 Hello, and welcome to this digital forum, Food, Nature, People. My name is Vani-Almos Lau, and today I'm joining you from Mexico City in Mexico. As a biologist and member of the Global Youth in Landscapes Initiative, it is my pleasure to be here today to guide you through this important event, focused on showing us solutions, showing us those who are walking the talk. Before we begin, let me set the scene with some key figures. Between 2000 and 2010, commercial and subsistence agriculture combined made up 23% of tropical forest loss. That is nearly three-quarters of all forest loss is due to our food system. This in turn has caused that 26% of all greenhouse gas emissions are from food production. And while these negative things are happening because of our food systems, meanwhile, 30% of food is lost or wasted, and yet 11% of people around the world are undernourished. Clearly, something needs to change in our food systems, not only for our future, but also for our present, the present of the most vulnerable. Today, our speakers will show you that an alternative nature-positive form of agriculture and land management is not only possible, but that it is currently being practiced at scale. We will hear evidence and practices of how to adapt, contextualize and invest in scaling up successful solutions that benefit food, nature and people. We have an incredible over 4,000 people registered for this event. For those of you here with us in Zoom, you can have the option to listen to this event in English, French or Spanish. You can select your preferred language by clicking on the interpretation button at the bottom of the screen and selecting your language of choice. We also invite you to make use of the chat box and Q&A function. We have a packed schedule today, so we may not have time to answer all of your questions. But as this event aims to be the start of a global coalition for landscape-based engagement, adaptation and resilience, be assured that all questions and comments will be read and considered as part of our action and next steps. For those of you watching the live stream on the C4 website or the GLF Facebook or Twitter, welcome also. Please share your thoughts and comments on the event with the social media hashtag food nature people. That is food nature people all together with the hashtag. We want you to spark the conversation. You can find our event partner social media handles in the chat box should you wish to tag them in your post. And make sure we heat up those platforms with this undoubtedly hot topic. To begin, we will hear from three inspiring keynote speakers, each providing their vision for a nature-positive transformation of development. Following these brief speeches, we will have three dynamic panel discussions, outlining the policy, the science and the investment needed to bring about transformation at scale. Finally, we will close with a compelling call to action and the steps needed to implement it. So stay tuned, you won't want to miss it. Now, it is my pleasure to introduce our first keynote speaker, Prime Minister James Marape, the Prime Minister of a fascinating country, the independent state of Papua New Guinea. Today, he will share his vision of how the world can move towards a greener economy that recognizes stewardship of land as a nature-positive transformation of development. Who better to share on this topic than the leader of the country with the most legally recognized communal land in the world? Prime Minister, welcome. We're excited to hear you. And while the Prime Minister comes on, I just want to remind all of you that we want you to spark this conversation on social media. So as you hear, thoughts, as you hear... Hello, everyone. Greetings from Papua New Guinea. Hello, everyone. Greetings from Papua New Guinea. I thank this opportunity to thank Mr. Robert Nasi, the Managing Director for C4 iCRAF, and Mr. Anthony Simmons, the Executive Director for inviting me to speak at this important digital forum. The theme for this forum is relevant and provides the opportunity for me to inform on how we are transforming our agricultural sector through innovative agricultural practices that conform our efforts to realizing a greener economy in the future. By way of background, Papua New Guinea is the third largest rainforest nation in planet Earth, hovering 7% of the world's biodiversity on an area that is less than 1% of the world's landmass. As a largely rural-based economy, dependent on subsistence agriculture, it is my government's desire to transform the agricultural sector into a reliable, commercial, and sustainable food system that will address food security, as well as climate resilience and conservation and management of our vast biodiversity. To support the above, we have set ourselves targets to increase casserole production by 30% by 2025, increase livestock production by 30% by 2025, and develop tax incentives for local farmers and investors in our spatial economic enclaves. Additionally, this includes formulation of an agricultural and livestock diversification plan in 2020 and our efforts to increase downstream processing by 30% in 2025 and ensure local landowners and provincial governments participate in equity sharing and downstream business spin-offs. In our effort to commercialize the agricultural sector, we are reviewing and repossessing a commercial entity known as Cumul Agricultural Limited to manage the implementation of trade subsidy and necessary distribution to our local farmers, reviewing and overhauling the agricultural policy, introducing commodity price support and agricultural interventions, including cooperative farming practices and sector lending programs through small and medium enterprises to empower our rural folks and grow our rural economy. In terms of commodity price support, my government has so far already allocated 50 million kina for the major commodities such as cocoa, which is currently reporting an increase in production. Investments in the agricultural and food industry continue to remain a high priority given that Papua New Guinea is strategically located to the Asia and Indo-Pacific region where there is a huge demand and market for organically grown food such as coffee, copper and cocoa, as I did mention earlier. I place great emphasis on food import substitution, especially for rice, which has become a major staple food in Papua New Guinea, and it is my government's intention and sees all rice imports by 2025. Therefore, we have commenced rice farming to meet the domestic demand and any surplus will be exported. The vast plains of western provinces, eastern West Pacific provinces, including Ramu and the Makam valleys, have great potential and are suitable for beef and rice production, which can be exported to neighboring countries such as Indonesia that has a high population of more than 250 million people. To enable this, the livestock industry has been reviewed with the reopening of cattle ranges and avatars to improve export opportunities and encourage import substitution and domestic food security. My government is also very committed to developing niche commodities such as honey and spice for which a million kina has been allocated. I anticipated these commodities to access the European market under current trade arrangements. Similarly, it has been my long-term plan to harness the agricultural sector in Papua New Guinea to ensure its economic viability and to make it the football of Asia and the neighboring regions. Furthermore, my government is working on transitioning into a green economy in the next 30 years and it is my strong belief that we must preserve, conserve and manage our environment in a sustainable manner with innovative agricultural techniques to increase food production in the immediate to long term. To embrace sustainable food systems in a holistic way, the recently launched Managalas Forest Carbon Pilot Project in the Arab province, initiated by my good friend, the governor, the Honorable Gary Jufa, will integrate a land development project where the actual rainforest is conserved and the degraded grass plains are reforested with cascrops like coffee, coconut, and even timber. The stewards of this forest carbon pilot project area will be meaningfully engaged to draw an income to sustain their livelihoods. Additional to that, we are embarking on an alternate clean energy sources and an example was to a recently concluded deed of agreement with the Forersky Metal Group of Australia to harness geothermal energy as well as hydro energy's potentials in our country. I am more than convinced that these are nature-based solutions and sound investments that will not only sustain themselves but complement our ongoing efforts to achieve the sustainable development goals while contributing, competing climate change, protecting and conserving a vast biodiversity and enhancing food security through appropriate innovative agroforestry management practices. Thank you all for listening. May God bless each and every one of you. Wow. What an inspiring way to start this event. We know that small holders in rural areas are the world's largest workforce and you have showed us that when there is a will, there is a way. A way to achieve zero hunger, farmer's prosperity and climate stability. We are extremely grateful to the Prime Minister for sharing his thoughts and actions with us. We look forward to hearing from Governor Gary Dufa in our first panel. Now, we look to Dr. Jewel Bronow, Deputy Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture of the United States of America. She will share her vision of the advancement of youth leadership in agriculture. I can tell you that the Youth in Landscapes Initiative is excited to hear you, and I am sure youth all over the world as well. Thank you, Dr. Bronow. The mic is yours. Good morning, and I bring you greetings from Washington, DC this morning. I am very appreciative of C4 and ICRAF for allowing me the opportunity to be here and appreciate the networks and the incredible agenda that you have today for a deep dive into some of our most challenging issues we face around the globe. By bringing some of our best minds together, we can work together to find practical solutions to address climate change, diversity and make our food systems more equitable and build healthy landscapes. I am very excited today to speak about the role of youth in leadership in agriculture as we seek to transform agriculture, forests and land management in the face of multiple global challenges. This is very much a focus of USDA as we work to build more prosperous agricultural sectors. Think about our work in supporting our beginning farmers. We want successful farmers, and we all want more farmers. We want farmers who can pass their land to the next generation who are role models for young people and take up farming and ranching. First and foremost at USDA, we're taking steps to ensure that young and beginning farmers and ranchers have the tools to keep agriculture alive and well for decades to come. We recently announced nearly 38 million in beginning farmer and rancher development program grant funding to offer education, training, outreach and mentoring programs to enhance the sustainability of the next generation of farmers. And we think a lot about youth engagement. We want to inspire young people to develop a love for the land and to become the next generation of farmers. We also want to provide the opportunity for young people to learn about diverse career opportunities available within USDA and throughout agricultural and forestry sectors. Careers where young people will be able to use their optimism skills, talents and ideas to tackle some of the greatest challenges we face today. Having a career in agriculture is not just about tilling land. There are so many opportunities in science, technology, engineering and math, food and nutrition security, education, forestry and so much more. Many young people are thinking about how they can become leaders and change makers among some of the top issues facing our nation and our globe today. Issues like tackling climate change or delivering 21st century broadband infrastructure everywhere. These are all areas where USDA is making investments and has national influence and where we can utilize our youth to be the future voice in these efforts. We are currently in the process of reinventing the youth engagement program model at USDA. Helping to develop partnerships and opportunities for K through 12 college students and interns. The goal is to attract and advance a diverse youth agricultural program and enhance inclusion and outreach throughout agriculture nationwide. We are fortunate at USDA to already have a number of current partnerships that we can build on to enhance opportunities leading to employment in agriculture fields. Partnerships include 4H, Future Farmers of America, Family Career, Community Leaders of America, the Cisco Youth Academy, the National Institute of Food and Agriculture. Together we grow in minorities in agriculture, natural resources and related sciences and so much more. In receiving feedback from partner organizations we found that there are fewer young people growing up exposed to food and agriculture, resulting in a smaller natural pipeline of those who see careers in it. And that it is often more difficult to enter a career in farming if not from a family farm that can transition. We also found students struggle to navigate the path to careers at USDA and the federal government. And that we need to bolster our efforts to increase engagement in underserved and underrepresented areas. With this reinvigorated commitment at the department to address these challenges for the next generation of producers and workers in diverse agricultural fields. We have so much opportunity in front of us to grow. We have to capitalize on these opportunities to ensure a diverse workforce in the future within USDA and agriculture by attracting recruiting sustaining and training diverse geographic and demographic youth across the country. Some of the ways the youth engagement program will be tackling these challenges and growing these opportunities are encouraging and coordinating diverse outreach and recruitment activities with human resources. Other departments and partner organizations. Increasing awareness of youth opportunities and programs in agriculture through minority, rural and underserved areas. Assisting in the broadest way possible dissemination of vacancy announcements, internship opportunities and scholarships for agency and center positions. Advocating for more youth funding. Training needs in career development opportunities while also collaborating with other federal partners to find other financial resources to help sponsor collaborative activities. Participating in partnering in earth and agriculture days. Another outreach events and primary and secondary schools and in the local community. Increasing the use of communication through social and electronic media to inform the public of outreach and recruitment events. Training and coordinating educational programs on career planning resume writing and interviewing techniques. Cisco Academy courses mentoring careers in agriculture and team building skills. And increasing awareness of stem and agriculture by developing programs to reach you interested in stem fields. Finally the youth engagement program will partner with other agencies and organizations to expand awareness in K through 12 schools across the country. Other efforts ongoing at USDA include USDA's NIFA ag in the classroom, which helps improve agricultural litter literacy awareness knowledge and appreciation among pre K through 12th grade teachers and their students. Agriculture in the classroom serves nearly 5 million students and 60,000 teachers annually through workshops conferences field trips farm tours and other activities. The USDA future scientist program engages communities and schools grades K through 12 with hands on inquiry based activities with USDA researchers at the agricultural research service. ARS scientists at ARS labs around the country. Open their doors to teachers students and parents with presentations on current research, hands on demonstrations, career days and inspiration for future programs and careers in stem. Ag discovery, which is a program that I have personally been engaged with when I worked at land grant university is a two to four week summer outreach program to help middle and high school students explore careers and plant and animal science, wildlife manage management and agribusiness. Many students involved in ag discovery went on. As I know to pursue careers in agriculture and related sciences. I also makes loans to young people to start and operate income producing projects of modest size and connection with their participation in FFA clubs for each club. A tribal youth group or similar agricultural youth organization, providing an opportunity for the young person to acquire experience and education and agriculture related skills. 4H, which is a particular personal importance to me as I started my career and 4H is the youth development program implemented by the cooperative extension system through over 110 land grant colleges and universities in the United States. Conducted at the state and local level 4H reaches more than 6 million young people and is delivered by 3500 cooperative extension professionals and a half a million volunteers. I know personally by being being engaged with young people through 4H. I watched them receive their first experience attending summer camp. Learning about leadership and about government for the very first time. Showing an animal at the state fair and the pride that comes along with being engaged with all of this are really powerful connectors and youth development opportunities for young people that forever changed their lives. 4H is dedicated to the belief that helping kids achieve their boldest dreams empowers not only them but also their communities to thrive, especially in the face of great change. There are two ways I'd like to discuss how this program brings great value to the nation's youth, generating real progress toward equitable outcomes for you and utilizing leaders in agriculture to inspire future careers. 4H is focused on equitable equitable development with minority serving institutions, helping to create additional pathways for you from underrepresented communities. In terms of investments in our 1890 land grant universities at USDA, we recently invested over 21.8 million to 1890 land grant institutions to support research at historically black colleges and universities. The awards will support 58 projects at HBC use to strengthen research, extension and teaching in the food and agricultural sciences. This is designed to build capacity for teaching research and extension activities at eligible institutions including curriculum design, materials development, faculty development, student recruitment and retention and extension program development support. This investment will strengthen the ability of our land grant institutions to deliver innovative solutions that address emerging agricultural challenges impacting diverse communities. It is also an investment in the next generation of leaders in agriculture and in USDA's work to advance equity and provide greater access to nutritious and safe food, especially to historically disadvantaged groups. We also host the USDA 1890 Scholars Program, which provides full tuition fees, books, room and board to students pursuing degrees in agriculture, food, natural resource sciences or related academic discipline. We know one of the most impactful ways we can get young people involved in agriculture and agriculture related careers is through the influence of adult role models. Adult volunteers are a key program of many of our youth development programs. And it is these adult role models and mentors that are often missing from the lives of young people that forever create positive change and changes in the lives of young people. At USDA, we are exploring further opportunities to have agriculture leaders and leadership positions at all levels, discuss with our youth programs, what inspired them to enter their careers and share their successes in pursuing their career path. We can open so many young minds to the diverse creative good paying careers and programs on the farm in the office or out in the field. You too are leaders that can inspire the brightest minds and empower you all over the world to be our next leaders in agriculture. As you discuss how people can be at the forefront of solving problems with our food and in nature. I hope you will also take time to reflect on how we engage the next generation and future generations of being part of the discussion and part of the solution. I am confident that we can provide unique opportunities for our youth to develop strong leaders who will go on to lead local state and national communities. There's power in our youth and we must invest in them. Thank you so much for the opportunity to speak and wishing you an outstanding conference going forward. Thank you. Thank you Dr. Bruno for those powerful words that you gave to us today. As a young person, I agree with your vision of a successful next generation of farmers. The day nature positive farming can promise a decent livelihood. I am sure so many of us youth would be ready to take the lead. It is clear you are taking important steps. You're doing so much in your organization to open the doors for all youth who dream to continue or start their food production adventure. The world needs young leaders in nature positive regenerative agriculture because we need food and we need nature. These are truly so many incredible examples that I wish to see replicated in other places or in other countries. Thank you for sharing them with us. For our audience, remember to use the hashtag food nature people to share your thoughts. Our final keynote speaker today is Dr. Rajiv Kumar, India's Minister of Planning. He will share with us his and India's efforts to transform agriculture and avert the multiple environmental and livelihood challenges India's farmers are facing. Dr. Rajiv, we're excited to hear you. Thank you very much, Vanya. It's a real pleasure to be here and a part of this event and learn more about nature positive agriculture and solutions. Even more important is that these solutions are likely to be based on an approach which is transdisciplinary in nature, scientific, which emphasizes the role of the youth of Indigenous people, women in agriculture and attempts to bring youth back to agriculture. I think this is most exciting. And I think also that following this approach, the food systems that are developed will be more equitable and they will give later access to nutrient rich food to our children and to our female and to our women all over the world. So really an exciting initiative of which I have an immense pleasure to be a part of. But I must say that the food systems in the world that I look around as they are growing are on the cusp of a real crisis. And I say that because wherever I look, I find that people are migrating out of agriculture, farmers are in distress, we get food but we don't get nutrition. And therefore I think we need to rethink the way we manage our food systems, the way we manage our food, and I think this is important at this time. Even more so because we know that agriculture today is responsible for 70% of the water extracted from nature, it causes 60% of biodiversity loss and generates up to a third of human greenhouse gas emissions. It is poignant to note that in producing food, we are contributing to climate change, which has come to threaten food security. So we might well be in a vicious circle from which we need to get out of. Therefore, I submit to you friends that business as usual will not do, which certainly not do. In agriculture based on intensive chemical use, monocropping, unsustainable withdrawal of groundwater has I think run its course. And the planet as well as all of us living on it can't sustain or afford it any further. And we therefore have to look for alternative, we have to look for an alternative which will increase income to the farmers. But at the same time will conserve water, will reverse soil degradation, will not increase the greenhouse emissions and may even help to reverse some of the carbon in the environment. And does not create risks for human health, as we have seen in some of our countries where chemical laden agriculture and horticulture product do end up affecting health in major ways going forward. Friends, I want to put before you a simple fact that such an alternative is now available. And I would like you to very carefully examine the features of this alternative. We call it the natural farming alternative or the organic farming alternative. But in India, we call it also zero budget natural farming agriculture that we have that that that we are promoting from the government of India and in the provincial government by the provincial governments as well. It's important to note that this is being practiced at scale in India. Nearly 30 million farmers, nearly 33 million farmers and sorry to three million farmers are already practicing it across all but 10 states in the country. We have and all of these are small and marginal farmers. And we know that with the, it is expanding at a rapid pace because the results are quite fascinating. This natural agriculture is based on unimpeachable scientific hypothesis. These need to be empirically verified. And these, and this is a challenge that the community faces today as to how we can bring more and more empirical empirical evidence to to to substantiate what we see on the ground by these three million farmers. All these farmers have experienced higher incomes, their incomes have increased. And at the same time, we have seen that those practicing on the land that where these farms were from agricultural practice, the organic soil, organic carbon content in the soil has increased. This could become therefore one of the largest carbon sequestration programs in the world if it is practiced at global scales. We've also seen that there is much exponential increase in microbial microbial activity, you know, and in the soil, you know, which enriches the soil in which it releases the micronutrients in the soil. We have noticed, and there are studies now to show it, that there's a marked increase in the mark reduction, 50% reduction in water use by those who are practicing natural agriculture. And there's up to 60% reduction in costs, which means that it helps increase the net incomes of the farmers. And most important for me, it eliminates, and I repeat, it eliminates all chemical use, whether it's that of inorganic fertilizers, or vedicides, or pesticides, or different sprays etc etc. All the products produced there are natural and free of all chemical inputs. Therefore, agroecology has emerged, and agroecology has the potential of, is an overarching solution to our problems today. The report of the high level panel of experts on agroecology constituted with the Food and Agricultural Organization, the FAO, noted that agroecology is transdisciplinary science, which initially focus on understanding field level farming practices such as natural farming. It's now been recognized by the FAO as one of the alternatives. The practices of natural farming trends include the addition of microbial cultures to enhance decomposition and nutrient recycling, use of local seeds, integration of crops, trees and livestock, mainly cows of native breeds, effective spacing of crops, contouring and burns to conserve water, intensive mulching, extensive intercropping and crop rotations. And I want to repeat that I've seen, I personally visited and seen that the incomes of these farmers have increased at least by 60% with the costs have gone down and the prices that they can fetch for their organic natural products are higher than those produced through chemical farming, chemical waste farming. So therefore, I think with this breakthrough that we are still facing today, with this breakthrough and with this breakthrough, which is nature positive, it will attract the youth back to agriculture rather than see the ongoing streaming out of the young people from agriculture. It will bring excitement back to agriculture, because agriculture will be seen as a vocation, as a practice which helps our planet and helps prevent further climate damage. But there are some challenges. The first one I think are they're not enough field studies to prove or validate the claims of this form of agriculture. And therefore, I would appeal to those who are here, especially those in the scientific community to give it their best shot and to expand this volume, the scale of research on this form of agriculture. And what we need to do is to do undertake a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis of this form of agriculture, not in terms merely of yields, but yields combined with all the benefits that you get from preventing further ecological damage of conserving water and of promoting better health and reducing risks which are to the health produced by the alternate agriculture. I think such studies today are really required, are seriously required in all parts of the world at the moment. The second one is knowledge transfer. This form of agriculture is knowledge intensive, because we just don't follow a monocropping, monoculture or advice given to us by various input producers. But this knowledge transfer means that we have to train the trainers in every country and develop the curriculum in every language for the farmers to get hold of these practices and take them forward. And this is possible. This is being done in India. We are producing the IYOG organization that I work for is producing this curriculum in different languages, but within Indian regional languages. And finally, the challenge is to provide better market access not only in domestic market, but also globally and set up supply chains which will insist that they will supply and provide only naturally grown food which is free of agriculture and which is nature positive. Friends, I want to repeat that this is probably a one stop solution for several of our problems for water conservation or environmental pollution, degradation or risk health risk and for the farmers to get out of their distress and improve their incomes. So I think it's worth a try. We are trying it out in India on a scale which is going to be replicable and which will give us the examples as we go forward. And I appeal to all of you to have a close look at it and to examine the claims and then spread the awareness about this farming in all parts of the world. Thank you very much for this opportunity and I wish the conference all the very best for these deliberations in the coming sessions. Thank you. Thank you, Dr. Kumar for that insightful speech showing again that solutions at scale already exist and are incredibly positive and for showing us yet again that when there is a will, there is a way. Thank you for highlighting the need for science for evidence based decision making. We will touch upon this topic in our second panel. So now that our keynote speakers have framed how solutions can be born from great challenges. Let's take a deeper look at how we might transform the way we manage our land in our three panel discussions. The first on big ideas insights from leading policymakers around the world. The second on the science of food sustainability and the third on the very much needed practical examples on how to accelerate the sustainable food system transition. To our audience. Thank you for joining us today. And please remember to use the hashtag food nature people to share your thoughts sparked that conversation, light up the social media with this hot topic, and to share your experience of the event. For those of you with us here in zoom, we welcome you to submit questions using the Q&A function I see the chat already is quite full of of your interaction so that's really nice to see. It is now my pleasure to introduce Bahar Dutt, associate professor at Shiv Nadar University and an independent journalist who will facilitate the first panel. Big ideas insights from leading policymakers around the world. Thank you and welcome Bahar. Thank you so much one year for that you're doing such a fantastic job. I'd like to start by welcoming the 688 participants who are currently logged on from different parts of the world. Welcome. I know in an age where zoom fatigue is setting in, you've taken the time out to join us. So thank you so much for doing that I promise that this is going to be a power park session. We're going to be discussing policies we're also going to be discussing action. There's a lot to learn from our panelists today, but let me start by saying that as an as an environment journalist, I spent two decades looking at what ails our planet. I think in the age of the anthropocene. This is the opportunity to also set right what's wrong. And the pandemic has taught us that we could, you know, come around we could turn around a problem with vaccines within a year. I believe in optimism and human ingenuity. And that's why I believe that if agriculture is to become sustainable and equitable, it is critical to establish the necessary policy framework in place. We've heard our keynote speakers before this, but now we're going to take a deep dive into a panel where you're going to hear from speakers how we make this possible on a day to day basis, nature positive, nature oriented solutions. So without much ado, let me start by introducing my panelists for today Mr. Vijay Kumar. He's the executive vice chairperson, who's leading a government's corporation for farmers empowerment in the state of Andhra Desh, India. Governor Gary Jufa, he's a politician from Papua New Guinea. He's also the governor of oral profits. Welcome, sir. Welcome to both of you. Miss Kathleen Merrigan. She's the executive director from the sweat center for sustainable food systems Arizona State University. Welcome, ma'am. Mr. Quam, he's the regional coordinator C for ICRAF, and I would extend a very warm welcome to you as well. So the way we're going to do this panel is that I'm going to ask each of the speakers, we'll keep it as brief as possible. We have 20 minutes for opening comments, opening questions. So that will take around 20 minutes, but please fire away hammer away on your keyboards, all the participants because I am looking at the chat box. And I'm going to be asking each of the panelists some of the questions that you're raising. So feel free to raise the questions as the speakers are speaking and we'll take them up at the end. So without much ado, let me start by asking Gary. If I could turn to you, you've put people and forestry at the center of all your policies. Now, in a world which is so obsessed with GDP money capital. How does this work in an increasingly commodified world. Good night. Good night from me anyway. I'm not sure exactly what the time is all over the world. I have some idea but it's night here. But could you please rephrase that question or ask it again I did not catch your last sentence. Okay, I apologize for that but firstly welcome. And I'd just like to say that you have put people and forestry at the center of all your policies. How does this work in a commodified world is it very challenging to have taken that step. It can be, but I feel that it can work. We're a forest people. We come from the rainforest. We've lived with the forest for 40,000 years. The forest is our supermarket. It's our pantry. It's our pharmacy. It's our entertainment center, you know, and everything and anything that we've ever wanted so that we could survive and thrive we've been able to extract from the forest. And we still very much are able to do that in Papua New Guinea. 85% of our people are in the rural areas and 93% of the land in Papua New Guinea is owned by landowners, you know, in tribes, clans and families, they own the land. And this is actually a huge plus for Papua New Guinea because this is a substantial segment of the population that you don't really have to take care of. They are able to take care of themselves and they've been able to do that for the last 40,000 years, you know, and they continue to do so. We've been cultivating or engaging in horticulture about the same time as the fertile crescent, you know, and we are home to so many different types of crops and food sources that, you know, we are blessed with food, I would say, abundant food. The rainforests, however, are threatened with clearance, you know, with liquidation, they're threatened by logging companies, by people who feel that they now have to move to a globalized world, which insists that they must generate a revenue or an income stream so that they may, you know, gadgets that most times they don't really need, but because that's the way the world's moving and everyone's assuming that to do so is to move ahead and, you know, be part of that world. They are starting to disconnect themselves from their natural world and this is very scary or very frightening, I would say, because, you know, we can see the consequences of what is happening around the world when you disconnect yourself from nature. I mean, the evidence is all over the globe. There are red flags and alarm bells ringing, red flags rising everywhere you care to look, because in my opinion, we have disconnected ourselves. We have drifted so far away from nature, you know, so we're trying to do things differently here in Papua New Guinea in that we're trying to say, hey, look, we need these forests. We can survive with these forests. They are with current modern technology and advances in science in agriculture. We can be able to grow our crops without having to destroy our forests. And I think it's very important we support this as much as possible from around the world because, well, forests everywhere, the Papua New Guinea is home to the third largest forest in the world. But, you know, for how long? With people under increasing pressure to liquidate their forests and convert it into income for themselves so that they can be part of a globalized world. You know, we've got to encourage our people to actually understand and appreciate that what they have is a good thing, you know, and what they are doing which is protecting these forests for all of us is something that we should all be supporting. But that's the message we're trying to get across to the rest of the world, you know. That's fantastic. And I would say that's very bold, because as I said, we're in an increasingly commodified world and you yourself have highlighted the challenges related to that. I love the statement that you made about the forests in the supermarket. It is. And there's so much, you know, it is challenging I think as a policymaker to go against the tide and say, well, you know, we need to reset our relationship with nature. So I'd like to, at this point, ask Christoph, if you could weigh in now, you've been working on cocoa landscapes across West Africa and somehow the news related to that is not always great. You know, you, you hear of exploitation, you hear of non sustainable practices. How are you working to change this? And do you think you'll, you know, are you optimistic about the future? How easy will it be to change systems? Yes, sure. Thank you, Baha. I am quite optimistic about the future. Cocoa is a mean for livelihood in Kodiwa in West African generals. Cocoa is very important for millions of farmers whose livelihood depend on cocoa. And both are the people, the farmers for whom we are working because without farmers, without cocoa farmers, you won't be able to have your favorite chocolate in the supermarket. So what we are doing is to tackle the issues, the issues that we have been seeing over the last 30 years. During this period, I think the cocoa landscape has undergone a profound transformation, profound degradations in response to a number of drivers, including the monocropping system in an extensive way, including some major disease outbreak, including some low farm gate prices as well. So we can keep on. We need to do something. And what we are doing is to come up with a better way to use our land, a better way to produce a way that will bring the security that the farmers did, a way that will bring the supply of cocoa on the market, a way that will secure our chocolate in the supermarket. The news are not always bad. I think what we are doing, we wish to promote, we are promoting agroforestry cropping system. This is the way to introduce trees, valuable trees that can add values to the cocoa farm itself. Introduce valuable trees that will help diversify the system and at the same time diversify the revenue of the farmers, diversify the diet of the farmers and at the end of the day sustain the production of cocoa. To succeed, we think we need to sensitize, we need to mobilize a number of stakeholders, most of the stakeholders I should say, from farmers to the farmers organizations. We see a decision maker should be on board. Likewise, the private sectors and some international communities organizations should be involved as well. Together, they should be able to convince to bring in new way of producing cocoa in a sustainable manner. I think our experience in Côte d'Ivoire is bringing, helping us to be more optimistic. Recently, the state has issued a new forest code after a large consultation of the stakeholders. This is amazing. This is a revolution I should say. This also has helped put on the agenda the promotion of agroforestry cropping system from public and private sectors. Everybody has that high on the agenda. And the other good news is that the public and private institutions are joined hands together to eliminate the forestations in the cocoa supply chain. This is also great, but help diversify our cropping system so that at the end of the day, we'll continue to produce cocoa without destroying our forest. The experience of aircraft, what we are doing right now in the country together with our partners, allow us to come up with those agroforestry models that will add value to the system, that will create jobs for the young women and men in the rural area. That will help diversify the income of our farmers and at the end of the day, this type of productions will be able to attract new generation of farmers whose life in the rural area need attention, whose life in the rural area need to be promoted as well. With agroforestry restoration system that we are backing on with our partners, today we have been able to initiate more than 500 job opportunities towards rural communities where we are working. We have been committing to support the initiative of growing cocoa without deforestation. Today, we have a target with our partners to restore the ecology of those production sites for more than 606,000 hectares on which we are working, together with the farmers, together with the public institutions, and more importantly, together with the private sectors and the national research and development institutions. So yes, we are optimistic. I think that we can still secure the chocolate in the market. We can still produce cocoa while conserving the nature and we can also, through that production practice, help people meet their daily food needs in the West and Central Africa region where we are operating. So yes, we are optimistic. Thank you. Thank you so much, Christof. I apologize for that. Thank you so much Christof and I'm happy to know as a chocolate lover that it is possible to eat chocolate which is sustainably produced. So that's a relief. I'll have more questions for you, but moving on. I'd like to now turn to Mr. Vijay Thalam. There's a lot of work which has been done on zero budget natural farming. It's catching on in the state of Andhra Pradesh. I'm told 700,000 farmers are now part of it. How did you make this as a grassroots movement because very often the governments are blamed that they're not good at mobilizing people, but this is a government initiated people's movement. And how does it address the agrarian crisis? Thank you, Bahat. The program is in the sixth year. We started in 2016. And in this short period of time, we have a footprint in 28% villages in the state. And we have reached out to 10% of farmers and also landless farm workers. So because we don't want to leave anybody behind. And I'm thankful to Dr. Rajiv Kumar because he has said the context and he's made my job very easy. But you raised a very important question on how does it scale up? So it's not my six years work. Basically, it's around 20 years of work in Andhra Pradesh in building the rural women self-help group movement. So it is the women's collective. It is the social capital of women. So they are both farmers in the groups and also landless farm workers. So this glue, this tremendous social capital is the one I would say the most important factor on ground, which has led to this scaling up. Because if somebody is trying something new, people would like to dissuade them. People will make fun of them. Why are you doing this? Why don't you use chemicals? We have always been doing that. So this group acts as a glue as a very important support mechanism. The second factor adding to this is our extension system is one of a co-learning system. It's a farmer to farmer extension system. An experienced farmer interacting with other farmers. So it's not a top-down system. So we have champion farmers who are also trainers. In fact, I'm happy to say that almost 60% of them are women farmers. So farmer trainers. So if they come and tell other farmers to change, their credibility is very high. And the third one is we should know that this doesn't happen overnight. So farmers have enrolled. When I say 700,000 farmers, they have enrolled, but there's a journey for each farmer. So three years, four years, five years. So we have provided along with some NGOs that hand-holding capacity. And that is something missing that we are not, if you don't provide for this transition process, then this doesn't happen. But beyond this is the fact that natural farming principles and practices in India are very effective. They work. There is very little transition time. And more importantly, it's also rooted in our tradition and culture. So that's what makes it attractive to the farmers. But added to that is the fact that we have used the digital medium to convey this very effectively to large number of farmers. So it's both traditional science and modern methods and the social capital, the human capital coming together to make a huge impact on the natural capital. But all this would not have happened if the government had not supported. Things on scale happened when governments come forward. So the government of Andhra Pradesh, government of India, I'm grateful to Dr. Rajiv Kumar for molding the policies of the country in favor of natural farming. And because of which we are able to visualize that we should convert, we should take this to the entire state. And also our emphasis on research, scientific research, we are grateful to ICRAF for the kind of scientific support they are providing to us and also various other scientific partners. So these are the different factors. But I believe that it is happening because of the championship by the farmers who have experienced the benefits themselves. Then it moves at a exponential pace and the role of the government is to de-bottleneck to ensure that these natural tendencies among farmers are promoted. Of course, Dr. Rajiv Kumar has already mentioned how it helps on all factors. Also, I just want to mention just one small factor is that we find a very good solution for drought-proofing, restoration of degraded lands because of some tremendous innovations that we have been able to put in place in Andhra Pradesh. But I'll stop now because I have run out of time. Maybe I'll answer in the later questions. Thank you so much. Thank you so much Mr. Thalum. In fact, I'll quickly turn to you because there is a question which has been asked and I think Dr. Rajiv Kumar also touched on it. How do you synergize in indigenous agricultural practices and science-based agriculture? Because they're almost seen as opposite to each other. So why this dichotomy and how do you synergize the two? I don't think there is a dichotomy because in recent years, scientists have also moved away from very narrowly looking at agriculture. The missing element has been biology. So our insights have come from very eminent soil microbiologists who are then able to explain the physics and science because agriculture had become chemistry. So what that means? See, nature is perfect. Our interpretation of nature, which is science, is not perfect. So we have to improve. So I don't see a dichotomy. I see our understanding of nature as flawed. So if more research is done, more as a transdisciplinary science, then perhaps we'll find solutions. Thank you so much Mr. Thalum for also explaining why there isn't a dichotomy between the two and perhaps it is perceived as such. Last but not the least, Kathleen, if I could turn to you now. And I'd like to ask you, you spent so many years working on global food policy systems. What are the global challenges really, you would say, related to policies on food and what needs to change to make it more equitable and sustainable? That's a big question. So of course, we've already heard some of the challenges laid out today. We're all petrified about what's going on in climate. I am a professor at a university and there's no question that my students are very anxious about their futures. We have aging farmers. I'm really grateful that Deputy Secretary Joel Broder joined us today. She gave a great rallying speech about investing in youth. And we know how important that is. In the US, average age of farmers is 57.5. In the UK it's 59. Kenya it's 60. Japan it's 67. Good chances are that the food that's on your plate was produced in certain parts of the world by farmers who have most of the career behind them. So energizing youth is a global challenge and enticing them into the world of food and agriculture, inspiring them as the Deputy Secretary said. Women in agriculture has been an issue that I have cared deeply about throughout my career. We know that in the developing world, over 40% of farmers are women. There's a growing number even in my home country in the United States. And we have a number of studies that show that if women were given the same access to resources, education, leadership, pathways, that world food production would greatly increase. It just seems to me like the as we say the nose on your face a very obvious place where we need more investment food waste. Very different depending upon where you live in the world whether it's at the farm gate or post farm gate and more in consumers hands but it's just a giant opportunity for us to to work on. I'm really glad I followed BJ because he really brought home the importance of governments and and governments putting in resources and doing the work necessary to move the needle. How do we accelerate the good things that are going on well I think we need more stakeholder engagement in place based policies. I think that really matters. We need science, we need more science and so many different aspects. We've heard a lot about organic agriculture already today and that's an area that I've worked out in my career. We so under invests in the science necessary to really understand all of the greatness of organic ways of producing food. Many of those ways actually have at the root intelligence from indigenous communities. I know in my home state here in Arizona, about 58% of our producers are Native American, and there's a lot we can learn from them particularly things like dry land, a farming. So, organic is an area that we'd like to see greater investment in globally in the US. Some of us are calling upon the government to across all the programs at USDA, for example, to invest at least 6% of dollars in organic that would include our research in these two. Why 6% because right now in the US, about 6% of food consumed by American citizens is organic so it's just a commensurate kind of way of addressing that issue. And I feel that it's critical to educate new generation of leaders and a diverse group of leaders because that's going to change the thinking around the decision making tables in very important ways. That's a quick list of things, but again that stakeholder engagement I think is is really been a tool that's been under engaged. Thank you so much. I think those were all very important points and in fact, there's an interesting question, which we have for you, the price for organic products. The price for organic products are often more expensive, which make it more accessible only to the upper middle class. How do we make chemical free food or organic food more accessible to everybody why should it be a prerogative of the bridge. It does, it does have higher premiums on, you can shop smartly around organic the same way of any other food, you know, get it in season, get it close by certain things. But yes, there are premiums and those premiums represent the, you know, closer to the true costs of producing that food and as some people may know here. There's been a movement across the globe scholars across the globe to try to fine tune methodology that we call true cost accounting, or some people will describe it as the team agri food framework. It's an effort to put in the costs of externalities in food production across all four capitals including human and social capital that's oftentimes just left out of the equation. And when you look at the true cost of food production. Organic looks like a pretty great buy. The Rockefeller Foundation just came out with a report that said, and they were looking at the US food system they saw that cost of food is you know, 1.1 trillion dollars but it's really three times as much if you put in all those externalities. There's a new book out on true cost accounting that several people here have contributed to I know Alexander Mueller and I and others help write a conclusion chapter among other things in that book. So, again, I think that when we really look at what it costs to produce our food health costs. What does it mean to live in rural areas and and survive in rural areas we look at the full cost. Again, organic is not so expensive. And the only way we're going to fix that is by making sure that decision makers both in the private sector, and in government have a full transparency of those costs that's why this methodology is so important. Hopefully that will change the decision making, pushing them in the right direction. But if not, for the rest of us, it's a way to hold them accountable. Thank you so much. I think those were all very interesting points Kathleen. I am going to, we are almost out of time but it's we have to hand the baton over to the next panel, but very quickly I'd like to ask each one of my panelists. If there was any one intervention you would want to make in terms of how do we make agricultural systems more equitable more sustainable. What's that one intervention you would make. Let's start with Gary. Well, you know, I mean, that's a very hard question. It could have so many different answers for me personally, from a perspective of Papua New Guinea developing nation, where our people are custodians of their own land, their own forests and therefore their own future. I don't want to change that. I believe it is important that people be given the opportunity to live on their land, use their land, and they be taught the importance of that land and how sustainable agriculture can also assist them in maintaining as much of their natural environment as possible. I think that's what I would suggest in in nations where people are able to have access to land. We should ensure that they do have access to land. What we need to do is help them use that land cultivated in a sustainable manner so that it does not have a significant negative impact on their natural environment. We should be careful so that the corporate world does not get carried away with its obsessed often short term profit driven view that marginalizes many of our people so that they can, you know, fulfill their own responsibilities to their shareholders. You know, that's that's how I look at it from my perspective as a elected official in a developing nation. What people need is especially in in in developing nations I would say is is significant encouragement so that they can be able to carry out their agricultural practices in a sustainable manner and access to modern agricultural practices and technology and assisted that they can as much as possible protect as much of our natural environment as we can. You know, thank you so much Gary. Yeah, I you know I wish there were more politicians like you that's a very powerful statement to say, but actually we don't need to change anything we need to just make sure that people have security that they know when it comes to access to the land, and they are already doing a number of sustainable practices but we need to have an ecosystem which encourages it, and particularly not just the natural ecosystem but perhaps the market ecosystem, or perhaps ask markets to stay away. Very strong words that Gary and I really I mean, I would say that there are lots of countries across the world which are doing this so we have a comment from Bhutan, which is again I think an example of a country which has committed that it will. You know it will it stands committed to the environment and it sees the development of its people as nature based. So I think there are countries that are getting it right there are other countries which are on that path. Lots to learn here. Let me ask Christophe what would you suggest. I will, if there's one thing to do, I will invest knowledge and people people thinking of young generation of farmers, they need to be capacity to do the right job on farms, knowledge to get the better approach, the better evidence to inform the policy. And once the policy are sensitized, they should be able to take informed decisions. This will help move our agenda forward and continue to produce in a sustainable manner. This is what I would say that. Right. Thank you so much, Mr. Thalam, would any policy intervention or any change you would like to see which, which should be done immediately. I second I fully support what Gary and Christopher mentioned, and particularly Christophe emphasis on education, I would say right from the school colleges, invest in farmers capacity building. So people women, especially, and young people. So how do you make this as a very, very key element in the education policy from schools, colleges and adults. So this investment is not understood, because there is a lot of de addiction required because we have been addicted to chemical agriculture. So there is a de addiction, relearning required by everybody, including the agriculture scientists, including the, you know, departments of government, everyone of us. That's one very important requirement, which I think needs to be done. But apart from that, I really liked the, I mean, the, what Gary is saying and governments have to be more proactive, because we don't have much time left. We can't, we can't, you know, cheat our young people. So there's hardly 10 years, 15 years to make this transformation. So whatever we can do to accelerate the transformation. And therefore, everybody has a role to show some example on ground inspire others, because we're running out of time. But the, it is exciting that people coming together can make this change. So there is hope, a lot of hope. Thank you. Thank you. The addiction from care from a chemical driven agricultural system, and of people coming together so that there's more hope. Kathleen, what's the one intervention you would ask for diversity, diversity, gender diversity, racial diversity, ethnic diversity. Age diversity, the way people think diversity, we really need to set the table, the decision making table in a very different way to get very different outcomes, and it's past time to do so. Okay, that's a good one. This, I've just been looking at the chat box and in the number of questions that are in firstly thank you so much to our audience and our participants, the 600 of you logged on across the world listening to our panelists. There's one question which is repeatedly coming if I want to turn to nature based farming. If I want to practice chemical farming, and I'm an independent farmer, how do I get access to markets, how do I, how do I scale this up. Any one of you, any one of our panelists who would want to take this up, because it's a repeated theme that's coming from the audience. Yes, please, please go ahead. I think it is essential for, you know, anybody to want to do it. Currently that knowledge system is missing, but I think there is that's also a challenge to all of us to put in place a body of knowledge package of practices, which also has to be, you know, context specific You can't have something in India, may or may not be applicable in other countries. So we have to, because natural farming is context specific. So we have to be very careful in what kind of materials actually go to them. But in terms of scaling up, you require social care. It can't be done by individuals. Because, you know, in India, average farm size is one hectare. So same in other developing countries. So it has to be a collective effort. So people, society, these are prerequisites. Right. Thank you so much for that, Mr. Thalam. I'm afraid we're almost out of time. There are still a number of questions that have been raised may I please urge you that in the chat box perhaps you could reach out to the panelists, and you could ask them your questions. I've tried my best to address them, but I know in the interest of time I'm not able to take up the 99 questions that were asked of all our panelists, just to very quickly sum up this has been a fantastic session I know that I've learned a lot. I started with Gary who spoke about how the forest is a supermarket, how we're not taking care of it, the rainforests are getting threatened by liquidation. Christof gave the fantastic case study I would say of how our favorite food item which is chocolate can be made most sustainably, if we turn to agroforestry and how there are examples from the field of how this is happening and he says he's very optimistic about making this reality. Kathleen spoke about how do we energize, how do we energize the youth the challenges of getting women involved, and the fact that there is also a lack of diversity in agriculture and the way our food systems operate right now. And last but not the least Mr. Thalam spoke about a people's movement which is happening in India, how it was scaled up he gave a great example and the fact that it had the backing of the government. Now I'm afraid we have with completely run out of time, but I just want to thank each one of our speakers today you've been wonderful. And this is generated by the fact that we've had a lot of questions, and we've had we have at this point almost 600 participants who are still patiently listening to us. So we're now going to have another panel. I know Dr. Rajeev Kumar spoke about the need for science based evidence that yes, we are talking about agricultural system, nature based system, nature based solutions. What is what does science have to say about it. And how do we create that evidence that this works, and we provide the data and the statistics, that's going to be some of the, what we're going to be discussing in the next panel. So I'm going to just stop here now by thanking each one of my panelists and good day. What a fantastic panel. Thank you to our speakers and facilitator for showing us it is possible to work with nature and people to sustainably manage land and transform food systems. You have showed us that it is not one or the other development or nature, but that it is truly possible for both people and nature to thrive. I noticed that during the panel some of your lights outside were getting dimmer as night was setting for you. In my case, the light is coming up the day is starting for me. Thank you to all the audience for joining us from all these different parts of the world in all these different times of your day. We will now have a short break. We will now take your coffee and join us back here in five minutes for the next panel where we will where we will explore the science, the basis of evidence to move forward with well informed steps. And don't forget to use the hashtag food nature people to spark the conversation. You can maybe use this break to have a nice debate with one of our panelists or with another person from the audience. We're really excited to hear your thoughts on social media. So we'll see you back in five minutes. And thank you so much to our last moderator and panelists. It was such an enlightening conversation on really what's needed to create policy frameworks that can create the right conditions for sustainable and equitable food production. I'm Danie Nuremberg, I'm president of food tank, which is a research and advocacy organization based in the United States. I'm really thrilled to be moderating our next panel on the science of food sustainability. Before I introduce our panelists today, I'm going to briefly touch on a few points we heard from the previous discussions that I think will inform this panel as well. One that there is tremendous opportunity to involve many different kinds of stakeholders and diversify the human side of agriculture. To the agriculture and agro ecology is an overarching solution and and are really transdisciplinary science, and it's knowledge intensive and we need to really acknowledge that and make sure that the people involved are honored. The indigenous knowledge that goes without saying is key to solving our most pressing environmental agriculture and social problems. For there is a danger of disconnecting ourselves from from nature. Well I've that women have tremendous social capital and really are the glue to improving landscapes. We need to address the question of how do we accelerate transformation and get more stakeholder engagement. And there's a huge need for science investment as as Kathleen merrigan mentioned, especially in organic agriculture and agro ecology. So transparency number seven is also key to all of this and making sure that there is a lot of knowledge that is being shared. Number eight that we invest in knowledge and people. Nine that we need to break the addiction to chemical agriculture. And I think these are all really interesting points that lead into this panel about the science of food sustainability. And these are our panelists very belief briefly today will be hearing from Christian mon, the policy action lead at the just real transition, Secretary, shake mobile, the director of future Africa. Gabrielle Diaque, the director general of Sias Bay in Mexico. And last but not least, Robert Nazi, who is of course the director general of the Center for International Forestry Research. So you can of course find more information about them online since we have a very little time and we have a very rich discussion ahead of us. It's such an honor to have you all here and I want to take this opportunity to thank the organizers for putting together such an important conversation. I don't know about all of you but the first half of this discussion has me really fired up. I think more than ever the world is waking up to the realization that we need to create a just transition from the old way of thinking about agriculture. The fields and calories are no longer the only measures of success. We need food and agriculture systems that are focused on resiliency on nourishment on equity and equality that engage youth as Deputy Secretary Brown out and Kathy Merrigan mentioned earlier, and that we recognize and honor the knowledge of women and BIPOC communities, and so many others who are really committed to true sustainability. We need new kinds of food systems that are based on science and evidence and that don't misinform. We need science models that are employed for transformation that are participatory and that are action based. We will always need numerous studies and lots of data that research just can't sit on shelves or on our laptops any longer. We need science that is living and evolving and that again is actually transformative. In other words, science based evidence that encourage us to act with collective urgency and honors the knowledge and wisdom of those working in fields and forests around the globe. So I want to hear from our panelists today is what they're doing and what they have done, how are their organizations walking the talk, and not only what they are thinking and publishing, but what they are doing and how they are organizing to address the urgency I mentioned before. As our previous moderator mentioned, each of our panelists will have around five minutes, I might switch that up a little bit depending on the time to sort of present their, their opinions on these topics but Robert, if it's possible I'd like to start with you. You have talked about the need to have transdisciplinary approaches that mix hard science, indigenous knowledge and citizen science. And I think that sounds great. That's the dream right, but how do we get there. And how do we address the urgency of the multiple crises we're facing the climate crisis, the health crisis, the biodiversity crisis, the inequality crisis and every other crisis that is out there. How do we really get there. Thanks Daniel and it's a bit overwhelming when you hear all the crises. I think we should first agree that we need to keep remain optimistic. We can do things and we can change things so it's not too late and let the doomsday people where they are I mean I think we can make it if we want. And then we have to remember that humans have modified their ecosystem their landscape on a large extent for for a long time and think about the Aboriginal people in Australia think about the migration of the, the, the, the Polynesian people think about the Maya or the people in the Amazonia. But they managed to change completely their landscape to adapt their landscape to their needs but at the same time, they didn't disturb the bigger ecosystem equilibrium, the one that are controlled by slow variable things that evolve slowly and, and that suddenly changed. And what, what happened unfortunately is that now we have changed and then we have changed the way we are managing the ecosystem and you had big acceleration in 1950 the anthropocene and, and now we are not only changing our local environment but we are totally putting upside down the, the, the big equilibrium and then the big ecosystem elements and that that's really a problem. And that's where we need really to think about a new form of, of research, a new form of science that is not based on the average of the past but it based on the future crisis that will come because now the average is something that doesn't exist anymore and what we have is more and more frequent things that were at what's why the parts catastrophic, catastrophic crisis and to do that I mean you really need to, to have maybe a foot in the library but also a foot on the ground and then you cannot work as a research as a I've already told her or work as a research topic because the topic is interesting. You need to work as something for because you want to have a change or you want to make a contribution or so so and then as a result, you develop your co construct your knowledge with the people that will implement it be their government and, and, and you base your, your, your classic, I would say Western research or so with the elements bring by indigenous knowledge, but, but because of the this change and this big acceleration I mean what is happening is that even the indigenous knowledge cannot cope with the speed of the bullet train that that is coming to us. And then it was the same I mean I'm a forester by training and that we are used to think on the long term but, but you are used to think on the long term and you plan to walk today and you think that we are going to harvest this walk in 240 years but you expect that this 240 years will be the same as 240 years before. They are not going to be the same and that's why we need to have a different form of research we need to to build on on on our landscape really work at the landscape scale, build on an engagement with the local stakeholders co construct the research and look for solution. And I will stop there. Well I really liked what you had to say about having a foot in the library and a foot on the ground. And I think this, you know this kind of combination of that as well as high and low technologies recognizing indigenous knowledge, and also understanding that there are new technologies out there that can can accelerate the change that is needed. I'm wondering though Robert, how do we get funding institutions those who are investing in agricultural transformation to realize that I think I will say that people are starting to realize that because of the crisis that it's just if you are watching the news today you in New York you will see what is happening and that's people react to that. Unfortunately, the human human have a definite difficulty to act preemptively, but they are can be pretty good at reacting at crisis, assuming that you don't let the crisis over and so I think that a lot of private institution, a lot of government really realize like Gary showed us or the Prime Minister of PNG that they need to change and that business as usual is not an option anymore. Unfortunately, I mean there is still still a lot of inertia in the domain and a lot of vested interest. And it's very difficult. It's very nice to say we need to give up fossil fuel but who is going to give up fossil fuel tomorrow if there is no solution. That's why it is very important to develop the solution for the future of it on top of asking people to change their way of living. And I think that people are investing because they realize that there is a lot of stranded asset and that there is a lot of things that will not happen because of the crisis because of climate change and there is a lot of risk for the insurance for the so that's that's what will make corporate that are supposed to make a profit threat to that. It's a shame to me though that we had to get to this point in human history where we're only acting because things are so bad and so I hope that we can talk a little bit more about how to change that mindset. Shake, I'd like to turn to you now and I know you have a slide, but while you're talking about the points on your slide I'm wondering if you can also address the urgency and especially around the urgency to get policymakers to act. Thank you so much. I might not need the slides because your question really brings me to the point I want to make. Basically, when we talk about landscape approach talking about climate change, all those new transdisciplinary requirement for environmental sustainability. We are talking about really fancy rhetorics and very elaborated knowledge that often when you come to the African continent is some sort of normative knowledge which are kind of imported both the methods and the way we apply the methods and the ground. So between the people who are doing the research and those who are, you know, supposed to apply it on the ground, maybe communities or the policymakers, the gap in terms of knowledge is absolutely huge. So what happened is we really facing what I call the implementation gap here. When you take forms of the green stimulus in the African Union, the Almsen, the 12 priorities in the green stimulus you mentioned the word is knowledge intensive. But where this knowledge comes from, if the knowledge is imported, is it imported rhetorics. It's it's it's the agenda is really set up, you know, from, you know, global thinking, the challenge of applying on the ground is more true than the global thinking do not have the way the possibilities to translate that knowledge into local realities. What I'm trying to say is a customized knowledge, going from global thinking to local realities and the implementation of the sense in local realities is a big thing and I can give you just a few examples that come from the slides which I will not share for this time being from the previous session. I think this was mentioning the issue of human capital and education, and the issues of local knowledge. I think those two entry point are the best transformation levels. Before we sink on the lens, the landscape resources and any transformation that comes with the natural resources on the landscape. Let's think about the human capital and what needs to be understood and applied by people in order to make a better well being in their own context. So if you translate that, for instance, on the food security issue, you can, you can think of the landscape in Africa as being a lost biodiversity for the opportunities of development. What I'm trying to say is the underrated ecosystem, the neglected plants we have the rich soils which are not being optimized. The, the, the resource of water and the energy resources that we have in Africa is unprecedented is you cannot compare it to any other but yet the people are still very vulnerable, just because there is not a kind of infusion of the knowledge into the policies. I was reading recently the policies in child in Senegal, who we are trying to support from future Africa perspective, and how to mainstream climate and knowledge into their policies to, to, to, to safeguard the process of applying those development policies on the ground. You would be very surprised the level of investment, very small investment put on the landscape approach put on climate change. They're more looking on the traditional business model, which is heavy investment on, on, on, on pesticide heavy investment on, on, on, on input high level inputs, such as mineral mineral fertilizers, but very little is invested into sustainable practices, such as the one that Robert is mentioning, the traditional practices which have, which are low hanging fruits and less, less expensive approaches that can be protracted and scaled up in the national. And I think our plea here would be yes for science, but how that science comes to a combination with local realities and local knowledge to create a fusion between modern science which is very normative and the pragmatic applications of them in the ground where people have really low education and very little knowledge on modern knowledge, modern science. Absolutely. I think what you're calling is for science to be very place based. And you mentioned this loss of opportunity that we have in, in, in sub Saharan Africa. How do you get policymakers shake to understand this. I mean, again, we're going back to the urgency. We don't have time to wait as we've heard throughout this, this discussion today. How do we get policymakers to act and act now. I have two prongs for that. The first prong is how do we go from fancy global models, as my friend Christian was saying on the room, which is the RCPs, the SSPs, we are the only one intellectually, you know, attracted to them, it's quite fulfilling when we talk about those climate change. And that makes our career as a scientist bright. But, but when you talk to a minister of environment to any countries, they have a double challenge the challenge of the vocabulary, but also the challenge of applicability. They don't first understand what you mean, and second thing if they do understand how do they apply. And that's what I tried to say the global thinking and their practical implications on the ground. The translation of knowledge is, is, is one entry point the other entry point is just going from our own side as scientists. How can we create space to engage with the policymakers and one program which I'm developing right now which is club called club Africa climate land agriculture and biodiversity. We just came from a high level panel where we have many ambassadors and the African group of negotiators, who we, we, we, what we try to do is not to, to bring the science which wave problems, but to bring the science which brings solutions. Where are the, where are the transformation ladies, where are the innovations that can be scaled up where is the compagious of solutions on agroforestry and many other approaches that can be developed in the ground that respond to the big police equations we are asking and people are listening when you talk this, when you use this kind of language. And the way you do it is a long term engagement and create the space where we're innovative space where people can come ask question and get responses, and those responses are necessary responses that can be applied on the ground, because it's bottom up. And this bottom up knowledge production, this bottom up packaging of information and delivery of information to me is the starting point where we can engage with policymakers not the other way now. Absolutely. I love that bottom up approach and it also sounds to me like we need more farmers and scientists to, to be legislators and run for office so that they can make these connections and lots of ways. Gabriela, I want to switch gears a little bit and turn to you. And from your experience working with farmers and navigating their various challenges and also their successes on the ground. I'm wondering what policy needs needs to do to see what can happen what can, what can accelerate change for farmers. There's a lot to be done. Good morning from Mexico. Before we're talking about implementation gap, I would say we have a knowledge gap to our politician have less time there are politicians and I am I totally agree with you that we need growers and agriculture related people to be in politics know. I have one sentence in my heart we don't have time left know our planet is crying for help. We have a lot of very critical issues going on on a planetary system but we have to act locally so we urgently need that our politician get more involved in what we are doing there are great things being done to universities in Mexico. A lot of universities regarding with agriculture are closing. So that's a huge problem but we need to put the issue of our of our culture or our ecology, and to hunger, we need to put that name again on on the negotiation table. We need to be more exposed. So they're on the stand and a lot of times I, I try to get interviews with politicians and try to explain them and most of the time they say I have 15 minutes or have 30 minutes please explain me what's going on. It's not enough. They need to feel the anguish of the people who the small growers who they don't have access to to water or the woman who don't have access to anything because they don't own the land and they don't have any paper. So it's very complicated but I would assume that we need to close this knowledge gap everyone has to be involved and as a society we have to get involved in in what we are eating where our food coming from. And there are here in the city there are huge signs saying buy locally but there's no place to buy locally know they're huge supermarket, give some small space and where with very bad financial condition so small growers can put there but it's not enough. We need to increase local markets and increase or favor policies like I just one example in all the government they always use cookies for the reunions with coffee know these cookies should be made by local people by local woman or bakeries know and there are both a huge quantities from a special brand that it's like by the politician, but it doesn't have an impact in the local economy. So we have to think more local in all levels, the restaurants the hotels, they need to stop thinking just in a coma as one of the fellow speakers was telling about no. It's not about yields, it's about life, making a difference and the challenges we have in the in the climate level are huge, huge and we need everyone involved in it knows just an NGO or a small university who who is doing something we really have to to get this to a very high level and get our ecology on a minister level in order to get it but it's a lot of talking and reunions to be done. So you've talked about two things that I think are really important. One is the role of women in all of this and I think women are often underestimated for their wisdom and their knowledge and the science that they're practicing in kitchen gardens and you know on farms in kitchen every day and two that we need to get agroecology on the ministerial level but these two things are combined if more women had positions of power, we could be doing more of this and so I'm wondering on that front how do we get more women involved in these conversations and it's not just bringing farmers to the table it's making sure that women's groups are also at the table. Yes, totally. I am in contact with professional women, there is an organization here in the city but two with chefs, cooks, owners of restaurants, no, a favoring woman but everyone is welcome, no, but even mothers, grandmothers, no, everyone needs to talk about it and I always ask him, you can decide who you make rich with your shopping, no, it's even if you buy a carrot or chewing gum, who are you going to make rich with that shopping. So we need to talk about this and give these small growers spaces no and connect that's something I hope is our government transition, I think we have to start in January but I wish that I can make a bridge or bridges between women's from the city with women's of the communities and bring them to a place together where each one can be shown, the women in the city they need to know where to buy them and to know the stories, no, it's something, the the story theory is very popular right now and so the people in the city and the woman in the city needs to know the stories of the people in the rural communities, but other ways too, the women in the rural communities need to know, for example, what people do with the produce they do, they grow. I love that storytelling component thank you so much for bringing that up. Christian, let me turn to you now and, and I, you know, I want to sort of get a get a definition of what does a just rural transition mean, and how is is your organization working to advance it. Yeah, thanks Danny and really nice to be here with all of you. My name is Christian man and I'm the policy action workstream lead for just rural transition. Just rural transition as an organization as an initiative was founded at the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019 out of this growing recognition that hey we need food systems transformation, but the transformations have to be socially just the processes have to be inclusive, and the outcomes have to be fair. And if we don't do that, then those who are already the most vulnerable will suffer first and suffer most. So, as an initiative jrt is focused on bringing together a lot of different stakeholders, and we're especially focused on listening to food producers, in the context of the work that we're doing on investments on policy action on issues of land tenure and so So over the last 18 months or so for example we've been working with the World Bank and the UK government on repurposing agricultural policies to better support challenges related to climate biodiversity and development issues like food security, which she mentioned. We know that government spend over $700 billion a year in public support to food and agriculture, but oftentimes the problem is the support is not directed at achieving climate environment and development outcomes, partly because the problems are not defined in the So we've been consulting with food producer organizations to try to understand, hey, how do you see this issue, and how could agricultural policies be repurposed to better serve you. So this is kind of an example of the concept of fusion that she was talking about. We're not dismissing the role of traditional knowledge but we're trying to integrate it with the lived experiences of food producers in a way that makes better policy. So, you know, there's a lot of examples of where this repurposing work has helped achieve a just rural transition. You can look at the payment for environment ecosystem services schemes in Costa Rica. You can look at some of the work in Mexico on the environmental compensation programs for land use. You can look at India who are subsidizing a more natural type of seed coding for fertilizers to make fertilizer efficiencies better. These are the kinds of examples that we're wanting to help countries learn from. And so as we build a peer to peer learning platform. What we want to do to help achieve a just rural transition is help countries who want to improve their agricultural policies learn from one another through a peer to peer learning platform and support them with a base of knowledge that integrates these traditional and scientific forms of knowledge. I'll just say sort of in closing a lot of this work that we're doing is in the context of COP26 and the context of the UN Food Systems Summit. And we've had some we've been able to build some momentum with countries that are that are electively choosing to focus on these issues related to a just rural transition and going forward. That's our hope that our approach to these problems are inclusive, and that our focus on outcomes are on justice and fairness. That's great Christian someone in the chat asked what organization you are from and so it's the just rural transition secretariat just to be clear. I you know on some of the points that you mentioned Christian, you know, we need this peer to peer learning platform. But again, I need to go back to how we convince those who are in power to recognize the science that is not sort of the Western science that we mentioned before. How do we get them to recognize that the peer to peer learning the the the farmer to farmer sharing the citizen science and participatory research that's being done that that's actually what's going to work that to solve the climate crisis to address those multiple crises I mentioned before. Yeah, that's a good it's a really good question. I'm, I'm trained as a social scientist and you know I think historically the model of sort of research impact with for policy has been. Okay, we just published this paper who should we email it to and we've just learned that that doesn't work. There have to be relationships with decision makers that are real, and that are that are based on shared experiences with confronting very localized very concrete examples of biodiversity loss or soil degradation or food insecurity. So we really think that you know our this peer to peer approach is not this sort of automated inert system but it's it's really about building relationships with people who have to make decisions in government. And I'm thinking on putting together a an approach to that for next year that that that is based on on building relationships with with decision makers. I'll just say quickly that in the past I worked with us legislators at an organization that took delegations of congressional representatives overseas and it was always said that those trips, setting aside the research and the policy briefs and political stuff. It was the trips it was when decision makers could go to the field and see practical examples. That's what they remembered most. We have to do the analytical work we have no choice but to do that and we have to do it at a fine scale like she could say not at a global scale, but we also have to provide experiences for decision makers to see for themselves. What's going on. Absolutely and I love that you, you mentioned relationships that's really, really important along with the storytelling that Gabriella mentioned. I just want to address one of the comments that I think is, is important. Someone thought this panel is going to be about new science. And I'm sorry they feel like there's not enough substance I feel like this panel has been very substantive. But we're not talking about new science. We're talking about ways of combining old and, you know, science and those traditional scientific methods with citizen science with participatory science that peer to peer learning. So if we could take just 30 seconds if you could all just sort of, you know, answer this one last question for me and, and to transform science we need a complete rehaul of our educational systems are our extension services training young farmers and recognizing again both citizen science and indigenous knowledge. What's your advice and again 30 seconds each of you and I'll start with you shake. What's your advice to academics and governments to make that happen. I think you're on mute sir. Thank you so much for the question I think first of all there is a number of things that we need to deconstruct the issues of marginal land the issues of remoteness the issue of the importance of demographics in the natural resource management there is a number of things that we need to revisit. There is a number of things also we never need to revisit in science in terms of the efficient the effective role of small holder farming in Africa for instance and across the world and and how to combine the universal concern, which is driven by normative research to the specific vulnerable stakeholders, but we need to do in order to respond to your question I think we need to build more positive narratives, we are, we are just waiting to match too many negative images on many of the things that we are dealing with. And I think that I that would be important is to try to get a level of investment that create integrated system approach to reduce the risk which are related to landscape and food systems. And without investment, I think we don't we can't do it and everything can trickle down from those levels to the to improve the local knowledge use and the traditional practice which are neglected. That's a good investment. Gabriella, how do we we get academics and governments to really make this happen this transition. I would suggest a week from each one of them and take them to travel I am totally agree with that. They have to get submerged in the problems that are leaving these small growers into they have to get into the climate change problems in their territory know. Absolutely. Take them to travel and take me with them. I love them. Yep, take them to farms for sure. Christian, you're next. Yeah, I would just say, you know, government officials and academics are people to and that means we have to not treat them like they're just brains with legs but people who learn from experiences and can change their mind when they experience something. So we're really focused on relationships and experiences within the context of using traditional knowledge and science and classical knowledge to to make the world a better place. Absolutely goes back to relationships. Robert, you get the last word. Yeah, thanks. I mean, and then fully agree with the need to bring people on the ground and show them and having test them and when when you go out of the plane in Bamako and then you have the 45 degrees temperature hitting on you. I mean, I just realized that it's something totally different. But but but I think that what what should probably have all of us think about that we will be judged by our children. And I wouldn't want to be asked by my kids or by my grandkids. I mean, it's sort of what did you do when when you were able to do something and say that I couldn't do anything. And I think that that that raise again the very, very strong importance of primary education and I think that I think that should be completely change in a way of we are learning our kids or what the world is and what what where we'd be the world whether it be living. So that that will be on top of everything that has been said, and we should invest much more in education in use and in intergenerational exchange. I mean, so it's not only no sauce or sauce sauce is between generation. I mean, how can we, how can we learn and how can we be held responsible and accountable for what is happening. Wonderful. Great point to end on. I want to thank our amazing panelists for sharing their research and their expertise. Now the question is really about scale and I know our next panelist is going to address this how do we scale these transformations up in a way that will really be impactful and useful for farmers researchers and eaters alike. Thank you so much. Thank you. Thanks everybody. Thank you. Bye. Thank you to our speakers and facilitator for that fascinating panel on how evidence can propel the right kind of transformation. We are running a few minutes late. I can see many of you on social media are quoting phrases from our speakers that both that spoke to your hearts so it's very nice to see that the words from our speakers are reaching you and are really touching you and changing your mind sparking a conversation with other people sparking new thoughts in your head. So excited to see our panels are having this effect on our audience. Thank you for being here. And remember you can feed into the conversation using the hashtag food nature people. We now have another short break before our final panel. Remember you can use the interpretation button at the bottom of the screen to listen in English French or Spanish. We'll see you back here in 10 minutes. The food system is not broken. It is serving multiple functions at a societal level. Huge number of livelihoods embedded in the food system. It obviously feeds us. It's important. But the way it feeds us and the changes that we've seen over the last 50 years has led to increasing over consumption of what's often termed empty calories, which is high high calorific food, oils, fats and sugars, but not particularly nutritious. On the other hand, we still have about a billion people hungry, as I say, and that number is the last increasing year on year now. This is very challenging. We like what we like. And bringing about systemic change is going to need a combination of all the actors involved. The policy process, the private sectors, particularly important, the NGO and civil society, and ourselves as citizens and consumers. Malnutrition is a phrase. It's a word that's been used very, very liberally. Malnutrition actually means bad nutrition. So it does refer to those of us having too much, as well as those of us not having enough. Under nutrition is a big problem. It's essentially a problem of the developing world, particular abject hunger. But over nutrition is another form of malnutrition, which is a worldwide epidemic. It's not just the, quote, global north. It is across the globe and it's much more related to wealth and opportunity to buy different foods than it is related to geography. Over nutrition brings two types of problems. First of all, to personal health, non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes is very much on the include. That is a great challenge, particularly for poorer nations, which have a less robust public health sector. The other problem with over nutrition is the unnecessary, from a physiological point of view, consumption of food, which puts extra pressure on the natural resource base, on which our food system depends. So if we were to reduce the amount of food we eat, if we're not, if we're eating too much, it will, in effect, reduce the pressure on the natural resource base. Reducing food waste is also a very much, very big part of that. 50 years ago, about 2 billion people were not hungry. Today, about 6 billion people are not hungry. This is a remarkable story. With it has come this divergence of the overconsumption, particularly with the more wealthy, and the baseline of those not getting enough has remained very, very steady. So how has it come about? Combination of economic development, population growth, globalization, huge market reach by multinational corporations, and a policy framework that is not adequate to manage more effectively the food system to mitigate the negative aspects and to reinforce the positive aspects. Whose role is it to change the system is a really difficult one because it's everybody's role, and arguably it's nobody's. Who has responsibility? Who takes responsibility? Is it the public health people? Is it the agriculture people? Is it the finance people in government? Or is it civil society organizations? Or is it down to the individuals? So there are a large number of actors and recognizing that they all have their own motives, their purpose, what they want out of it is very important. And so as we discuss interventions to bring about systemic change, we need to recognize that there will be losers as well as winners, and that we need to pave the ground for the losers more strongly than we need to celebrate the success for the winners. That would be ourselves from our health point of view. The winners would be the physical environment. We would have less environmental damage due to excess consumption. The losers would of course be the enterprises that are dependent on sale of goods all along the value chain. There could be a political dimension. There could be a civil disturbance, for instance, if it was implemented in an incorrect way. There could be a change to our habits and our lifestyles and our preferences. So we as a society need to prepare for a change diet. And that includes all the actors involved in the food sector, both the direct actors and the many, many influences of it. The equation would bring a more equitable society. I would be loath to try and define a perfect food system, but certainly it's not the one we have at the moment. We would be looking to enhance the nutrition status of those people who don't have enough. We'd be looking to ramp down the consumption patterns and the food waste and loss, looking at the other side of the equation. We'd be looking for an equitable business environment so that enterprises are successful because without successful food system enterprises, the food system is not going to function. We have to respect the role of business and enterprise as much as we have to respect the role of environment and public health. Forests are fundamental to the earth system functioning from an environmental point of view. They are part of the regulatory mechanism, which in turn affects our climate and hence our weather, and all of that trickles down to affect the entire food system. Obviously there are direct outputs from forests, which are important, forest products, nuts and the like, but also think of the livelihoods associated with timber, with silver culture generally. And so that affects the food system because it increases the affordability of food for those people engaged in those enterprises. They have a job. So it's not just what we eat from the forest, but it's what we earn from the forest that affects our food security status. Welcome back everybody to panel three for this amazing event. We're going to go to a little bit more optimistic note. We're going to be looking at opportunities for scaling up. We're running 15 minutes late, but the thinking from the three keynote speakers and the earlier two panels have put us 15 months ahead. So on balance, we're not doing too bad. The organizers tell me you can go to the interpretation button if you log in and zoom and you will find English, French and Spanish interpretation. And more importantly, for this last panel, you can also find common sense interpretation. We've got a wonderful four panelists, they're going to take us through some positive examples that they have in dealing with scaling up the stewardship of the land approach, landscape approaches, the nature-based solutions. We face a conundrum. Smallholder farmers want high prices for their products. Urban consumers want low costs. And often private sector intermediaries want low costs paid to farmers and to sell it at the highest price they can to consumers. And that conundrum is effects are scaling up also. Scaling up is not new. If you look in Google Scholar and put in the term scaling up in agriculture, there's more than 260 refereed articles before 1970 on the topic, 260. 1970 is an important year because that's the year that since then our population has doubled. Since then we've added another 100 parts of CO2 to the atmosphere. And since then we've been farming and managing the land unsustainably. So we're going to be looking at with our keynote panel today, scaling up, scaling up on the individual farms, scaling up in the village, scaling up in the landscape, but looking at opportunities to connect all of those efforts together in a way that is reinforcing regenerative and positive. So we're going to start out with Satya Tripati. Satya Tripati has a distinguished career in national and international areas. He is now the Secretary General for the Global Alliance for a Sustainable Planet. Satya, our first question to you is with all of the ideas and solutions and options out there. When we look at adaptation and investing at scale, what do you think through your experience Satya are some of the greatest challenges in linking adaptation and investments at scale to this concept of better stewardship of our land. Thank you, Tony and greetings everyone. It's a pleasure to be here today. Tony, actually you answered the question yourself. The fact that the population has doubled in the last 50 years or so. The fact that we've added 100 parts per million carbon concentration in the atmosphere. And then also, you know, the fact that a few decades ago, we had two billion people that were going not hungry to, we have 6 billion people that are going not hungry. So in the streaming video, the facts are hiding in that is that there are 2 billion people that are going hungry. And the 2 billion people that are going hungry have the same rights as any one of us either in this particular gathering or anywhere on the planet. And that needs to change. And that is about a just transition. That is about climate justice. That is about when we are shaken by the images we see from Afghanistan climate change is Afghanistan 1000 times worse. When we wake up, the IPCC report tells us that we're at a seminal point of time in the history of humankind, and many other species thanks to our ill advised agricultural practices over the last century or so. So the two things I would like to really highlight today is greed and risk. Greed as in humans are green has no limit. And of course Adam Smith stated famously that you know the wants are unlimited. But the point is, it has to stop somewhere. Otherwise, we will all perish, and it will not be a very happy situation, especially for our species, the planet will go on, we keep paying homilies and homages to the planet as if the planet is at risk the planet is not at risk. We are at risk, our species is at risk, and we really need to get very selfish about it to protect ourselves. So that's the greed part. The risk part to the financial community in the conversation today to the policymakers in the conversation today, the way you see risk is completely outdated. If you're really interested in looking at evidence of risk, I'm in New York City, we've been advised not to take the subways, the subways are flooded. The MTA buses, there's water up to the seat level in many parts of the city, and this is New York City we are talking about. We're the best of resources. New York City last I checked has a $1.3 trillion city GDP, which is bigger than the national GDP of Indonesia, a country that I deeply love and respect and I've spent better part of my career there. So that's the challenge for even for cities with so much resources, because nature is unrelenting and unforgiving. And so if we do not see the risk for what it is, we will keep making the same mistakes, and we'll keep doing the same thing the business as usual that has brought us to this point. Now to the solutions. We are having a lot of conversation. I mean, I'm so grateful to all the imminent thought leaders that spoke today about the great ideas, you know, but ideas need money to be implemented. Ideas need partnerships built around them. We can't keep having a supply side conversation all the time and hope to see the results that are on the demand side. Now what do I mean by supply side? What I mean is the big conversations that happen at the United Nations. I have spent more than 20 years in leadership positions in the UN, and I've seen it from the inside. We talk a lot. Everybody gets very excited. Then we do precious little after we walk away from these meetings. The supply side has to keep doing what it is doing. It is extremely important, but the demand side needs to really rise to the challenge. And what I mean by that is that someone has to really get to the grassroots, talk to the champions, empower them, not shut them down, listen to them carefully, because the wisdom is at the grassroots. The wisdom is at the small hold of farmer level, at the farm level. The wisdom is at the level of the civil society activists who really live it every day 24-7. And they are the people that we need to be talking to, identifying the champions, incubating great ideas, financing them and replicating whatever succeeds. And we only have roughly nine years. As IPCC tells us, we are well on our way to 1.5 degrees Celsius of global warming about the pre-industrial levels by the end of this decade, not even further. And we were thinking about the turn of the century. So Tony, we really need to act to find private finance to work for public good. Wow, what a powerful point to end on. Thank you very much Satya and thank you very much for keeping to time. So let's move to from the global to the regional to the continental and Chantal, who is the head of environment ecosystems, biodiversity and wildlife at DG for international cooperation and development at the European Commission. Chantal, our question to you is that the European Union has been a champion of the landscape approach of very proactive and promoting it, connecting it and championing it. You have a portfolio of things now that are looking ahead to your next investment framework around landscapes, around interventions, the many strategies, the European Green Deal. As you scale up, as you look at your portfolio and scale up, can you share with us, and we'd be very interested to hear the European Commission's plans to support the changes that we need in this, not just the landscape approach, but taking it to positive land stewardship to a wider context. Chantal, you have five minutes please. Thank you, Tony. I'll try and stick to the five minutes. So don't hesitate to go beyond because I can go on sometimes. Thank you. Thank you to Satya as well for setting the scene. As you're saying, Tony, we've got the Green Deal, which I think helps us enormously to be able to scale up on all of the landscape approaches that we take. We look at landscapes both from a conservation, sustainable management and restoration perspective. We really think that we need to be able to adapt the approaches to the local conditions that we find, also the local ways of management. So we're not going to be doing the same thing in different places necessarily. I think that it really does need to be adapted. So for instance, when we talk about the Great Green Wall internally, we call it a Great Green Mosaic because we think it needs to be adapted. The approach that we take is to look at rural areas, not only from the food safety and the nutrition quality perspectives, but also looking at the ecosystems and the protection, the restoration of the ecosystems and the creation of jobs. We think that it's extremely important that when we're doing restoration or conservation, at the same time we're creating a green economy around it. And if we don't focus on people, and I mean that's really not surprising considering the DG that I come from, we're never going to achieve anything. So we're very interested and we've been working quite a lot on local approaches to landscape management. We also think that we need to invest over long periods of time that we can't go in. I think you all know that we have frameworks of seven years for our programming, but if we want to achieve an impact, we actually have to go beyond those seven years and there are landscapes, especially in Africa, where we're present for 30 years and it takes time to develop. I know that we've only got nine years, but it's not because there's only nine years that we should use it as an excuse not to be there for a longer term and to look at long-term investment. We're very interested in all the agroecological approaches such as agroforestry, but also all the farm-based natural regeneration that we've been hearing a lot about over the past few months, because we think that's really the way to build sustainable and healthy and resilient agri-food systems and one of the only ways. The agroecology approaches we believe really increase the resilience. They use less chemicals, they conserve both soils and water much better, and they're better for the capture of carbon, but also the protection of ecosystems that are really important for my unit, because we're the environmental unit, we're the ones to deal with the biodiversity and the ecosystems within DG international relations. So we've got programs that you've probably heard of, like Regreening Africa in particular, where we're trying to really address the P drivers of land degradation and work as a catalyst to create enabling policy conditions. We know that policy conditions governance are also very important aspects that we need to be looking at. If we want to create the right conditions, both for smallholder farmers, but also for the investment. We know that ODA can only play a catalytic approach, so we really need to set the conditions to attract the right kind of private sector investment. And these are the areas that we're really also looking at. So we're sort of trying to combine the landscape approach, the sort of adapting to the actual landscape that we're in, with the idea of scaling up the financing because we want to try and see how we can attract or de-risk private investment in the future. And we're having a lot of conversations with our international financial institutions to see how we can push them out of their comfort zone and make sure that they're investing in much more innovative approaches. Also approaches that may take a longer time to sort of see return on investment. And I think these are aspects that we also need to be looking at. We're very committed to these approaches like the Great Green Wall and we've got the landscape for the future initiative, which is piloting integrated landscape management in the specific contexts of their land use. I can give you, you know, examples like what we're doing in Bocchina Faso to promote participatory agroforestry and forest regeneration. But as I was saying, it's really a long term commitment that we need through national programs. It's not something that we can do short term. It needs to be rooted in local communities in governments, but we need to have plans, we need to have scenarios. And we want to have also light regional sort of support approaches within our sort of framework of how we work. So for us, it's really agroecology that we see as the promising approach that's at our disposal that can both help us to cope with climate change, but also the biodiversity crisis. We need to be respectful of humans, nature and of diversity. And we need to find the ways to attract the right private sector investment if we really want to scale up. And I will leave it at that. Thank you very much to everybody. I'm handing back to you, Tony. Thank you very much and tell very encouraging and enlightening words from such an important actor in the space, the European Commission. So let us come to one of those actors in Africa. I'm Tony Joda. Tabi is the coordinator and founder of One Billion Trees for Africa. He comes from West Africa on the border of two countries where reliance on that landscape and the bounty from it has led to him to where he gets to today. So Tabi, your One Billion Trees for Africa campaign recognizes that interconnections in nature and with humans and the climate crisis. So how do you feel that your work is not just going to lead to the planting of trees, but to scaling up of jobs to promotion of ecosystem services for rural communities in Africa. And how, from the great success that you've had in a few places, can we replicate that across or how have you seen or sought to replicate that across the continent? Tabi, you have five minutes. Thank you very much, Tony. Thank you, everyone, listeners, viewers out there first for the opportunity for converging over this topical issue that is at the center of my heart, restoring ecosystems to add value to humanity. That's my job. That's my work. That's the task that I live for. And I'm very happy to answer first that there is a whole lot of challenges that are existing on the ecosystems with a lot of misguided narratives and approaches where people so much misguidedly I repeat, assume the restoration of the ecosystem is so much about the physical planting of trees and just creating a green environment without looking at various different value chains and support systems like the green growth values, the green growth benefits, ecosystem services benefits that holds a critical mass of people from the vulnerabilities of hunger, the vulnerabilities of unemployment and vulnerabilities of climate risk and disasters. So in my own opinion, there is a need for us to also see this ecosystem services opportunities beyond just the labor intensive jobs that most people always think that communities are limited to. We should see the intangible resource pool value added, you know, I say repeat again intangible services that exist within this ecosystem that if we unlock them, they create and blossom into large scales opportunities for jobs for well being for income for dignified living in the communities, and and defense and resilience against these convergence of climate and different human driven risk like my dear friends earlier said, it is so much about the human degradation, more than the land degradation. And to actually answer your straight in terms of how do we create these jobs scale these jobs, we need to actually catalyze thriving micro economy soft scale by looking at contextual opportunities in terms of what does the landscape offer in terms of water management in terms of pasture management in terms of, you know, the services to local population, livestock production, animal feeding animal medication, and of course the relationship between man landscape disperse us. The bees, the drones and all the combination of these threatened species, how do we bring them back into their own actual dignified revival and driving systems that offers opportunities for people in the name of jobs or in terms of jobs. This requires creating context specific mechanisms that can innovatively unlock this ecosystem services value chains like I said, in a natural positive and a natural sensitive manner that it offers opportunities that becomes jobs. And these jobs must come in a way that we actually leverage existing patches of innovations, wisdom, knowledge and practices that are existing at the grassroots that needs or that could be scale across beyond, not beyond the communities themselves into large scale solution impact driven activities. And these goes a long way, you know, in entailing channeling ecosystem restoration funding directly through community programs and building capacities for communities, you know, to handle manage plan and leverage these resources in a equitable and dignified manner that it actually enhances not just the physical ecosystem, but their own livelihood and the species around them. And it is very important for us to recognize that if ecosystem restoration funds are channeled through commercial banks, it is like dumping money to where the money is not needed. So these resources must go directly into community programs, where they are used directly for this restoration purposes, so that it actually reaches the end mile users, who are the people on the frontline and the people on the margins of these systems that are changing. This goes a long way in catalyzing this microeconomic systems like I earlier said, in leveraging the opportunities for green growth, opportunities for resilience, opportunities for adaptation and opportunities for nutritious food, where we see a critical mass turning back from indolence, from laxity, from lack of knowledge, gaining capacity, gaining the wisdom or utilizing this wisdom in actually adding value to these resources and the value addition to these resources becomes the new opportunities that scale the jobs that holds the critical mass of youth women in communities. Like for instance, let me just show for instance something, if in a community you have this kind of production going on in a community, there is no point. There is no point for us having this in a community and you assume that a community doesn't have the capacity. There is a capacity. What you need now is enhancing these capacities for communities to be able to produce, reproduce, plan well, add value and be able to get this kind of resources into mainstream system where women actually have income from what they are producing in their communities. And these can get into buyers who buy either for reuse within the community. Fantastic examples of the community. This goes a long way in building the resilience, like I said, in reducing vulnerabilities like plastic waste that is degrading our landscape. Thank you. Brilliant. Taby, fantastic, compelling, beautiful examples to illustrate your points there. Thanks very much for that. So moving on quickly to Nefkoti Dabi. Nefkoti is the lead for global climate policy at Oxfam. Now, Nefkoti, you and your organization have been working on these pledges, these commitments, these opportunities and there's been a lot of feeling, a lot of pulling out of these things and a narrative around net zero. So you've been working on something to help remove some of that uncertainty, some of that confusion, some of that wriggle room for people that are not really making a difference. So how can we scale up this, this change in thinking, this change in paradigm that will take us beyond net zero. Nefkoti, you have five minutes plus a little bit of wriggle room. Thank you so much, Tony. Hi everyone. I'm really happy to be part of this incredible panel and to be discussing these really important issues. As Tony mentioned, I recently co-wrote a report for Oxfam. It's called tightening the net, I'll share the link in a bit. This research, our research shows how companies and governments approach to net zero targets, risk being reliant on vast areas of land in low income countries competing with land needed for food production. So our study also shows two of the most commonly used offsetting carbon removal measures are land based forestation and planting new forests or afforestation. But these are among the worst at putting food security at risk. For instance, in our research, we looked at Ford leading energy companies and they're offset, they're offsetting their emissions could require an area twice the size of the UK. So just to put this in perspective, Clara, Climate Land Ambition and Rights Alliance, they estimate that there is roughly 350 million hectares of land available for a carbon removal. And this is without competing with food production. So the four energy companies, just four fossil fuel companies, by the way, some of the most progressive, they could be using 15 to 20% of the land available for carbon removal. That would not compete with food or crop production. So it's clear that we cannot solve the climate crisis by simply planting trees and reforesting the world. There's not enough land available. Obviously, reforestation, planting new trees does have a place in climate mitigation. But what we're saying is this should not compromise food security and this should not be a smokescreen for continued use of fossil fuels. So what needs to happen? I think Satya and Shantala have also touched upon this in terms of the climate crisis and the urgency. So what needs to happen is the deep cut in emissions reduction. We need to be on a path to deep decarbonization. So we need real zero in terms of that. So can I have the presentation slides please, if it's okay. Thank you so much. I just wanted to go through, you know, four things we think next slide please. The four things we think are essential to reduce emissions and to address hunger crisis. So these are focused on promoting strengthening local communities rights, also in investing in smallholder farmers. So first of all, we need to protect communities rights to land and food at the same time protecting nature. I think my co-panelists have also mentioned this. There's a lot of evidence that shows strengthening land rights is one of the most effective strategies for reducing emissions, especially emissions from deforestation. For instance, a recent study shows that deforestation rates in Brazil's Amazon were two thirds lower on titled indigenous land. Second, any discussion, any negotiation, any deal on nature based solutions should include local communities, indigenous people and frontline defenders. Land deals, large scale agriculture land deals in the past decade that have happened without the free, prior and informed consent of communities have resulted in farmers being displaced, being hungry and left in poverty. So we need to learn from this. We should not make the same mistakes. Any nature, you know, nature based solutions should have strong social and environmental safeguards. Third, we need to promote and scale up agroecological approaches like agroforestry. I think Chantal has said about this actually a lot. There are plenty of studies that show a consistently positive relationship between agroforestry and food security. I think the example from the Sahin region, I think also Chantal has mentioned the project is called regaining the Sahel, but I just wanted to give you a few, you know, figures. Agroecological approaches have improved food security for 3 million people. We're talking about in the Sahel region alone through this regaining the Sahel project. It has increased household incomes and reversed environmental degradation and the certification across 6 million hectares of land. So we believe agroecological approaches will address the climate and hunger crisis. And finally, it's important to recognize that farmers are on the frontline of the climate crisis. We need to invest in them. We rely on them and we need to invest on them so they can adapt. I want to show you how land use choices, the right choices can promote communities' food security and community rights and at the same time reduce emissions. Next slide. This is about 30 seconds or less. Sounds good, Tony. I'll go through this quickly. I just wanted to show because, yeah, so let's look at a couple of land-based climate mitigation strategies. Bioenergy, BEX, for instance, a lot of companies, countries might be relying on this. BEX requires huge amounts of land and if you look at, you know, it can capture around 6 gigatons of carbon dioxide per year or even more. But if you look at food security, it can compromise the food security of 150 million people. Same for afforestation and reforestation. Around 100 million people, you know, their food security can be compromised. But there are land use approaches, you know, food first land use approaches that will promote food security. At the same time, capture carbon. We can stop the slides. Thank you so much. So we cannot solve the climate crisis by simply planting trees and reforesting the world. But we believe, you know, that food first land use led by local communities will address the climate crisis, hunger crisis. It will lead to zero emissions, zero hunger. So it's a win-win. Thank you so much. Thanks very much and I've got you and sorry to cut you off and those slides will be made available by the organizers. So we've come to the end of our time, but I think it's fitting that we ask each of our panelists just in a couple of words to share with us their takeaway from the three keynotes, from all of the three panels. What are your takeaways to help us scale up this approach to better land management, better land stewardship, connecting food nature people, using nature as the bridge between food and people. Your takeaway, Satya. Quick takeaway, 20 seconds. Absolutely. I think the examples are staring us on our face. We heard from Vijay Kumar in the other panel, who's pioneered the work in Andhra Pradesh on community-based natural farming. It empowers people by bringing prosperity to the grassroots. It brings back ecosystems, regenerates our water tables, our aquifers, cleans up the water bodies. One could go on and on and most importantly, public health, exponential gains in public health because poor people can finally afford clean food that they are growing. Great three points. Empowerment ecosystems, public health. Thanks very much. Shantal. I think there was quite a lot of consensus around the fact that we need to be linking everything up. So we're talking about agro-ecology, about both protecting the environment and protecting people. And I think that the idea that we can't do it without the local communities, that came out quite clearly. Indigenous peoples, what Navkutia was saying also about Brazil and where we see less deforestation. I think we were all agreeing that local communities needed to be involved, that we have to have a link between the different aspects. We can't do things in isolation, just planting trees for the sake of climate change. There needs to be the food as well. And we need investment. Thank you and thank you to the European Commission for your trigger investments in a lot of these things. Tabi, your 20 second takeaway. Thank you. If ever there was a time for the global community to see the ecosystem as the foundation on which our lives rely and as the natural solutions to climate change, to disaster risk, to human displacement, to migration and to conflict. I did say this is the time. Ecosystem restoration, regeneration is the task we all should be behind. Thank you. Thank you for your succinctness. Last word to you, Navkutia. Thank you so much. I think every climate solution or our climate solution should focus on a food first approach. And Satya, Shantel, Tabi have said it as well. The solution is with communities. Communities are at the front line of the climate crisis. We have to invest in them so that they can adapt. Fantastic. So really like to thank our four panelists for steering us through the reflections and being an anchor at the end of the three keynotes and the three panels to lead into the next session where they're going to try and distill this to come up with some actionable change going forward. So the challenge for all of us is this concept of weaving together people, nature and food and how with better co-leadership, with rewarded stewardship for those landscape approaches, adaptable innovations and reducing inequalities and equities is going to be the way forward. And we turn that back to the organizers to Iliana and Alexander with a very daunting task to weave this all together into a common thread and help close this on a note of optimism. Thanks very much. Thank you, Tony. Thanks a lot, Tony, for this nice introduction. Welcome to all participants. Good afternoon. Good evening. As you can see on the screen that we are wrapping up and we want to create an alliance for engagement landscapes. Why are we focusing on landscapes, because we know that food, people and nature, they come together on landscapes. And therefore we want to do the following in the next 10 to 15 minutes. My colleague Iliana will try to wrap up what was the essence of the presentations and the discussions today and she will also look into the chats and she will provide an overview over what we have discussed so far. And then I will try to take it up and come up with a proposal to all of you and to even more people to form a coalition for creating impact on the ground. But before doing this, I would like to inform you that today we had more than 4,200 people who watched this event, 4,200. You can see on Zoom the number of participants, but on the web we had Facebook, we had Twitter, so therefore there were more than 4,200 people who have watched it. And on social media, with your participation, with your activities in tweeting, we reached 1.9 million people on social media. So 4,200 watching, not everybody in the whole time, 1.9 million people reach on social media. So I would like to use this opportunity to first thank the Global Landscape Forum for having organized this, but let me be very clear. The number of people is not an end in itself. We are only successful if we can translate these discussions into real action on the ground. Our participants, our panelists have spoken about the urgency. We have 8 to 10 years. They have informed us about the magnitude of the challenges. And our reaction has to be as strong as the challenges are. And therefore I would like to hand over to Iliana to provide an overview of what has been presented today, what are the challenges, what did you propose. And then I will try to wrap it up in my way to say, how can we join forces in order to make an impact on the ground. And let me be very, very honest. The challenges of climate change and the need to achieve sustainable development is not going to happen in conference rooms, not in real conference rooms, and not in virtual conferences. It will only happen if we translate it to action on the ground, and if we do it as scale. And therefore, Iliana, what did we discuss and what are the consequences. Well, thank you, Alexander. I think that we all agreed that time is of essence, but we can build on the great work experiences and leadership. We have heard here today, and even more that we did not have the opportunity to hear from great examples from the transformations that we need are also coming from all of your conversations. So as we come to the end, let us offer a short and quick recap on the challenges and opportunities that emerge from the discussions presented by our keynote speakers and panelists, but also the reflections coming from our chat and lively Q&A spaces. Thank you to all of you for making this active engagement. So we all agree that our world is facing multiple crisis, a crisis that we have created the extent to the extent of the impacts go beyond what we could have ever imagined COVID-19 pandemic, the spread of diseases are threatening our livelihoods the world around us and our future. We need to add. And we need to act now. Throughout the world, we're witnessing a series of extreme events, heat waves and fires are taking lives and causing a replaceable damage and cost that exists that exceeds over $52 billion a year. The damage from floods alone leave us a $200 billion build. Just last November two hurricanes hit Central American region, displacing over 7 million people, leading to massive migration waves in the middle of the pandemic, and particularly affecting our country. Our efforts appear to be insufficient to avoid the loss, not only of valuable lives but also valuable species at extreme high rates 100 times 1000 times faster than natural than naturally. So particularly worrisome is the loss of pollinators that are necessary for the cultivation of 95% of our food crops or food crops. So despite all of these events seems isolated they are highly interrelated. More importantly is that those of us in the global south and what is worth the poorest and historically marginalized are the least equipped to cope and are often affected first and the hardest. Despite the also sustain our food systems. So during the discussions today we talked about the important role played by women by youth by a small holder farmers indigenous peoples pastoralist and local fishing communities in the production of about one third of the world's food. But we also heard about the key role they play as custodians of the land, the water and biodiversity that benefit us all. And yet these important lands towards our among the world's poorest, often malnourished and lacking secure livelihoods. So strengthening resilience and finding solutions to the problems requires acknowledging the close interconnections between people and nature and doing this together. We also way forward, and we're already seen it on the ground, and we heard it today from the stories on Papa New Guinea on mangalha both by Governor Gary Jufa but also by Prime Minister mannape. We also heard it on India in enterprise by Dr tumor cases from Mexico and all over the world. On the ground, I have also seen it multiple times among communities managing forest, and also as more holder farmers that even in the context in the context of the crisis continue, not only adapting and responding to the crisis collectively, but also acknowledging the key role they play, not only building back better but rather promoting profound transformations, but they cannot and should not do this alone. And these connections to the crisis call for a changing mindset, a changing mindset that requires not only thinking about what to do, but also about how to do it about rethinking the role of policy and science, science, but also of agriculture and the small holder farmers and how to take these issues interconnectedly. By recognizing the important role played by more than a half billion people, depending on a small holder farming, not only as a source of employment and income farming is also an inherent part of their culture, their identity. And for some, it is the only source of livelihood there is available. Not only is sure that we all have put on our tables. They also play a key role as stewards of the land, the ecosystems and the landscape they inhabit their homes, which we call our environments. So finding solutions requires all of our collective action, or social capital, or just unfair transitions processes, as well as new and broader partnership with these stewards, so that we can jointly innovate, adapt, and deliver the resilient and productive landscapes we seek, but also taking into account the diversity of context cultures and needs, we urge to address. So this transformation calls to an invitation to action. So Alexander, please lead us the way. Thanks a lot for your very, for your very good presentation and for this challenging last sentence. I am convinced that without changing and transforming agriculture, we will not achieve the sustainability goals, the SDGs, and we will not achieve the in Paris agreed climate targets. So agriculture is one of the key areas where transformation has to happen. Now, let us be very clear. And this has been mentioned several times. There is a fundamental problem. It's the economics, the current agricultural system, the current system of food production is built on ignoring the externalities created by industrial agriculture, pollution, emissions, this biodiversity loss, and therefore it gives the completely wrong impression. It looks like that industrialized food production creates cheap food. This is not the case. If we would bring in all the externalities, the invisible, the economically invisible impacts, but environmentally visible impacts, we would see that the current agricultural system is very, very expensive, and we pay several times for it. And therefore, we have to work on changing the economic foundation of the food system. If we don't do it, small scale farmers and Tony Simmons mentioned it will always have to face the challenge that their food production should be very cheap. So that poor people in urban areas can buy cheap food. This is not going to work. And therefore, it is a big topic beyond the landscapes where we are working on to reflect on why the economic system is providing the wrong incentives and why it is making the life of especially small scale farmers so miserable. Second, and thanks Ilyana for having highlighted it, we are living in a time of multiple crisis. And these crisis are at international level addressed in silos for very good reasons. I don't want to criticize it. The climate change convention is trying to deal with climate change adaptation and mitigation. The convention against land degradation, tries to achieve land to liquidation neutrality. The convention on biological diversity wants to maintain and protect our biodiversity and the World Health Organization is dealing with the pandemic and health issues. It is very clear all of these challenges are coming together at the landscape level. The landscape level is, let me say it in a maybe strange word, is the battleground for sustainability. And now we know that many of the farmers are very poor. Small scale farmers in the global south are poor and very often they are hungry themselves. How can we expect that small scale farmers as the managers of the landscape can contribute to solutions? They have the potential, they have the ability, but we have to support them. And the whole day, the conference the whole day was about the question, what kind of global coalition do we need to support action on the ground? Action for small scale farmers so that they can improve their own livelihoods, that they can manage the natural resources for all of us. Natural resources are the life support system for all of us. And how can we and have to support them so that small scale farming is a perspective for these people? You mentioned Ilyana, we have 1.5 billion small scale farmers. That's the biggest workforce in the world. The automobile industry employs less than 50 million people, less than 50. So we, when we are talking about small scale farmers, we are talking about the biggest workforce in the world and it's often neglected. By the way, let me also express it here, industrial agriculture has to find its own transformation pathway. We cannot put the burden only on small scale farmers. There are two different types of agriculture, small scale, extensive farming and high input industrial farming. Both have to transform. But what should not happen is that industrial agriculture is putting the pressure on small scale farmers to solve the problems which are created by industrial agriculture. Therefore, different types of agriculture require different types of solutions. So how can we expect small scale farmers to become the manager of our future and of our sustainability? We need to learn the lessons from already existing examples. And I would like to come back to what we have seen and what we have heard from Andra Pradesh. Andra Pradesh is the biggest experiment in the world when it comes to sustainable farming, the biggest. It's not a small scale project which has to be scaled up. We already have hundreds of thousands of farmers being involved in it and Vijay Kumar could present very good results of the work. Natural farming means for the farmers a higher income. For the environment it means higher diversity. And very important because of the water scarcity in India, they are using less water. So the groundwater levels are going up. So if you look at this example in Andra Pradesh, you can see that they are doing well on all four capitals. Not only the produce capital, but also natural capital, social capital and human capital. And I think this is the way forward that we have to measure the success in all four capitals, natural capital, social capital and human capital, additionally to what we are currently measuring in the produce capital. And we want to take the example of Andra Pradesh and other examples as a basis for working together on the ground. Scaling up solutions does not mean to have 100,000 more small scale projects. It is urgent. We have to act at scale and therefore we have to use landscape as the basis of transformation. And what we are proposing today and we will put a website online tomorrow is to join forces, joining forces in order to have engagements at landscape level that can really be transformative. These are the examples we have heard and all the good examples we have heard. They can build the foundation for something we would like to initiate. Some of you might know and some can even remember that 1972 in Stockholm, we had the first international conference on development and the environment. It is 50 years. 50 years after the conference in Stockholm 1972. I would like to see a strong coalition making a proposal of how to implement sustainable agriculture at a landscape level. We are willing to join us under the umbrella of food nature and people to create a coalition where we could showcase. It is possible. Look at Andra Pradesh. Look at what is happening in other parts of the world. Look at the positive results of agro ecology and agroforestry. We can really make a difference. Within one year, it should be possible to create such a strong coalition that is able to tackle the multiple crisis. Again, not in conference rooms, but on the ground. Using the examples, looking at what has worked, sharing the lessons and using digital tools like the Global Landscape Forum to share experiences, but also to discuss problems. Not everything will work very well, but a lot of things we have the evidence they can work, but we have to change our fundamental approach. And I don't know why but the following sentence during the day came very often to my mind. Many people say it's a quote from Albert Einstein. I'm not so sure, but the quote is insanity is doing the same thing over and over again, but expecting different results. We know that the conventional agriculture wants to solve the problems with increasing efficiency means doing things again and again, more efficient, but expecting different results. This cannot work. We know it has never worked. But we have the evidence that if you change your approach, you can do things differently. And therefore, this coalition for landscape based engagement, adaptation and resilience with the acronym clear is going to try to form a coalition where all the positive experiences can be brought together where we can develop a big wave, a big step forward in presenting what is needed. So we will have a website, but not a website for only exchanging views but for triggering action on the ground. I have heard someone telling me, thank you, Alexander. This means how it's time to stop. You have talked too much or at least enough and therefore, thanks to all of you for having joined us. But please continue what is needed is action on the ground and we would like to form a coalition that we can do a different type of work at the level of landscapes. Thank you very much. Well, thank you. What an amazing way to close this event with this call to action with those inspiring words and figures and examples that you highlighted just now, Alexandra and Eliana. Thank you so much for that. And please join me in giving a huge thanks to you all, speakers and facilitators as well as the organizing team from C4 and GLF. Thank you so much for setting this event for all of us to hear this amazing examples to find hope again to hear the solutions. For me, the key takeaway message from today is that the kind of change we need is already happening. All we need to do is to join hands to speed it up. We need to not be afraid of new forms of cooperation and partnership. We need to move forward listening to each other, so that our challenges give way to opportunities. And we can bend the curve of history towards a sustainable future for all of us in this small, but magnificent planet we go home. As well, we heard over and over again, the need to revitalize food production. And for that, you need us. You need youth. Not all youth dream of a city lifestyle and many want to stay in the rural towns and villages, but without options for a decent livelihood, they are forced to the cities. And they are forced into the least glamorous city lifestyle. If we want to see youth achieve their small holder land stewardship dream, we need resources, we need sustainable supply chains. We need a society that values the work of small holders that feed us every day. We need training, we need science, and we need land. These are amazing examples of action we're giving today, and I am excited to see these examples being replicated, scaled and contextualized in many new places. As you said, Alexander, today we haven't talked too much about this, we have talked enough, and this conversation needs to continue, and it needs to be translated into action, as we saw many people, institutions, and governments are already doing today. We look forward to seeing you at the upcoming digital and hybrid events from the Global Landscapes Forum. The most upcoming event is GLF Amazonian, the tipping point. This will be a digital conference on the 21st and 23rd of September. And the next event will be alongside the next UNFCCC conference of the parties, or COP26. There we will have a hybrid conference called GLF Climate, Forest Food Finance, Frontiers of Change. This will be from the 5th to the 7th of November. To stay updated on the Coalition on Future Events, please go to the Clear page on the C4iCRAF website. This link is now being shared in the chat box. If you are wondering what Clear is, even though you already heard it by our previous panelists, it is the acronym for the Coalition for Landscape-Based Engagement, Adaptation, and Resilience. In the C4iCRAF website, you will also find a special feature on food systems that will show you research, success stories, videos, and ideas for building a sustainable, resilient food system across the world. So there, you already have two tools at your disposal that you can use. Thank you for all your comments and questions. We look forward to building on this important work with you through the Coalition for Landscape-Based Engagement, Adaptation, and Resilience. And believe me, you will not forget the name of this Coalition because it is very clear, as you heard from the acronym, and it will indeed continue to show us clear examples of scalable solutions we need to implement everywhere. My name is Vania Almoslao. I join you from Mexico City, and it has been my pleasure to host this event today on behalf of the Youth in Landscapes Initiative. I wish you all a pleasant rest of your day. Thank you and goodbye.