 If any who knows about cancer treatments knows how tough chemotherapy can be, especially for children. Can you tell us a little bit about how difficult childhood cancer is in terms of scale, what is the scale of issue we're dealing with here? So in terms of metrics there are around 1,800 children in the UK who are diagnosed with cancer each year, so that equates to around 5 patients a day. In terms of the impact on families, it's really hard.ifiable. Mae gennym, mae'n meddwl, ydi'r cyfle yn cael ei fod yn ei dweud fod mae'r ingoeddiad i'r ysgolír cyflwynt wedi'u cyllidiau cyflwyntau cyflwyntau yn cael ei fod yn ei llwylo ond mae'n gyflwynt... Felly mae'n helynt, mae'n fwy o'n meddwl i'r cyflwynt yma, mae'n eu helynt yn ei fercudd nad oedd fel yri chi'n meddwl o'r bwysig wedi'u cyflwynt yn y byddsodol i'r ysgol i fy wir. Mae', yn cael ei meddwl i'r cyflwynt a'r cyflwynt ar y bwysig, oedd am eu gymhwybodion o'r sefyllwynt, mae'n meddwl i'r ho дан i gynllunio nesaf wnaeth ar gyfer allan neu o'n meddylch yn ddweud at edrych am ei cilydd y cyffin a'r twfyrdd yn ni'n ddefnyddio'r cynllun. So, mae'r bwysig, y hefyd, oedd ymnyddio'n meddwl i chi'n gwych. Efallai mae'n fysgu. Rydyn ni'n Toryn sy'n Mercedes-Beth yn ymwysig i'r wneud yma sy'n fwy на syddwn. Ymwysig i'n meddwl i chi'n meddwl! Russell and when you're treating childhood cancers, I mean Kimotherapy is tough for adults can you tell me about the effect it has on younger bodies. Yes so I think that chemotherapy is challenging for any patient. At the end of the day you're targeting you're own cells there's a sub population of your cells where there is this uncontrolled cell division so most of the smokes are the well established drugs they are very much designed to target cell division or DNA replication Felly, mae'n cwrs iawn i'n meddyl ni o boblence i ni yn gweithio lle i'w gwladau hynny. Os ll SECLL do'r lle i'w gwladion i dda? Dwi'n meddyl fel gwrdd y cychydig o pythau a chymith, sy'n gyweddill a gerdill. Chydig o bobl mae'n meddyl i gael cyhoedd gweithio ni'n cael gweithio a gyfrifoedd y bleidiad. Mae'n olygu'r lle yn cyfryd trwy'r lle, ma' ym gyfrifoedd hynny o gweithio, mae'r lle sy'n cydnig yn gyfrociaeth, Rydyn ni'n ymwneud yn drwy'r ffordd ac mae'n erbyr yn siŵr ar gyfer chi'r dynion i fi'r peth yn eu hirion. Roedd ydych chi'n niw peth yn panfion, yn ei ddwy gan ydych chi'n mynd i chi'n bwysigio nhw'n rhyw wneud? ac ydych chi'r gweithio'r bod yn y swydd? Felly, y gweithio yn ymweld bod hynny'n dweud bobl mae'r parwyddoedd y parwyddoedd yn adrodd. Fy gennym y ffordd, mae'n cyfle awdurdodd yn lŵr yna,wn bob i ddweud, yn y cyfnod, mae'n gweithio ond llesaf o'r rhanau a oes y smir o'i ges o'r cy symud mewn cael eu tŷnigol yw 15-16 o'r oed. Wrth gyd-rŷn ymweld ond yw'n dod i inspiration a erbyn yn adrodd mae'n cymaint gwirionedd. In adults, it's a little bit more horn of homogenous. Also in adults there are more, some of the newer drugs, the targeted drugs are a bit kinder, a bit fewer side effects. The more well established drugs that are used to treat children with cancer. As I say, they generally target cell division DNA replication. So there are some of these quite severe side effects that are going to affect those children throughout their life. So, we essentially look at following a standard dose of drugs in patients, Is that mean in terms of drug exposure, and the best way to explain that, I guess, is a therapeutic drug monitoring approach. If we had patients being treated, maybe there's a baby being treated at Great Ormond Street, there might be a baby being treated in Birmingham Children's Hospital, and there may be a baby being treated in Newcastle Hospital. Those babies are all very similar in terms of the physical size. They may be receiving the same chemotherapy for the same tumour type. ac y cantoladau amgarod. Ond gallwn cyfnodol garlicol, mae'n grwp yn eu bod i'n gwybod y cwymu adrodol o'r drwg a when I talk about exposure, I mean the concentration of the drug which is in the bloodstream because that is how the drug gets round the body to the tumour cells. That is about how much the child is absorbing into their bloodstream so what is effective. It is to do with absorption, the rate of metabolism and clearance of the drug. Especially in very young children this varies a lot because your kidneys are still developing in a very young child a dynnau eich cyflawn o gyllid, gan ydych yn digwydd ein bod yn yr olygar. Mae dda nhw'n brifoedd yn ddwylltiad lleol. Mae'r drws isbwyllt yn ddysgu i gyfarwch-bwyllt wrenchawwr. Yn ddysgol, mae'r bwysig o'r rhai ddim yn ddysgu eich cyflawn. Mae'r bwysig i yw'r bwysig, mae'r bwysig switched. Mae fawr i gydlion i gydlion i gydlion i chi gydlion i chi gydlion i chi gydlion, sy'n gwybod yourselfoedd yn gwybod'i gydlion a'u gilyddion, a ni fyddwn i'r cyfeirio'n cyd-fynu fyddwn ni'n hynny. Ond oes yma, mae ddweud eich gweithio'n cyd-fynu iawn, mae gwybod yw'r ffordd o ffiannau eu cyd-fynu iawn. A dyna'r UK, ydy'r cyffredigau, yn cyflwytoedd o 40,000 cyfr-cann-wysur o'r cyffredigau o'r cyfr-cann-wysur o'r cyfr-cann-wysur, ond gwybod yw'r cyfr-cann-wysur o'r cyfr-cann-wysur. y cyfnod hynny, gyda'r cyhoedd gwnaethau gwahodol. Yn ydych chi'n fydd y dywed i'r gweithio gyda Ynhygoel Llywodraeth Fyloedd, yn cyd-rhyw'r ysgol yw'r cerdyn nhw, mae'n ddigonion ar gyfer y cyfnod i'r cyrraedd, mae'n cymdeithasio ar y dyfodol yma. mae'n gweithio ar y gweithio'r cyrraedd cyfnodol, yr UCL, a'r cyfrif yw'r cyrraedd cyllid yn cyfnodol. Yn y ffordd, mae'n mynd i'n meddwl Cymru i gfaith ymlaen, a myfyrwch i gwybod gyda'u cymhiliadau Cymru, a'r idea yw cael ei ddweud o'r cyfeiheith arall, ychydig ar gyfer cyffredinol a'r ddweud o gyllid y cyfaint, yn y ddweud y cwsilydd. O bobl, yn y dywed o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o gwyffredinol ar gyfer cyfaint, mae'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r Labb yn Newcastle ac Newcastle. I wnaeth eich cerddwych yn cymuned yn cyfrifio ar yr ystyried hwnnw i ddweud o gymredu'r gweithio'r gyda'r hynny i ddweud o'r cynhyrch yn cyfrifio'r cynhyrch gynnig yma. Ac ydych chi'n cael ei wneud o hynny sy'n meddwl i'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio? Yn ymarferwch cyfweld i'r Newcastle Unif wneud, rydw i'n gweithio'r cyfrifio, mae'n modd y cyfrifio yma yn ymddangos gofio cyfrifio gwybodol cyfrifio'r cyfrifio. The machine that is being developed by UCL, by the engineers, is a very similar approach in terms of chromatography. It uses an old-fashioned thin-lay chromatography, but will give the required level of sensitivity for measuring the drugs accurately in the samples. So what does the machine actually do once you've taken a blood sample? So the new machine will work with ideally a very limited volume of blood. With current practice we will analyse normally one to two millilitres of blood. The new machine will work with a drop of blood, which could be taken from a finger prick or in a baby from a heel prick, and will basically be loaded onto the machine, and then it will use the chromatography techniques to allow the drug levels to be quantified. Did you ever think that your career would be so rewarding? No, it's not something I ever really thought about, but are you absolutely right in terms of job satisfaction? I work with a great team of people up in Newcastle, but the work that we do, we do a lot of work looking at development of new drugs, as well as this pediatric research programme, so I think we know that the vast majority of work we do is helping patients, whether that's adult patients or in this case children with cancer, so it's absolutely rewarding. The other big thing is it just makes you realise it puts things in perspective. We're analysing clinical samples from babies who are days old being treated for cancer, and it just makes any problems you have just pale into insignificance. Definitely, but like I said before, again, I'm so glad that you and your team do the work that you do. It's been really inspiring talking to you. Thank you so much for your time. Thank you. Now we are going to see chromatography in action with Fran, who should be back in the main hall. Are you there Fran? I'm Fran, and I'm also joined by Professor Stefan Gooding from UCL. So hello, Stefan. How are you doing? What's going on with this problem? Well, actually, we are testing the population. We want to find out who likes Brussels sprouts and we want to tell you why you like Brussels sprouts and why you don't like it. So this is a test to easily find that out. Let's start with this one first. Okay, okay, and you mean to put it on your tongue? No, I'm not mad here. Yeah, just put it on your tongue and see what this sensation will tell you. Okay. Like this? What do you taste? Paper. Well, that's very good because it was just a control. This was just a small test. Now we go with the real test and we'll find out. Okay, okay. So now actually there are people that taste nothing just like with a filter paper and others have a strong sensation. We'll find out. Let's give it a go. Okay. That is disgusting. What is on that? So on this script is actually a chemical that causes a bitterness in Brussels sprouts. It's called PTC. And actually many people here on the stall had no sensation whatsoever. It's just that your taste buds are extremely sensitive to this chemical. So when it comes in, they lock in place and they fire a very strong sensation. So not everyone can taste that? Not everyone can taste that. And that's why I don't like Brussels sprouts? Exactly. No effect. Actually it also just illustrates how it's important to measure drug levels because not every person responds the same way to their medication. So it's very much to respond to this differently to this chemical. People respond differently to the medication due to distribution, metabolism and clearance. And we need to measure this. And we found a very simple way of measuring drug levels using this principle of colour separation, chromatography. Absolutely. What you can see here is a black ink and how it's being travelling up when you dip it in water. And this is because different components of the black ink, they travel at different speeds across the paper. And we can do something very similar to separate the drug from the blood because if we tune this well, our drug will be somewhere in the middle and everything else will be either ahead or below. And using some tricks, we can actually use this to determine exactly the amount of drug in your blood in a very simple way. So using chromatography, you can know how much drug has actually got to the patient. But gosh, it's beautiful, isn't it? And there's lots of stuff going on over there. Exactly. Chromatography is not only very accurate to measure drug levels, it can be very much fun. And you can do beautiful arts. So I sent you over to Mumtas now and you should do some stuff with her. Thank you so much. Oh, look at this. Mumtas, this looks amazing. Nice to meet you. What is going on here? I'd say this is the most colourful corner of the entire exhibition. It absolutely is. We are trying chromatography. Of course. And so we've got three different exciting things you can do with your chromatography papers. Yeah. We're actually looking at colour separation. So that's what chromatography is. And we're doing felt-tip pens, some coffee filter paper. This is something that anyone can do at home as well. Absolutely. And then you can actually turn it into a flower, a butterfly or a key ring. And what's really exciting is every single one. It's like so different and it's like so magical. Brilliant. Oh, well, this is fantastic. You put the pens on, you put a little bit of water. It separates into different colours. That's amazing about this. Okay, this was one line with a black felt-tip pen. And look at how many colours you get from a black pen. That is great. Okay, give me a go, Mumtas. You're going to take your filter paper. Yeah, I've got it. And I want to do, because we can look at colour separation. We want to leave some white gaps in there. Understood. And we want to leave the centre point empty as well. And then you've got your felt-tip pens. Yeah. Okay, I'll go for this one. It's only worked as water-based pens, not permanent. Of course. And I just draw on any pattern. Yeah, the great thing is you could write a secret message. You could write words, patterns. No-one's going to know. Right. You put it in the water. They're all separate. I'm just going to do a line, I think. Absolutely, a line can be very magical. A curly line, squiggly line. Around like this. I'm just going to do one colour actually. I'm going to do a nice and... Let's say this was black, so let's see what happens with the purple. And I put it in the water. So what you want to do is you only want to put the white section in the water. Okay. You don't want the whole thing to drop in. So I just dip it in. So it's a bit more into a cone shape, so it's easier. Like this? So actually dip in there, that's right. And then just rest it in. Just rest it to the corner. Like this? So what I normally say is just rest it initially. And then we'll just have to stick in there. We don't want to fall over. So we're just going to rest it there. And we'll wait and watch the magic to happen. It takes a few minutes. You only got the one colour. So we'll just see how that actually travels up. And you can see the water rising. Some of the pink's coming out of there. So we can already see that. It's totally already working. You can see it coming out. It was a bit wetter than we would have liked. That is fantastic. And it's using this method that you've made all of these beautiful things here. Mottas, this is... It's such a beautiful way to look at chromatography. That is such an important tool when it comes to science. Roma, it's back to you. Let's go.