and directly to attack one's reputation. To defame by spoken words is to slander, by written words to libel. To asperce is, as it were, to best pattern with injurious charges. To malign is to circulate, study, and malicious attacks upon character. To traduce is to exhibit one's real or assumed traits in an odious light. To revile or belify is to attack with vile abuse. To disparage is to represent one's admitted good traits or acts as less praiseworthy than they would naturally be thought to be, as for instance, by ascribing a man's benevolence to a desire for popularity or display. To libel or slander is to make an assault upon character and repute that comes within this cup of law. The slander is uttered, the libel, written, printed, or pictured. To bug-bite is to speak something secretly to one's injury. To calumniate is to invent as well as utter the injurious charge. One may abuse, assail, or belify an order to his face. He asperces, calumniates, slanders, or traduces him behind his back. Antonyms, defend, eulogize, extoll, loud, praise, vindicate. End of section 59. Section 60 of English synonyms and antonyms. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Mario Pinera. English synonyms and antonyms by James Champlin-Fernald. Slang to stain. Slang. Synonyms. Kent, colloquialism, vulgarism, vulgarity. A colloquialism is an expression north to course or low and perhaps not incorrect but below the literary grade. Educated persons are apt to allow themselves some colloquialisms in familiar conversation, which they would avoid in writing or public speaking. Slang, in the primary sense, denotes expressions that are either coarse and rude in themselves or chiefly current among the coarser and rude or part of the community. There are also many expressions current in special senses in certain communities that might be characterized as slang, as college slang, club slang, racing slang. In the evolution of language, many words originally slang are adopted by good writers and speakers and ultimately take their place as accepted English. A vulgarism is an expression decidedly incorrect and the use of which is a mark of ignorance or low reading. Kent, as used in this connection, denotes the barbarous jargon used as a secret language by thieves, tramps, etc. Compare, diction, language. Slow. Synonyms. Doddling. Delaying. Deliberate. Delatory. Drowsy. Doll. Gradual. Inactive. Inert. Lingering. Moderate. Procrastinating. Slack. Sluggish. Tardy. Slow signifies moving through a relatively short distance or with a relatively small number of motions in a given time. Slow also applies to that which is a relatively long while in the beginning or accomplishing something. A watch or a clock is said to be slow when its indications are behind those of the standard time. Tardy is applied to that which is behind the proper desired time, especially in doing a work or arriving at a place. Deliberate and delatory are used to persons though the latter might be used also of things as of a stream. A person is deliberate who takes a noticeably long time to consider and decide before acting or who acts or speaks as if he were deliberating at every point. A person is delatory who lays aside or puts off as long as possible necessary or required action. Both words might be applied either to undertaking or to doing. Gradual. Latin gradus, a step, signifies advancing by steps and refers to slow but regular and sure progression. Slack refers to action that seems to indicate a lack of tension as of muscle or a will. Sluggish to action that seems as if reluctant to advance. Antonyms. C. Synonyms for nimble. Snir. Synonyms. Fling. Jive. Jir. Mock. Scoff. Dant. A snir might be simply a contemptuous facial contortion or it may be some brief satirical utterance that throws a contemptuous sidelight on what it attacks without attempting to prove or disprove. A depreciatory implication may be given in a snir such as could only be answered by a elaborate argument or proof which would seem to give the attack on due importance. Who can review this snir? Palais, Moral Philosophy, Book 5th, Chapter 9. A fling is careless and commonly perished. A taunt is intentionally insulting and provoking. The snir is supercilious. The taunt is defiant. The jive and jive are uttered. The jive is bitter and often sly or covert. The jive is rude and open. A scuff may be inact or word and is commonly directed against that which claims honor, reverence or worship. Compare. Banter. Proposition. Only an essentially vicious mind is capable of a snir at virtue. Socialism. Synonyms. Collectivism. Communism. Fabianism. Socialism as defined by its advocates is a theory of civil polity that aims to secure the reconstruction of society, increase of wealth and a more equal distribution of the products of labor through the public collective ownership of land and capital as distinguished from property and the public collective management of all industries. Its aim is extended industrial cooperation. Socialism is a purely economic term, applying to land ownership and productive capital. Many socialists call themselves collectivists and their system collectivism. Communism would divide all things including the profits of individual labor among members of the community. Many of its advocates would abolish marriage and a family relation. Anarchism is appropriately an antonym of socialism as it would destroy by violins if necessary all existing government or social order, leaving the future to determine what if anything should be raised upon the ruins. Sound. Synonyms. Noise. Note. Ton. Sound is the sensation produced through the organs of hearing or the physical cause of this sensation. Sound is the most comprehensive word of this group, applying to anything that is audible. Ton is sound considered as having some musical quality or as expressive of some feeling. Noise is sound considered with a reference to musical quality or as distinctly young musical or discordant. Those, in the most general sense, noise and sound scarcely differ and we say almost indefinitely, I heard a sound or I heard a noise. We speak of a fine, musical or pleasant sound but never those of a noise. In music, tone may denote either the musical sound or the interval between two such sounds but in the most careful usage, the latter is not distinguished as the interval, leaving tone to stand only for the sound. Note in music strictly denotes the character representing a sound but in loose, popular usage it denotes the sound also and becomes practically equivalent to tone. Aside from its musical use, tone is chiefly applied to the quality of the human voice by which feeling is expressed. As he is spoken in a cheery tone, the word is similarly applied to the voices of birds and other animals and sometimes to inanimate objects. As use of a musical instrument, tone denotes the general quality of its sounds collectively considered. To utter is to give forth as an audible sound, articulate or not. To talk is to utter the succession of connected words, ordinarily with the expectation of being listened to. To speak is to give articulate utterance even to a single word. The officer speaks the word of command but does not talk it. To speak is also to utter words with the ordinary intonation as distinguished from singing. To chat is ordinarily to utter in a familiar conversational way. To chatter is to talk in an empty, senseless way like a magpie. Propositions Speak to, address, a person. Speak with a person, converse with them. Speak of or about a thing, make it a subject of remark. Speak on or upon a subject. In parliamentary language, speak to the question. Speech Synonyms Address Discourse Disquisition Dissertation Arang Language Aeration Oratory Sermon Speaking Talk Utterance Speech is the general word for utterance of thought in language. A speech may be the deliberate of one's sentiments in the simplest way. An aeration is an elaborate and prepared speech. A harang is a vehement appeal to passion or a speech that has something disputatious and combative in it. A discourse is a set speech or a definite subject intended to convey instruction. Compare Conversation Diction Language Antonyms Hush Silence Specialistness Stillness That's eternity. Spontaneous Synonyms Aromatic Free Impulsive Instinctive Involuntary Unbiden Voluntary Willing That is spontaneous, which is freely done, with no external compulsion and inhuman actions without a special premeditation or distinct determination of the will. That is voluntary, which is freely done with the distinct act of will. That is involuntary, which is independent of the will and perhaps in opposition to it. A willing act is not only in accordance with will but with desire. Those voluntary and involuntary, which are antonyms of each other, are both partial synonyms of a spontaneous. We speak of a spontaneous generation, spontaneous combustion, spontaneous sympathy, an involuntary start, an unbiden tear, voluntary agreement, willing submission. A babe's smile in answer to that of his mother is spontaneous. The smile of a pudding child, whittled into good humor, is involuntary. In physiology, the action of the heart and lungs is called involuntary. The growth of the hair and nails is spontaneous. The action of swallowing is voluntary up to a certain point beyond which it becomes involuntary or aromatic. In the fullest sense of that, which is not only without the will but distinctly in opposition to it or compulsory, involuntary becomes an antonym, not only of voluntary but of spontaneous, as involuntary is herbitude. A spontaneous outburst of applause is of necessity and act of volition but so completely dependent of sympathetic impulse that it would seem frigid to call it voluntary, while to call it involuntary would imply some previous purpose or inclination not to applaud. Spy. Synonyms. Detective. Emissary. Scout. The scout and the spy are both employed to obtain information of the numbers, movements, etc. of an enemy. The scout lurks on the outskirts of the hostile army with such concealment as the case admits of but without disguise. A spy enters in disguise, within the enemy's lines. A scout, if captured, has the rights of a prisoner of war. A spy is held to have forfeited all rights and is liable in case of capture to capital punishment. An emissary is rather political than military, sent rather to secretly influence opponents than to bring information concerning them. So far as he does the latter, he is not only an emissary but a spy. Stain. Synonyms. Blood. Color. Discolor. Disgrace. Dishonor. Die. Soil. Spot. Sully. Tarnish. Tinge. Tint. Tint. To color is to impart a color desired or undesired, temporary or permanent or in the transit of use to assume a color in any way as he colored with shame and vexation. To dye is to impart a color intentionally and with a view to permanence and especially so as to pervade the substance or fiber of that to which it is applied. To stain is primarily to discolor, to impart a color undesired and perhaps unintended and which may or may not be permanent. Those, a character dyed in the wool is one that has received some early permanent and pervading influence. A character stained with crime or guilt is debased and perverted. Stain is, however, used of giving unintended and perhaps pleasing color to wood, glass, etc. by an application of coloring matter which enters a substance a little below the surface in distinction from painting in which coloring matter is spread upon the surface. Dyeing is generally said of wool, yarn, cloth or similar materials which are dipped into the coloring liquid. Figuratively, a standard or a garment may be dyed with blood in honorable warfare and assassin's weapon is stained with blood at his victim. To tinge is to color slightly and may also be used of giving a slight flavor or a slight admixture of one ingredient or quality with another that is more pronounced. End of section 60. Section 61 of English Synonyms and Antonyms. This is the LibriBox recording. All LibriBox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriBox.org. Recording by Mario Pineda. English Synonyms and Antonyms. By James Champlin-Fernald. State to subvert. State. Synonyms. Affirm. Allege. Assert. Assert. Asseborate. Assure. Abur. Abouch. Abow. Certify. Claim. Declare. Depose. Express. Inform. Maintain. Predicate. Pronounce. Propound. Protest. Say. Set forth. Specify. Swear. Tell. Testify. Tell. Testify. To state, Latin stow, stand, is to set forth explicitly, formally, or particularly in speech or writing. Assert, Latin add, to, and zero, bind, is strongly personal, signifying to state bodily and positively what the one making the statement has not attempted and might not attempt to prove. Affirm has less of egotism than assert, as seen in the word self-assertion, coming nearer to abur. It has more solemnity than declare, and more composter, and dignity than asseborate, which is to assert excitedly. In legal usage, a firm has a general agreement with, depose, and testify. It differs from swear and not invoke in the name of God. To assure is to state with such authority and confidence as the speaker feels ought to make the hearer sure. Certify is more formal and applies rather to written documents or legal processes. Assure. Certify. Inform. Apply. To the thing. Assert is combative. Assure is conciliatory. I assert my rights to cross the river. I assure my friend it is perfectly safe. To abur is to state positively what is within one's own knowledge or matter of deep conviction. One may assert himself or assert his right to what he is willing to contend for, or he may assert in discussion what he is ready to maintain by argument or evidence. To assert with a proof is always to lay oneself open to the suspicion of having no proof to offer. And it seems to arrogate too much to one's personal authority. And hence in such cases, both to bear assert and his known assertion have an unfavorable sense. We say a mere assertion, a bear assertion, his unsupported assertion. He asserted his innocence has less force than he affirmed or maintained his innocence. Affirm, state, and tell have not the controversial sense of assert but are simply declarative. To vindicate is to defend successfully what is assailed. Almost every criminal will assert his innocence. The honest man will sell them like means to vindicate his integrity. Antonyms, contradict, contraband, controvert, deny, disprove, dispute, gain say, oppose, refute, repudiate, retract, waive, steep, synonyms, abrupt, high, precipitous, sharp, sheer. High is used of simple elevation. Steep is said only of an incline where the vertical measurement is sufficiently great in proportion to the horizontal to make it difficult of ascent. The steep is relative. An ascent of 100 feet to the mile on a railway is a steeped grade. A rise of 500 feet to the mile makes it steep wagon road. A roof is steep when it makes with the horizontal line an angle of more than 45 degrees. A high mountain may be climbed by a winding road nowhere steep, while a little hill may be accessible only by a steep path. A sharp ascent or descent is one that makes a sudden, decided angle with the plane from which it starts. A sheer ascent or descent is perpendicular or nearly so. Precipitous applies to the what which is of the nature of a precipice and is used especially of a descent. Abrupt is as if broken sharply off and applies to either a cleavity or declivity. Compare, high. Antonyms, easy, flat, gentle, gradual, horizontal, level, low, slight. Storm, synonyms, agitation, disturbance, tempest. A storm is properly a disturbance of the atmosphere with or without rain, snow, hail or thunder and lining. Those we have rain, storm, snow, storm, etc. and by extension magnetic storm. At tempest is a storm of extreme violence always attended with some precipitation as of rain from the atmosphere. In the moral and figurative use storm and tempest are not closely discriminated except that tempest commonly implies greater intensity. We speak of agitation of feeling, disturbance of mind, a storm of passion, a tempest of rage. Antonyms, calm, fair weather, hush, peace, serenity, stillness, tranquility, story, synonyms, account, anecdote, incident, legend, myth, narration, narrative, novel, recital, record, relation, tale. A story is the telling of some series of connected incidents or events whether real or fictitious, in prose or verse or early or in writing or the series of incidents or events thus related might be termed a story. In children's talk a story is a common euphemism for a falsehood. Tale is narrowly synonymous with story but is somewhat archaic. It is used for an imaginative, legendary or fictitious recital especially if of ancient date as a fairy tale. Also for an idol or malicious report as do not tell tales where there is no tale better, they strive cizeth. Proverbs 26 to 20. An anecdote tells briefly some incident assumed to be fact. If it passes close limits of brevity it cizes to be an anecdote and becomes a narrative or narration. A traditional or mythical story of ancient times is a legend. A history is often somewhat poetically called a story as the story of the American Civil War. Compare allegory, fiction, history, antonyms, annals, biography, chronicle, history, memoir, stupidity, synonyms, apathy, dullness, insensibility, obtuse-ness, slowness, sluggishness, stupefaction, stupor. Stupidity is sometimes loosely used for temporary dullness or partial stupor but chiefly for innate and chronic dullness and sluggishness of mental action, obtuse-ness of apprehension, etc. Apathy may be temporary and be dispelled by appeal to the feelings or by the presentation of an adequate motive but stupidity is in better rate and commonly incurable. Compare apathy, idiocy, stupor. Antonyms, acuteness, alertness, animation, brilliancy, cleverness, intelligence, keenness, quickness, readiness, sagacity, sense, sensibility. Stupor, synonyms, apathy, asphyxia, coma, fainting, insensibility, lethargy, stupefaction, sun, sunning, syncop, torpor, unconsciousness. The stupor is a condition of the body in which the action of the senses and faculties is suspended or greatly dulled, weakness or loss of sensibility. The apathy of disease is a mental affection, a state of morbid indifference. Lethargy is a morbid tendency to heavy and continued sleep from which a patient might perhaps be momentarily aroused. Coma is a deep, abnormal sleep from which a patient can not be aroused or is aroused only with difficulty, a state of profound insensibility perhaps with full pulls and deep, a stature's breathing and is due to brain oppression. Syncop or sunning is a sudden loss of sensation and of power of motion, with suspension of pulse and of respiration and is due to failure of heart action as from sudden nervous shock or intense mental emotion. Insensibility is a general term denoting loss of feeling from any cause, as from cold, intoxication or injury. A stupor is a specially profound and confirmed insensibility, properly comatose. Asphyxia is a special form of syncop, resulting from partial or total suspension of respiration as in strangulation, drowning or inhalation of noxious gases. Subjective, synonym, objective. Subjective and objective are synonyms in but one point of view, being, for the most part, strictly antonyms. Subjective signifies relating to the subject of mental states, that is, to the person who experiences them. Objective signifies relating to the object of mental states, that is, to something outside the perceiving mind. In brief phrase, it may be said that subjective relates to something within the mind, objective to something without. A mountain, as a mass of a certain size, contour, color, etc., is an objective fact. The impression our mind receives the mental picture of forms of the mountain is subjective. But this subjective impression may become itself the object of thought, called subject-object, as when we compare our mental picture of the mountain with our idea of a plain or river. The direct experiences of the soul, as joy, grief, hope, fear, are purely subjective. The outward causes of these experiences are prosperity, bereavement, disappointment, or objective. That which has independent existence or authority apart from our experience or thought is said to have objective existence or authority, those we speak of the objective authority of the moral law. Different individuals may receive different subjective impressions from the same objective fact, that which, to one, is a cause of hope being to another a cause of fear, etc. The style of a writer is called objective, when it derives its materials mainly from or reaches out toward external objects. It is called subjective, when it derives its materials mainly from or constantly tends to revert to the personal experience of the author. Compare Inherent Subsidy Synonyms Aid Allowance Bonus Bounty Gift Grant Indemnity Pension Premium Reward Subvention Support Tribute A subsidy is pecuniary, a directly granted by government to an individual or commercial enterprise or money furnished by one nation to an order to aid it in carrying on war against a common enemy. A nation grants a subsidy to an ally, based a tribute to a conqueror. And indemnity is in the nature of things limited on temporary, while a tribute might be exacted indefinitely. A nation might also grant a subsidy to its own citizens, as a means of promoting the public welfare, as a subsidy to a steamship company. The somewhat rare term subvention is especially applied to a grant of governmental aid to a literary or artistic enterprise. Governmental aid to a commercial or industrial enterprise other than a transportation company is more frequently called a bounty than a subsidy, as the sugar bounty. The war bounty might be applied to almost any regular or stipulated allowance by a government to a citizen or citizens, as a bounty for enlisting in the army, a bounty for killing wolves, a bounty is offered for something to be done. A pension is granted for something that has been done. Subvert, synonyms, destroy, extinguish, overthrow, overturn, ruin, supersede, supplant, suppress. To subvert is to overthrow from or as from the very foundation, utterly destroy, bring to ruin. The war is now generally figurative as of moral or political ruin. To supersede implies the pudding of something that is wisely or unwisely preferred in the place of that which is removed. To subvert does not imply substitution. To supplant is more often personal, signifying to take the place of another, usually by underhanded means. One is superseded by authority, supplanted by a rival. Compare, abolish, antonyms, conserve, keep, perpetrate, preserve, sustain, uphold. End of section 61. Section 62 of English Synonyms and Antonyms. This is a Librebox recording. All Librebox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit Librebox.org. Recording by Mario Pineda. English Synonyms and Antonyms. By James Champlin-Fernelt. Succeed to System. Succeed. Synonyms. Achieve, attain, flourish, prevail, prosper, thrive, win. A person succeeds when he accomplishes what he attempts or attains a desired object or result. An enterprise or undertaking succeeds that has a prospering result. To win implies that someone loses but why may succeed where no one fails. A solitary swimmer succeeds in reaching the shore. If we say he wins the shore, we contrast him with himself as a possible loser. Many students may succeed in studying. A few win the special prizes for which all compete. Compare, follow. Antonyms. Be defeated, come short. Fail, fall short. Lose, miss, miscarry. Suggestion. Synonyms. Hint, implication, innuendo, insinuation, intimation. A suggestion, Latin sub, under, and giro, bring, brings something before the mind less directly than by formal or explicit statement. As by a partial statement, are incidental illusion, an illustration, a question, or the like. Suggestion is often used of an introsive statement of one's view or wishes to another, leaving consideration on any consequent action entirely to his judgment and his hints in many cases the most respectful way in which one can convey his views to a superior or a stranger. A suggestion might be given unintentionally and even unconsciously as when we say an offer has a suggestive style. An intimation is a suggestion in brief utterance or sometimes by significant act, gesture, or token of one's meaning or wishes. In the later case, it is often the act of a superior, as God in his providence gives as intimations of his will. A hint is still more limited in expression and is always covert but frequently with good intent as to give one a hint of danger or of opportunity. Insinuation and innuendo are used in bad sense. An insinuation is a covert or partly mild, injurious utterance sometimes to the very person attacked. An innuendo is commonly secret as well as a slide, as if pointing one out by a significant note letting in, in, to, and nuo, not. Supernatural. Synonyms. Miraculous. Prytternatural. Superhuman. The supernatural, super, above, is above or superior to recognized powers of nature. The prytternatural, prytter, beyond, is aside from or beyond the recognized results or operations of natural law, often in the sense of inauspicious as a prytternatural gloom. Miraculous is more emphatic and specific than supernatural as referring to the direct personal intervention of divine power. Some hold that a miracle, as the raising of the dead, is a direct suspension and even violation of natural laws by the fiat of the creator and hence is, in the strictest sense, supernatural. Others hold that the miracle is simply the calling forth of a power residing in the laws of nature but not within their ordinary operation and dependent on a distinct act of God so that the miraculously might be termed extra-natural rather than supernatural. All that is beyond human power is superhuman as prophecy gives evidence of superhuman knowledge. The word is sometimes applied to remarkable manifestations of human power surpassing all that is ordinary. Antonyms. Common. Commonplace. Everyday. Natural. Ordinary. Usual. Support. Synonyms. Bear. Carry. Cherish. Hold up. Keep. Keep up. Maintain. Prop. Sustain. Uphold. Support and sustain alike signify to hold up or keen up to prevent from falling or sinking. But sustain has a special sense of continuous exertion or of great strength continuously exerted as when we speak of sustained endeavor or a sustained note. A flower is supported by the stem of a temple roof by arches. The foundations of a great building sustain enormous pressure. To sustain life implies a greater exigency and need than to support life. To say one is sustained under affliction is to say more both of the severity of the trial and the completeness of the upholding than if we say he is supported. To bear is the most general word denoting all holding up or keeping up of any object whether in rest or motion. In the derived senses it refers to something that is a tax upon strength or endurance as to bear a strain to bear pain or grief. To maintain is to keep in a state of condition especially in an excellent undesirable condition as to maintain health or reputation. To maintain one's position. To maintain a cause or proposition is to hold it against a position or difficulty. To support might be partial. To maintain is complete. Maintain is a world of more dignity than support. A man supports his family. A state maintains an army or navy. To prop is always partial. Signifying to add support to something that is insecure. Compare, abet, endure, keep. Antonyms. Abandon, betray, break down, cast down, demolish, desert, destroy, drop, let go, overthrow, throw down, wreck. Prepositions. The roof is supported by on or upon pillars. The family was supported on or upon a parents or by charity. Suppose. Synonyms. Conjecture. Deem. Guess. Imagine. Surmise. Think. To suppose is temporarily to assume a thing as true either with the expectation of finding it so or for the purpose of ascertaining what would fall off if it were so. To suppose is also to think a thing to be true while aware or considering that the belief does not rest upon any true ground and may not accord with fact. Or yet again to suppose is to imply as true or involved as a necessary inference. A design supposes the existence of a designer. To conjecture is to put together the nearest available materials for a provisional opinion always with some expectation of finding the facts to be as conjectured. To imagine is to form a mental image of something as existing, though its actual existence might be unknown or even impossible. To think in this application is to hold as the result of thought what is admitted not to be matter of exact or certain knowledge as I do not know but I think this to be the fact. A more conclusive statement than would be made by the use of conjecture or suppose. Compare. Doubt. Hypothesis. Antonyms. Assertain. Be sure. Conclude. Discover. Know. Prove. Surrender. Synonyms. Abandon. Allunate. Capitulate. Seed. Give. Give oneself up. Give over. Give up. Let go. Relinquish. Sacrifice. Gild. To surrender is to give up upon compulsion as to an enemy on war, hence to give up to any person, passion, influence or power. To Gild is to give place or give way under pressure and hence under compulsion. Gild implies more softness or concession than surrender. The most determined man may surrender to overwhelming force when one yields. His spirit is at least somewhat subdued. A monarch or a state sits territory perhaps for a consideration. Surrenders an army, a navy or a fortified place to a conqueror. A military commander abandons an untenable position or unavailable stores. We sacrifice something precious through error, friendship or duty. Gild to convince in reasons, a stronger will, winsome persuasion or superior force. Compare. Abandon. Synonymous. Synonyms. Alike. Correspondent. Corresponding. Equivalent. Identical. Interchangeable. Like. Same. Similar. Synonymic. Synonymous. Greek. Sin. Together. An onima. Name. It strictly signifies being interchangeable names for the same thing or being one of two or more interchangeable names for the same thing. To say that two words are synonymous is strictly to say they are alike. Equivalent. Identical. Or the same meaning. But the use of synonymous in this strict sense is somewhat rare and rather with reference to statements than the words. To say that we are morally developed is synonymous with saying that we have ripped what someone has suffered for us. H.W. Beecher. Royal Truths. Page 294. TNF. 66. In the strictest sense synonymous words scarcely exist. Rarely if ever are any two words in any language equivalent or identical in meaning. Where a mere difference in meaning cannot easily be shown a difference in usage commonly exists so that the words are not interchangeable. By synonymous words or synonyms we usually understand words that coincide or nearly coincide in some part of their meaning and may hence within certain limits be used interchangeably. While outside of those limits they may differ very greatly in meaning and use. It is the office of a work or synonyms to point out these correspondences and differences that language might have the flexibility that comes from freedom of selection within the common limits with the perspicuity and precision that result from exact choice of the fittest words to express each shade of meaning outside of the common limits. To consider synonymous words identical is fatal to accuracy. To forget that they are similar to some extent equivalent and sometimes interchangeable is destructive of freedom and variety. System. Synonyms. Manner. Method. Mode. Order. Regularity. Rule. Order in this connection denotes the fact or result of proper arrangement according to the due relation or sequence of the matters arranged as these papers are in order in alphabetical order. Method denotes a process, a general or established way of doing or proceeding in anything. Rule, an authoritative requirement or an established course of things. System, not merely a law or action or procedure, but a comprehensive plan in which all the parts are related to each order and to the whole. As a system of theology, a railroad system, the digestive system, manner refers to the external qualities of actions and to those often as settled and characteristic. We speak of a system of accession, a method of collecting taxes, the rules by which assessments are made, or we say as a rule the payments are habituated at a certain time of year. A just tax might be made or used by the manner of its collection. Regularity applies to the even disposition of objects or uniform recurrence of acts in a series. There might be regularity without order as in the recurrence of paroxysms, of disease or insanity. There might be order without regularity as in the arrangement of furniture in a room where the objects are placed or barring distances. Order commonly implies the design of an intelligent agent or the appearance or suggestion of such design. Regularity applies to an actual uniform disposition or recurrence with no suggestion of purpose and as applied to human affairs is less intelligent and more mechanical than order. The most perfect order is often secured with the least regularity as in a fine essay or oration. The same may be said of system. There is a regularity of dividing atreides into topics, paragraphs and sentences, that is destructive or through a rhetorical system. Compare habit, hypothesis, antonyms, chaos, confusion, derangement, disarrangement, disorder, irregularity. End of section 62. Section 63 of English synonyms and antonyms. This is a LibraVox recording. All LibraVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, visit LibraVox.org. English synonyms and antonyms by James Champlin-Fernald. Tasseturn to time. Tasseturn synonyms. Close, dumb, mute, reserved, reticent, silent, speechless, uncommunicative. Dumb, mute, silent and speechless refer to fact or state. Tasseturn refers to habit and disposition. The talkative person may be stricken dumb with surprise or terror. The obstinate may remain mute. One may be silent through preoccupation of mind or of set purpose. But the tasseturn person is averse to the utterance of thought or feeling and to communication with others, either from natural disposition or for the occasion. One who is silent does not speak at all. One who is tasseturn speaks when compelled, but in a grudging way that repels further approach. Reserved suggests more of method and intention than tasseturn, applying, often, to some special time or topic. One who is communicative regarding all else may be reserved about his business. Reserved is thus closely equivalent to uncommunicative, but is a somewhat stronger word, often suggesting pride or haughtiness, as when we say one is reserved toward inferiors. Compare pride, antonyms, communicative, free, garrulous, loquacious, talkative, unreserved. Tasteful, synonyms, artistic, chaste, dainty, delicate, delicious, elegant, aesthetic, aesthetical, exquisite, fastidious, fine, nice, tasty. Elegant, Latin, elegans, select, refers to that assemblage of qualities which makes anything choice to persons of culture and refinement. It refers to the lighter, finer elements of beauty in form or motion, especially denoting that which exhibits faultless taste and perfection of finish. That which is elegant is made so not merely by nature, but by art and culture. A woodland dell may be beautiful or picturesque, but would not ordinarily be termed elegant. Tasteful refers to that in which the element of taste is more prominent, standing, as it were, more by itself, while in elegant it is blended as part of the whole. Tasty is an inferior word used colloquially in a similar sense. Chaste, primarily pure, denotes in literature and art that which is true to the higher and finer feelings and free from all excess or meretricious ornament. Dainty and delicate refer to the lighter and finer elements of chaste and beauty, dainty tending in personal use to an excessive scrupulousness which is more fully expressed by fastidious. Nice and delicate both refer to exact adaptation to some standard. The bar of a balance can be said to be nicely or delicately poised. As regards matters of taste and beauty, delicate is a higher and more discriminating word than nice and is always used in a favourable sense. A delicate distinction is one worth observing. A nice distinction may be so or may be overstrained and unduly subtle. Fine in such use is closely similar to delicate and nice, but though capable of an unfavourable sense has commonly a suggestion of positive excellence or admirableness. A fine touch does something. Fine perceptions are to some purpose. Delicate is capable of the single unfavourable sense of frail or fragile as a delicate constitution. Aesthetic or Aesthetical refers to beauty or the appreciation of the beautiful, especially from the philosophic point of view. Exquisite denotes the utmost perfection of the elegant in minute details. We speak of an elegant garment and exquisite lace. Exquisite is also applied to intense keenness of any feeling as exquisite delight, exquisite pain. See, beautiful, delicious, fine. Antonyms, clumsy, coarse, deformed, disgusting, displeasing, distasteful, fulsome, gaudy, grotesque, harsh, hideous, horrid, inartistic, inharmonious, meretricious, offensive, rough, rude, rugged, tawdry. Teach, synonyms, discipline, drill, educate, enlighten, give instruction, give lessons, inculcate, indoctrinate, inform, initiate, instill, instruct, nurture, school, train, tutor. To teach is simply to communicate knowledge. To instruct, originally, to build in, or into, put in order, is to impart knowledge with special method and completeness. Instruct has also an authoritative sense, nearly equivalent to command. To educate is to draw out or develop harmoniously the mental powers, and, in the fullest sense, the moral powers as well. To train is to direct to a certain result powers already existing. Train is used in preference to educate when the reference is to the inferior animals or to the physical powers of man, as to train a horse, to train the hand or eye. To discipline is to bring into habitual and complete subjection to authority. Discipline is a severe word and is often used as a euphemism for punish. To be thoroughly effective in war, soldiers must be disciplined as well as trained. To nurture is to furnish the care and sustenance necessary for physical, mental, and moral growth. Nurture is a more tender and home-like word than educate. To compare education, to merity, synonyms, audacity, full hardiness, hardyhood, hastiness, heedlessness, overconfidence, precipitancy, precipitation, presumption, rashness, recklessness, venturesomeness. Rashness applies to the actual rushing into danger without counting the cost. To merity denotes the needless exposure of oneself to peril, which is or might clearly be seen to be such. Rashness is used chiefly of bodily acts, to merity, often of mental or social matters. There may be a noble rashness, but to merity is always used in a bad sense. We say it is amazing that one should have had the temerity to make a statement which could be readily proved a falsehood, or to make an unworthy proposal to one sure to resent it. In such use, temerity is often closely allied to hardyhood, audacity, or presumption. Venturesomeness dallies on the edge of danger and experiments with it. Full hardiness rushes in for want of sense, heedlessness for want of attention, rashness for want of reflection, recklessness from disregard of consequences. Audacity, in the sense here considered, denotes a dashing and somewhat reckless courage in defiance of conventionalities, or of other men's opinions, or of what would be deemed probable consequences as the audacity of a successful financier. Compare a frontery. Antonyms, care, caution, circumspection, cowardice, hesitation, timidity, term, synonyms, article, condition, denomination, expression, member, name, phrase, word. Term, in its figurative uses, always retains something of its literal sense of a boundary or limit. The articles of a contract, or other instrument, are simply the portions into which it is divided for convenience. The terms are the essential statements on which its validity depends, as it were the landmarks of its meaning or power. A condition is a contingent term which may become fixed upon the happening of some contemplated event. In logic, a term is one of the essential members of a proposition, the boundary of statement in some one direction. Thus, in general use, term is more restricted than word, expression, or phrase. A term is a word that limits meaning to a fixed point of statement, or to a special class of subjects, as when we speak of the definition of terms. That is of the key words in any discussion. Or, we say, that is a legal or scientific term. Compare boundary, diction, terse, synonyms, brief, compact, compendious, concise, condensed, laconic, neat, pithy, sententious, short, succinct, extent. Anything short or brief is of relatively small extent. That which is concise, Latin con, with together, and cadeau, cut, is trimmed down, and that which is condensed, Latin con, with together, and densus, thick, is, as it were, pressed together, so as to include as much as possible within a small space. That which is compendious, Latin con, together, and pendo, way, gathers the substance of a matter into a few words, weighty and effective. The succinct, Latin succinctus from sub, under, and single, gird, girded from below, has an alert effectiveness as if girded for action. The summary is compacted to the utmost, often to the point of abruptness, as we speak of a summary statement or a summary dismissal. That which is terse, Latin terse, from tergel, rub off, has an elegant and finished completeness with the smallest possible compass, as if rubbed or polished down to the utmost. A sententious style is one abounding in sentences that are singly striking or memorable apart from the context. The word may be used invidiously of that which is pretentiously or circular. A pithy utterance gives the gist of a matter effectively, whether in rude or elegant style. Antonyms, diffuse, lengthy, long, prolex, tedious, verbose, wordy. Testimony, synonyms, affidavit, affirmation, attestation, certification, deposition, evidence, proof, witness. Testimony in legal as well as in common use signifies the statements of witnesses. Deposition and affidavit denote testimony reduced writing. The deposition differs from the affidavit in that the latter is voluntary and without cross examination, while the former is made under interrogatories and subject to cross examination. Evidence is a broader term, including the testimony of witnesses and all facts of every kind that tend to prove a thing true. We have the testimony of a traveler that a fugitive passed this way. His footprints in the sand are additional evidence of the fact. Compare demonstration oath. Therefore, synonyms, accordingly, because, consequently, hence, then, thence, whence, wherefore. Therefore, signifying for that, or this reason, is the most precise and formal word for expressing the direct conclusion of a chain of reasoning. Then carries a similar, but slider sense of inference, which it gives incidentally, rather than formally, as, quote, all men are mortal. Caesar is a man. Therefore, Caesar is mortal, close quote. Or, quote, the contract is awarded. Then there is no more to be said, close quote. Consequently, denotes a direct result, but more frequently of a practical than a theoretic kind, as, quote, important matters demand my attention. Consequently, I shall not sail today, close quote. Consequently is rarely used in the formal conclusions of logic or mathematics, but marks rather the freer and looser style of rhetorical argument. Accordingly denotes correspondence, which may or may not be consequence. It is often used in narration as, quote, the soldiers were eager and confident. Accordingly, they sprang forward at the word of command, close quote. Thence is a word of more sweeping inference than, therefore, applying not merely to a single set of premises, but often to all that has gone before, including the reasonable inferences that have not been formally stated. Wherefore is the correlative of, therefore, and whence of, hence, or thence, appending the reference or conclusion to the previous statement without a break. Compare synonyms for because. Throng, synonyms, concourse, crowd, host, jam, mass, multitude, press. A crowd is a company of persons filling to excess the space they occupy and pressing inconveniently upon one another. The total number in a crowd may be great or small. Throng is a word of vastness and dignity, always implying that the persons are numerous as well as pressed or pressing closely together. There may be a dense crowd in a small room, but there cannot be a throng. Host and multitude both imply vast numbers, but a multitude may be diffused over a great space so as to be nowhere a crowd. Host is a military term and properly denotes an assembly too orderly for crowding. Concourse signifies a spontaneous gathering of many persons moved by a common impulse and has a suggestion of stateliness not found in the word crowd, while suggesting less massing and pressure than is indicated by the word throng. Throng, time, synonyms, age, date, duration, eon, epic, era, period, season, sequence, succession, term, while. Sequence and succession apply to events viewed as following one another. Time and duration denote something conceived of as enduring while events take place and acts are done. According to the necessary conditions of human thought, events are contained in time as objects are in space. Time existing before the event, measuring it as it passes, and still existing when the event is passed. Duration and succession are more general words than time. We can speak of infinite or eternal duration or succession, but time is commonly contrasted with eternity. Time is measured or measurable duration. End of Section 63. Read by Dennis Sayers in Modesto, California for LibriVox. Section 64 of English Synonyms and Antonyms. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox.org. Recording by Kate McKenzie. English Synonyms and Antonyms by James Champlain-Fernald. Tip to Transient. Tip Synonyms. Cant. Careen. Dip. Heal over. Incline. Lean. List. Slant. Slope. Tilt. To tilt or tip is to throw out of a horizontal position by raising one side or end or lowering the other. The words are closely similar, but tilt suggests more refluxation or instability. Slant and slope are a set of things somewhat fixed or permanent in position out of the horizontal or perpendicular. The roof slants, the hill slopes. Incline is a more formal word for tip, and also for slant or slope. To cant is to set slantingly. In many cases, tip and cant might be interchanged, but tip is more temporary after momentary. One tips a pale so that the water flows over the edge. The mechanic cants a table by making or setting one side higher than the other. A vessel careens in the wind. Lists, usually from shifting of cargo, from water in the hold etc. Careening is always toward one side or the other. Listing may be forward or a stern as well. To heal over is the same as to careen, and must be distinguished from keel over, which is to cap size. Tire. Synonyms. Exhaust. Fag. Fatigue. Harass. Jade. Wear out. Weary. To tire is to reduce strength in any degree by exertion. One may be tired just enough to make rest pleasant or even unconsciously tired, becoming aware of the fact only when he ceases the exertion. Or, on the other hand, he may be, according to the common phrase, too tired to stir. But for this extreme condition, the stronger words are commonly used. One who is fatigued suffers from a conscious and painful lack of strength as the result of some overtaxing. An invalid may be fatigued with very slight exertion. When one is wearied, the painful lack of strength is the result of long continued demand or strain. One is exhausted when the strain has been so severe and continuous as utterly to consume the strength so that further exertion is for the time impossible. One is fagged by drudgery. He is jaded by incessant repetition of the same act until it becomes increasingly difficult or well now impossible, as a horse is jaded by a long and unbroken journey. Antonyms. Invigorate. Recreate. Refresh. Relax. Relieve. Repose. Rest. Restore. Tool. Synonyms. Apparatus. Appliance. Implement. Instrument. Machine. Mechanism. Utensil. Weapon. A tool is something that is both contrived and used for extending the force of an intelligent agent to something that is to be operated upon. Those things by which Pacific and industrial operations are performed are alone properly called tools, those designed for warlike purposes being designated weapons. An instrument is anything through which power is applied and a result produced. In general usage, the word is of considerably whiner meaning than tool, as a piano is a musical instrument. Instrument is the word usually applied to tools used in scientific pursuits, as we speak of a surgeon's or an optician's instruments. An implement is a mechanical agency considered with reference to some specific purpose to which it is adapted, as an agricultural implement. Implement of war. Implement is a less technical and artificial term than tool. The port of a tiger might be termed a terrible implement, but not a tool. A utensil is that which may be used for some special purpose. The word is especially applied to articles used for domestic or agricultural purposes, as kitchen utensils, farming utensils. An appliance is that which is or may be applied to the accomplishment of a result, either independently or subordinate to something more extensive or important. Every mechanical tool is an appliance, but not every appliance is a tool. The traces of a harness are appliances for traction, but they are not tools. Mechanism is a word of wide meaning, denoting any combination of mechanical devices for united action. A machine, in the most general sense, is any mechanical instrument for the conversion of motion. In this sense, a lever is a machine, but in more commonly accepted usage a machine is distinguished from a tool by its complexity and by the combination and coordination of powers and movements for the production of a result. A chisel by itself is a tool. When it is set so as to be operated by a crank and pitman, the entire mechanism is called a machine, as a mortising machine. An apparatus may be a machine, but the word is commonly used for a collection of distinct articles to be used in connection or combination for a certain purpose, a mechanical equipment, as the apparatus of a gymnasium, especially for a collection of appliances for some scientific purpose, as a chemical or surgical apparatus. An apparatus may include many tools, instruments or implements. Implement is for the most part, and utensil is altogether restricted to the literal sense. Instrument, machine and tool have figurative use, instrument being used largely in a good, tool always in a bad sense, machine inclined to the unfavourable sense, as implying that human agents are made mechanically subservient to some controlling will, as an instrument of providence, the tool of a tyrant, a political machine. Topic, synonyms, division, head, issue, matter, motion, point, proposition, question, subject, theme. A topic from the Greek topos, place, is ahead of discourse. Since a topic for discussion is often stated in the form of a question, question has come to be extensively used to denote a debatable topic, especially of a practical nature, an issue, as the labour question, the temperance question. In deliberative assemblies, a proposition presented or moved for acceptance is called a motion, and such a motion or other matter for consideration is known as the question, since it is, or may be stated in interrogative form, to be answered by each member with a vote of I or no. A member is required to speak to the question, the chairman puts the question. In speaking or writing, the general subject or theme may be termed the topic, though it is more usual to apply the latter term to the subordinate divisions, points or heads of discourse, as to enlarge on this topic would carry me too far from my subject. A pleasant drive will suggest many topics for conversation. Trace, synonyms, footmark, footprint, footstep, impression, mark, memorial, remains, remnant, sign, token, track, trail, vestige. A memorial is that which is intended or fitted to bring to remembrance something that has passed away, it may be vast and stately. On the other hand, a slight token of regard may be a cherished memorial of a friend, either a concrete object or an observance may be a memorial. A vestige is always slight compared with that whose existence it recalls, as scattered mounds containing implements, weapons, etc., are vestiges of former civilisation. A vestige is always a part of that which has passed away. A trace may be merely the mark made by something that has been present or passed by, and that is still existing, or some slight evidence of its presence or of the effect it has produced, as traces of game are observed by the hunter. Compare, characteristic. Transact, synonyms, accomplish, act, carry on, conduct, do, negotiate, perform, treat. There are many acts that one may do, accomplish or perform unnaded. What he transacts is by means of or in association with others. One may do a duty, perform a vow, accomplish a task, but he transacts business since that always involves the agency of others. To negotiate and to treat are likewise collective acts, but both these words lay stress upon deliberation with adjustment of mutual claims and interests. Transact, while it may depend upon previous deliberation, states execution only. Notes, bills of exchange, loans and treaties are said to be negotiated. The words are used covering not merely the preliminary consideration, but the final settlement. Negotiate has more reference to execution than treat. Nations may treat of peace without result, but when a treaty is negotiated, peace is secured. The citizens of the two nations are then free to transact business with on another. Compare, do. Transaction, synonyms, act, action, affair, business, deed, doing, proceeding. One's acts or deeds may be exclusively his own. His transactions involve the agency or participation of others. A transaction is something completed. A proceeding is or is viewed as something in progress, but since transaction is often used to include the steps leading to the conclusion, while proceedings may result in action, the dividing line between the two words becomes sometimes quite faint, though transaction often emphasises the fact of something done or brought to a conclusion. Both transactions and proceedings are used of the records of a deliberative body, especially when published, strictly used, the two are distinguished, as the philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London give in full the papers read. The proceedings of the American Philological Association give in full the business done, with may abstracts of or extracts from the papers read. Compare, act, business. Transcendental, synonyms, a priori, intuitive, original, primordial, transcendent. Intuitive truths are those which are in the mind independently of all experience, not being derived from experience nor limited by it, as that the whole is greater than a part, or that things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another. All intuitive truths or beliefs are transcendental, but transcendental is a wider term than intuitive, including all within the limits of thought that is not derived from experience as the ideas of space and time. Being is transcendental, as being cannot be included under any genus, but transcends them all, so the properties or affectations of being also being called transcendental. Manuel Kant, in Fleming's vocabulary philosophy page 530. Transcendent, he, Kant, employed to denote that what is wholly beyond experience being neither given as an a posteriori nor a priori element of cognition, what therefore transcends every category of thought. Kant in Fleming's vocabulary philosophy, page 531. Transcendental has been applied in the language of the Amazonian school to the sole supposed intuitive knowledge of things divine and human, so far as they are capable of being known to man. Compare, mysterious. Transient, synonyms, brief, ephemeral, evanescent, fleeting, flitting, flying, fugitive, momentary, passing, short, temporary, transitory. Transient and transitory are both derived from the same original source, from the Latin trans, over and eo, go, denoting that which quickly passes or is passing away, but there is between them a fine shade of difference. A thing is transient, which in fact is not lasting. A thing is transitory, which by its very nature must soon pass away. A thing is temporary, from the Latin tempus, time, which is intended to last or be made use of but a little while, as a transient joy, this transitory life a temporary chairman. Ephemeral, from the Greek epi, on and hemera, day, literally lasting but for a day, often marks more strongly than transient, exceeding brevity of duration. It agrees with transitory in denoting that its object is destined to pass away, but is stronger as denoting not only its certain, but its speedy extinction. Thus that which is Ephemeral is looked upon as at once slight and perishable, and the word carries often a suggestion of contempt. Man's life is transitory, a butterfly's existence is Ephemeral, with no solid qualities or worthy achievements, a pretender may sometimes gain an Ephemeral popularity. That which is fleeting is viewed as in the act of passing swiftly by, and that which is fugitive, from the Latin fugio, flea, and alluding attempts to detain it. That which is evanescent, from the Latin evanesco, from e out and varnus empty vein, as in the act of vanishing even while we gaze is the hues of the sunset. Antonyms abiding, enduring, eternal, everlasting, immortal, imperishable, lasting, permanent, perpetual, persistent, undying, unfading.