 I'd like to begin by sort of just asking Rachel and Tony to tell us, so, was this what you expected? This has been fantastic and as mentioned at the beginning of the remarks, it's a really nice, the two opening statements have been fit very nicely together. I guess I'm struck by the question of who acts that Tony raised that I think is echoed and developed in the statement. And I guess as Tony expressed the question, we think about sort of which organizations act, but I think the other question is who acts in terms of who is at the table, are women at the table, are minority and disadvantaged groups at the table and the question of how to bring them to the table and create space at the table in responding. Tony, any questions to Elizabeth Rain? Well, a comment, but then a question. I was very much struck by Elizabeth's drawing on history. The United Nations is itself a product of history. It is a product of a calamitous economic disaster in the 1930s, which then contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War and then by a drive of the leaders of the time who were in many ways more visionary than what we have today to create a body to prevent and resolve conflict and never to repeat what we saw in the 1930s and the 1940s. Elizabeth rightly raises questions about the UN's role, about the way forward for the UN, but the one thing that strikes me about the UN, and I've often sometimes been asked this question, why does the UN do economics? Economics is just economics. The global economy, finance ministers deal with that and so forth. The UN does that because there's a strong interaction between economic development, whether it's inclusive and whether you then get a conflict because people feel excluded. There are economic drivers of conflict between states. There are very strong reasons why the UN system tries to bring together economics and politics because both are germane to building peace. But my question to Elizabeth Wren, in your very long experience, there's a new generation emerging of committed people, early career people, younger people who want to end the mistakes of the past, who want to move forward, what would be your recommendation to them? What would you advise them to do? This is a tricky question and of course you should always use the way of putting tricky questions so that you are really to think about that. I'm very sad about the fact that those who are very smart in business, in looking at the future, finding the ways, even if there is economic disaster in the country and so on, we in some way avoid both politics and also organizations like United Nations. We don't get in some way the smartest from that field, the smartest people to us. That's very important to see this. I have been an enormous family and I have been trying to encourage, only one daughter has come into politics, but all the rest they look at me and say that they want to be normal people. It's of course meant like a joke, but it says quite a lot that there is some kind of division, that some are doing this and others are doing that, but it would be so, and I think that is what you mean, that it would be so important to really mix this up and get all the forces, all the important knowledge also serving United Nations and the word in that sense. What you said about history, I'm very much reading history. I'm always looking back and finding what was that and that, and it's not only the dates, you don't have to know the battle of Hastings or Poitiers or Magna Carta 1215 or anything else, but you must know what is there behind. When I came to Kosovo for the first time in 1995 met with Ibrahim Rugova and the others and then I was told that from somebody, but Elisabeth Rien, don't you know the battle of Kosovo? And I said, of course I know it, but it was in 1389, it's more than 600 years back. Oh yes, but you must understand that it has such an impact on everything that is happening today here in the country. And then I thought that, oh my God, but so history must not be allowed to be a total burden and binding you for 600 years just for over, but we have to know what is lying there behind. It's a very difficult mathematical operation to get this working. I'm sure there are lots of people who would like to ask questions, so I'm going to take three just to begin with and then we'll have to see how much time there is. We'll start over there in that far corner. Good morning and thank you very much. My name is Omar McDoon from the London School of Economics. I'm also a visiting fellow here at Wider. It's very nice to have a perspective from, if I may call you, a practitioner of crises. But as a practitioner of crises, I wanted to ask you about crisis fatigue and what it is that can still motivate policymakers and individuals of resources to take action even though crises continue and fatigue resources and public opinion. We know that popular emotional responses to crises, whether it's a three-year-old who is found on the body of a beach or a five-year-old drawn from the rubble of a bombed-out building, that this does motivate policymakers to take action. But what else, in your experience over the years that you have seen for responses to crises, can also motivate policymakers to take action? Elizabeth, you want to respond now or you want me to take the other question? Yeah, okay, so then we'll take here. Hello, good morning. I'm Soumya from India. So I was thinking that some of the crisis at least is mostly sponsored by the government itself. Crisis, for example, crisis in India and Sri Lanka and Pakistan, mostly because the minorities do not have much say in the elected government. So how does UN see itself when it comes to this kind of crisis? Okay, thank you. Richard? Thank you. I'm Richard Jolly from IDS Sussex. I wanted, Elizabeth, Ren, if I might, to ask you to respond to the Tony Addison points. In other words, which do you see as the positive examples that you've been involved with or otherwise where there are lessons on how to not only deal with the humanitarian crisis but start establishing the reconciliations afterwards. Richard, could I just ask you just to pass the mic just behind? I'm Kadir Kone from Gini Konakri, Public Health Officer. My worry is that the United Nations is no longer adapted to the real situation now. We saw a lot of inequity and how the United Nations is still not adapted to the reality. Do you see a new challenge to change the United Nations in order to have better life in the world? Thank you. Thank you very much. I think that we will allow Elizabeth now to try to address these four wide-ranging questions. Yes, the ethics of crisis. In one way there is no ethics. But it seems to be so that when the war, the conflict is going on for a long period. And the people are already totally tired. They don't want to have the war. They have the mass, those who are the victims of the war. They only want to get rid of what's happening. But there is of course some kind of not giving up. I will not be the loser. I must go on because I won't be the victor of what is happening. And then you start to see with all the legislation, all the conventions we have to give today, the international criminal courts and other tribunals that I don't want to give up because certainly soon I'm facing also to stand trial. That is the new one that ICC even if it has a lot of shortcomings though has some kind of importance. And then it's also the greedy part of this that you want to have the political power. You want to have the rich terms of the country, like the African states, who many of them have the diamonds, they have the gold, they have the coltan, like in Eastern DRC. It's so much again about all of this. So the war is prolonged. And even if there have been already peace agreements, it's no going on in some way. It's very difficult for me to understand how this can still be done in the way like we have seen now in Syria for five years. And we believe that it could be sold already when Kofi Annan was a mediator without any kind of support from the General Assembly and Security Council unfortunately. And then when we look at minorities, I think that the United Nations role is especially to safeguard minorities against their governments if UN has been successful is some other. Some positive remarks. I have seen a lot of positive things. I would like to take Rwanda as one positive example in the sense that even if much is wrong and I think that President Kagame is not altogether a saint, but he tried to be diplomatic. But at least after the misery when 800,000 men were killed, some women too, and 500,000 women were raped. And that was also very much an order from the radio that especially if you are HIV, you should rape as many women as possible. So it was a very efficient way of also killing people in the long run because many were killed. But in spite of all these, they understood after the war that every knowledge, every talent must be taken now in use. So women came also so strongly in the administration, in the courtrooms, in the police, as mares of the Kigali. And then women started to be elected to the parliament. Today I think 60% of the parliament in Rwanda are women. So that it has been from the disaster, it has grown up, and they have a national growth that is very high. If you look at what is happening in the growth of the states in Europe, for instance. So that could be a good example with all the miseries of course there around. But at least the democracy is having some kind of road. And there are other examples. Now I really look at this with the Colombia that they have come to finally an end on hopefully an end of the Kokai war. Thank you very much. These themes of course will be continuing throughout our discussions and deliberations the next two days, the rest of today and the whole day tomorrow. And hopefully well beyond. Thank you very much for your patience. A warm thanks to Elizabeth Rehn. Thank you to Praveen. And now please do enjoy your coffee and tea. And may I finally request that we all try to get the parallel sessions going after coffee at 11. Thank you much everybody.