 Traffic! Hey everybody, Dr. O here. Welcome to our last chapter, chapter 20 on hunger and the environment. So this is, obviously we're going to talk about a lot of global issues but there's tons of food access issues in the United States, we'll talk about food deserts and those types of things as well. So this is a local problem and a global problem. One of the things we talk about in class is where we should focus our efforts and thankfully we can do both but a lot of that is personal opinion. Okay, let's dive in. Does your university or community have a food bank? Which types of foods do they prefer to receive from donors? Why do you think they prefer some types of foods over others? So you know, it depends on where you're at here but like, you know, Western Eye Attack has the comet cupboard which is, and then also works with a food bank and then we've got, I know they bring in fresh produce sometimes of the year and those sorts of things so multiple food programs there. Other colleges would have different situations, you know, locally in Sioux City there's the soup kitchen and the gospel mission would be some examples and there's also the food bank, there's lots of places like that. Which types of foods do they prefer? Obviously things that aren't perishable, non-perishable items, you know, so perishable items like produce would have to be turned around really quickly and get out to the people before they perish whereas a canned good is going to last a lot longer. Foods that don't need to be refrigerated or frozen would be easier for the food banks to handle as well. So why do you think they prefer some types of foods over others? All those reasons. So I know that just depends on the situation. Kind of like the gospel mission in Sioux City. They get a lot of, at least when I was volunteering my time there, they were getting a lot of pizza from Little Caesars but that, you know, it turned around quickly and they got rid of it before it went bad. Up here in Sioux Falls, the program we worked with here, they get a lot of leftover stuff from Panera Bread and that, you know, as long as it's, they get rid of it by the sell-by date it appears to be good to go there. So depends on the situation. All right, learning objectives. Identify some reasons why hunger is present in the United States. Identify some reasons why hunger is present in developing countries and they're different and then describe the consequences of nutrient energy inadequacies. Hunger in the United States. So you've got defining hunger in the United States. Food security versus food insecurity. I got some numbers here that'll be, some American numbers but also some global numbers as well. One in nine children are hungry worldwide. One child dies every 10 seconds because of a starvation amount of nutrition. That would be 5.9 million children a year and completely unacceptable. 42 million Americans live in poverty and, you know, 15% of people and then that's many of them living with under $11,770 per year of income, which again is a huge number compared to some parts of the world but obviously the cost is so much higher here that that's a small number compared to other parts of the world as well, relatively speaking. Then we'll talk about food waste and a few other things that I have there later. So food security means you basically know where your meals are coming from from the day. You know where your next meal is coming from. Food insecurity means you don't. We've talked about malnutrition, we've talked about starvation earlier, we've talked about fasting, right? Well fasting being on purpose and starvation being there's no food around but so hunger, you've got no food. There's too little food and that's food insufficiency and you just don't know where your next meal is coming from. That's what relates to that food insecurity. So people that are in those situations, they eat small meals, they skip meals meaning they're having a hard time getting the nourishment they need. So we'll come back and talk more about like I said food islands and things like that but socially unacceptable ways people obtain food. So people you know dumpster diving, stealing food, these types of things you know it's like it's easy to look down on those types of things because they are socially unacceptable but if I was struggling to be able to take you know to feed my children then I don't know what I don't know what I'd be willing to do. Okay so food poverty and you see here this idea of food security so most people in the United States are in food secure situations, 88.9%, low food security, 6.8% of the population and very low food security, 4.3% of the population and this is from the US Department of Agriculture but this would have been pre-COVID numbers. The primary cause of food insecurity is poverty. I mean obviously if you can afford to buy food then you will but people have to choose between food and life's other necessities. Now of course there are situations where people are choosing alcohol or drugs over food but it's usually you know paying rent, keeping the lights on you know these types of things. So that's you know that's why poverty is the leading cause of food insecurity. Other contributors to food poverty, alcohol or drug abuse, lack of awareness of assistance programs because there are a lot of them out there if you know where to look and the reluctance to accept help and there are people like that too that they clearly would qualify for help but they don't want to and they feel bad about it or they feel ostracized by doing these types of things but I think sometimes we have to swallow our pride and I'm glad that these federal entitlement programs exist, I'm glad that these organizations exist that will help people you know when they need help. Of course you know the people that argue against those things would say that those people could be helping themselves and yeah I prefer giving people a hand up and helping them become more sustainable than I do just to hand out but especially when it comes to making sure kids are being well nourished I mean this is a generational thing if we can if we can feed this generation well then they will have better outcomes in the next generation and be able to take better care of their children and their children and their children so it's a we need to break these poverty cycles that's something that I've talked about I'll put the presentation on YouTube sometime about you know malnutrition in the brain and talk about breaking these generational cycles where you know you can't feed your children properly so their brains don't fully develop which means they'll never reach their potential in this cycle this cycle continues. I think about so obviously the population is affected it's you know low socioeconomic status and things like that. All right the obesity paradox this kind of ties into this idea of living in food deserts and food insecurity so it's a paradox because it doesn't make sense but hunger implies inadequate food intake obesity implies excessive intake so why is it that the highest rates of obesity occur with the greatest poverty sorry but it says here and then I'll put my spin on a lack of healthful food choices occurring in low income or rural areas known as food deserts poor quality diets provide more killer calories or calories but few nutrients for less money food insecure people are not participating in food assistance programs are at a greater risk of obesity so let's let's start with the the idea of a food desert so how can we why is it that the people that have the least amount of money to spend on food are the most likely to be obese you would think that it would be the exact opposite but lack of healthful food choices occurring in low income or rural areas known as food deserts so a food desert and is there is an area where you don't have easy access to nutritious food so you're not it's not that there's no food but there's not a lot of good food so I'll tell you like I'm from a small town called Waterbury Nebraska and the only food you could buy in town was at the bar and you know you could buy like these sandwiches you put in the microwave like you get at a gas station you could buy candy you could buy I guess beef jerky be about the healthiest thing you buy candy chips um there you might have you know there might might have been a little bread and milk a few things you could grab in a sliding case there but but that's what it was like basically so if we wanted food we either had to go to the bar in town or we had to leave town to get it and so we lived 25.6 miles from Su City where you know we would go to the grocery store and these types of things so you couldn't you know we couldn't just quickly run and grab produce and things like that now we started to garden and we try that's where I kind of got into gardening gardening in my teenage years but um so again how healthy can you be and in the world's changed a lot I get it like if we let you know we'd have am was on packages bringing lots of food now nowadays but back when I was a kid that wasn't true but think about a food desert how I like to how I like to get students like you to think about this is imagine um that you had to design the healthiest diet you could and all you could do is get gas gas station food right so like right by western hour tech in Su City there's a Casey's what if you had to plan your entire week's meals by what you could get a Casey's there um that's that's not that's the idea of a food desert or um I listened to a really good presentation last year at a men's event I went to where they were in a part of Chicago where they were basically 40 minutes away from healthy food they had gas stations and liquor stores and they had fast food places where they lived but they it would have been a 40 minute trip um to go to like a what we would consider a grocery store where you'd have um access to all sorts of good things now does the Casey's sell some bananas and apples yeah there's there's a few things like that you can get but could you truly design a nutrient dense whole food diet um from gas station food that's what that's what it's like living a food desert so I gave you an example of a rural area that was a food desert and then a low income area that's a food desert as well so that's that's what a food desert would be or I know like my my brother-in-law he's living New York City and I think they would they would make an hour and a half trip each way to go to where they wanted to get their groceries like it's just so you either had so if you live in a food desert you either take what you can get or you you spend a lot of extra time or and or money that you may not have all right so that's so that's so if you if you if you have if you don't have any options or if you do have options even if you do have options let's say there was a whole foods next door if you couldn't afford to shop there then you then you wouldn't shop there so there here's the real problem here's where the paradox comes into play poor quality diets provide more calories but few nutrients for less money so basically the obesity paradox says that cheap food is more likely to have it's going to be high in calories high in fat high in sugar or high in carbs it's going to be low in protein low in vitamins low in minerals so that the cheaper the food you eat the you're going to get a lot of calories but not what you need to survive so a good example I was looking at so my the smoothie I make in the morning and this is it's an expensive smoothie right I put um fruit in it often organic fruit I use a fat-free Greek yogurt I use a whey protein shake which just you know just the just the whey protein serving away proteins more more than the dollar by dollar 70 or something like that um and then I put almond milk in it which almond milk isn't cheap right so I don't even know what that cost but let's say it cost me six seven bucks uh to make a smoothie in the morning and it's and it's 370 calories almost exactly and the reason that that number stuck to me is that a pop tarts are if you buy you know a serving of pop tarts which is two pop tarts 370 calories so the same number of calories but that pop tart pop tarts are going to have uh basically sugar and maybe I don't even know but two or three grams of protein so my breakfast is going to have 50 grams of protein which are some of my sizes and I'm a strength-turning athlete athlete using using the word liberally but uh but um I'm going to have 50 grams of protein and I'm going to have the carbs that I need and I'm going to have some healthy fats the pop tart same number of calories but two grams of protein so if you ate if you ate nothing if you ate pop tarts for breakfast lunch and dinner you would be I mean completely malnourished but we have the same number of calories so that's what that's the problem cheap food is is you're being underfed and overfed at the same time underfed calories or sorry overfed calories overfed carbs fats or both underfed vitamins minerals underfed protein and that protein is a huge deal because I'm a big believer in what's called the protein leverage hypothesis which says that we will eat until our protein needs are net needs are met so if you're if you're eating low protein foods you're going to be hungrier and one of the best ways to stay full is um more protein in your meals and protein's expensive protein's way more expensive than carbs or fat and a lot has to do with the fact that you know the commodity crops that the you know the government subsidizes things like corns and corn and wheat and soy so when you buy when you buy junk food or cheap food it's almost always a combination of corn wheat soy vegetable because those things have been subsidized by the federal government farmers can basically sell them for less than the cost to grow them because the government subsidizes the difference that's not true with broccoli and it's not true with protein right so that's that's the paradox right there the less money you have the less protein vitamins and minerals you're going to eat the more calories carbs and fats you're going to eat so food and secure people not participating in food assistance programs are at greater risk of obesity because what can they afford those pop tarts I saw at the store I after I looked at those stats I looked at the store for a 48 pack of pop tarts is 11 less than 11 dollars which means you could technically get 24 meals for 11 dollars my smoothie I couldn't make two of my smoothies for 11 dollars so that you you see the problem there all right so this is why these food assistance programs exist to decrease the risk of disease for people that are food insecure oh this is this is explaining exactly what I just said the poverty obesity paradox hungry food insecure inadequate intake of of protein vitamins and minerals maybe energy right and globally hunger wise energy is going to be a problem too but in these food insecure areas like in the United States excessive intake of energy fat and sugar leads to obesity so it's really it really depends on the situation that's why poverty in the United States leads to poor food choices poverty globally can lead to no food choices and this is something I said before like I in the in the talk I give on brain development and malnutrition I always tell my students and tell you right that I think that you don't want to build your brain out of sugar you don't you want to build your brain out of healthy fats and protein and things like that but a brain built out of sugar is going to be better off than a brain built out of nothing and that's why yes the the poverty obesity paradox in the U.S leads to obesity leads to chronic diseases but malnutrition serious malnutrition in the developing world leads to undersized brain development and loss of IQ etc etc thing I would consider those worse relieving hunger in the United States so that's these assistance programs we've been talking about federal food assistance programs essential to supporting good health and achieving the public health goals of the United States completely agree supplemental nutrition assistance program or the SNAP program I believe is the biggest one participation significantly significantly decreases food insecurity largest program in terms of dollars and people served 44 million people 70 billion dollars so it's obviously expensive but we're looking at it you know and some people look at that and think oh we should we spend our money elsewhere but those 70 billion dollars are preventing lots and lots of chronic diseases and diseases that would cost us more if you look at Medicaid and things like that types of food purchased you generally they limit you know you healthy healthy grains fruit juices milk eggs those types of things generally few homeless people receive food assistance that's a big problem too right the people that need the most help you have to have an address to get these things sent to you have to work with people to get these things to get these get these things off the ground my wife you know she was used to work for the county here and and her she'd go out she'd grown with a backpack and try to offer you know health care to homeless people and I know it was very hard to get them involved in these programs especially if they had mental illness or they were abusing alcohol or drugs etc all right so food waste uh the food recovery hierarchy so food waste I got a couple things I wrote down here um 40 percent of food is wasted from the farm to the fork you see there from the source all the way down to the end 40 percent of our food is wasted which means that the average American wastes more food than people in many countries eat so we think about that when you're when you're wasting your food and our food demand is going to double in the in the next generation so we can't afford to be even we can't afford to be wasting this food but the fact that there are places in the world where they don't have any food to waste is a big deal so what are some ways that we can we can cut back on this food waste I mentioned like ugly produce once recently uh actually in the last video with with organic that there um there's like what is it called the misfits program something now where you can you can order ugly you know how ugly fruits and vegetables and things like that and there's lots of programs let's go ahead and look at this so starting with source reduction reduce the amount of excess food produced and the amount of food waste generated so obviously if we're you know we shouldn't be throwing food away because it's ugly but we shouldn't be producing more food than we need either I think I thought about this I thought on instagram a few years ago it said that Pizza Hut was the number one purchaser of kale in the United States and it's because they were decorating their salad their their salad bars with it they weren't feeding it to people they were using it as a decoration right there's an example of a superfood kale one of the most you know nutrient dense plants on the planet and it was being used as decoration so I think that's that's a source reduction issue next feed hungry people reuse safe and nutritious foods to feed hungry people through food banks soup kitchens and love this idea right I would much rather have Little Caesar's pizza give their pizza to the gospel mission which last I saw they did then throw in the garbage much rather I think that all a Panera does it up here I hope I wish every place would I know that there are issues with that there's potentially liability with that I think the government needs to find a way to like you know loosen things enough where we these things can safely be done right when you've got food that can feed starving people going into trash cans I would like to minimize that as much as possible so can we reuse food to feed hungry people love that idea feed animals maybe it isn't safe for human consumption but it might still be safe for animal consumption so reuse food scraps to feed animals on farms or in zoos or to make animal or pet food love that idea again at least it's not being wasted so we we made the appropriate amount whatever didn't get eaten could feed hungry people whatever can't be used for that can feed animals then we have industrial uses reuse wasted fats oils and grease as raw materials by rendering them into products such as soap by converting them into biodiesel fuel or by generating renewable energy from anaerobic digesters we can really turn our trash into fuel that's pretty cool composting which we I have a compost tumbler right above us here and we have a cold compost pile out this way recycle food waste by composting to create a nutrient rich soil so our food scraps that don't have meat you don't put meat in it because then that gets the raccoons and other animals around but our our plant-based food scraps are turned into soil that we use on our when we use in our garden so we throw less food waste away and we actually turn it into something valuable and then lastly as an incineration or landfill as a last resort dispose of waste by burning or burying so if we do all these things they'll be we can drop that food waste number from from 40 to way less all right discussion question many college campuses make a variety of efforts to help students in the local community address issues such as food and security does yours what can students do to help address this issue so i know like i said western hour tech has the comic covered and they do multiple other things too they work with the food bank etc etc so food and security can be prevalent on some college campuses many campuses offer access to food pantries and food banks and other resources for students both on and off campus great great idea i used i was part of a so the church i went to in su city i was part of the starting the team free lunch program we called it and i love that and we would do because there are a lot of programs out there and people need to help getting this because you know one of the big things we focused on were like toiletries and things like that so we would feed people and we would offer some food but we found that it was the things that they couldn't get with food stamps and snap and these kind of things that were more important so we would do you know toothbrushes and toothpaste and shampoo and laundry laundry detergent was a real big one so i like when i see that college campuses are working with those kind of things too because if people are taking advantage of the programs that exist the federal assistance programs then they maybe they're getting a decent amount of food but it's the other stuff that they're struggling to to afford all right global hunger world hunger issues totally different scale just just you know like you know personally i used to be you know i always start my class off the first week with a with a discussion about should we focus on u.s hunger global hunger and both whatever i used to be one of those people that says you know we need to take care of ourselves first but you know i've done work with missionaries and done some work and and you know my stepson goes to india and things like that and just you need to realize that the the global hunger issues are a lot different than our hunger issues that there are absolutely struggling people in the united states and there's no way they should right we're the greatest country on the globe on the planet nobody should be struggling here i understand that but when you've got like kids that go to the dump in india to find something to eat you know versus a kid in the united states where if we're taking advantage of these programs like in su city they could go to the gospel mission and have lunch they can get six pieces of pizza to take home with them they can come back to the gospel mission for for dinner right that's a difference it's a different situation so you know i i'm much more uh and and also because the cost of living is so different our money can can make a bigger impact globally than it can you know i work with a missionary in india years ago that said that every dollar is like 40 dollars there right so it's my personal stance i understand if it's not yours but uh so i feel like the the money that the money that i can afford to give can go much farther and the people i'm helping are in a much worse situation than than the typical american so that's my stance is that we we focus more on issues globally you know we um we support um several several kids um from ethiopia and the money that we the money that we spend to fully support these three kids and also help their families is it wouldn't be enough to make a huge dent in the in the united states so i know that's my personal stance but again you think about that and you decide where you where you fall and then obviously the cool thing is we can do both or we can we can find ways to help both locally and globally so here you see hunger hot spots and you see the parts of the world where um the people are really struggling with hunger the sub-saharan africa it would be it would be a big area there um usually we're looking at that we'll talk about numbers like this but or terms like this but it's where we've reached our carrying capacity right the the parts of the globe where you have the highest populations or at least the fastest growing populations or the highest birth rates are usually the parts of the world where they're struggling to find enough food so if you've got you know in the united states we have a relatively small population on a massive area and we have tons of land we can definitely sustain ourselves in the united states but in smaller countries with with soil it's not as good as ours and things like that less technology they're having a harder time producing food and there's more people per per square foot right so they basically they've reached what's called their carrying capacity and that's when you start to see serious issues all right um so pause and answer these questions the world's population continues to increase even as the rate slows so if you see population growth going up like this it's the rate is slowing so the line is flattening a bit but it's still growing and like i said you know we're we're real close to getting towards to eight billion here all right these numbers threaten the earth's carrying capacity to provide adequate food and safe water so the question of carrying capacity i look at it generally more locally like it's not that there are too many people on the planet maybe of my stance but they're in the wrong place like everyone everyone could live in in an area the size of florida right as long or a little bigger as long as you know we had all the the available resources so it's it's not generally an issue of there being too many people but they're just in places where they can't handle them so i don't know if we reach the earth's carrying capacity but some parts of the planet absolutely the carrying capacity has been reached and you've got like what do you got 1.4 billion people living in china and things like that so but the carrying capacity is a big deal because at some point there can't be enough food and water for the people that exist and i don't know what that number is but we are getting closer to it because our population is increasing much of the population increases incurring in developing countries that's what i was saying before where you're seeing the population get bigger is in places where they can't afford to have more people hunger and malnutrition are already widespread in such countries so malnutrition a few different types here i got a couple definitions as well acute malnutrition so recent severe food restrictions so that so not over your entire life so you'd be underweight for your height that would be a wasting a wasting disease so be where lack of weight um stunting is as a height issue so let's say you were you know properly fed for a few years but then then something happened bad uh bad season for crops or whatever and all the sudden you you severe food restrictions and that would affect your um your weight so you're losing weight because you'd be forced to be on a diet basically that's acute malnutrition chronic malnutrition is long-term food deprivation it would lead to you being underweight but also a short height for your age so a stunting so it'd be both a stunting and wasting disease you want to call that um so this would be for most of your life or all of your life food's been hard to come by and this is the kind of malnutrition that i've mentioned uh if it occurs in the first i the book must be at the office and work but um if it affects you and the i swear ahead of here doesn't matter um the first thousand days are critically important to the development of your brain so from conception to the end of your second year if you're experiencing malnutrition it will impact brain development and the and the impact will be permanent we talked earlier about like critical developmental periods where there's permanent uh permanent scars left on you basically um during development but those first two years of life same thing if your brain is underdeveloped at the end of those thousand days you you can improve it but you can't make up for the make up the difference uh the two big two big forms of malnutrition we have here are quash york or and morasmus so i've got to so quash york or you see here um severe severe malnutrition failure to grow and develop morasmus severe malnutrition poor growth and dramatic waste loss weight loss so they are different um morasmus i believe means again i don't remember the the origin of the words but morasmus i believe means a dying away where the growth growth is going to stop so morasmus is going to be a severe energy malnutrition now quash york or um let's see here where did i write that down i know i wrote it down it was uh here we go sorry uh quash york or comes from uh dialect in gana and the the word means um the sickness the baby gets when the new baby comes so it's called it would be the uh deposed child so what that means is the the name comes from the fact that when a mom has another baby and starts breastfeeding them the older kid is now losing the breast milk and then they will develop quash york or so let's look at the differences they're both they're both very similar uh well there's one one major major difference that i want to talk about here so see if you can answer these questions pause if you need to muscle wasting not apparent do so it's occurring but not apparent due to edema of the face limbs and abdomen because of a protein deficiency that's quash york or um morasmus the next one scant energy and protein the diet so there is some protein in the diet uh impairs brain development body slows metabolism and lowers your core temperature that's morasmus so the big difference is morasmus is an energy deficiency this kid is starving but they have some protein either a little bit of protein in the diet or some protein still in the reserves set there's there aren't real protein reserves so they're still they have muscle they can feast off of maybe heart muscle things like that not good but quash york or is worse because this is a protein and energy deficiency so let me finish this slide then i'll explain the difference recent severe food deprivation underweight for height and wasting disease that'd be acute if it's chronic it leads to stunting of height as well so long-term food deprivation short for their age and stunting so they're um oh sorry let's go back to those two terms so the how i look at this is there's basically two kinds of starving children and there shouldn't be any but if a kid is just if a kid is really skinny then they have morasmus but they must still have some protein if a kid is skinny but puffy like they have a swollen abdomen looks like they have a pot belly or like like it says they're swelling in the face and limbs they have quash york or and this kid is in a worse situation because they have um basically protein is in your blood because and it's needed because we filter fluid out of our circulatory system that's it bathes our cells and nutrients and all that and then the protein and the nutrients in our blood uh and the cells in our blood they suck that fluid back in so you don't you know the numbers but a typical adult you know about 24 liters of fluid is filtered out of your capillary beds every day and then 20.4 of those leaders is sucked back in by osmosis and proteins in the blood or a big big part of that um albumin being the most important one it's called the plasma protein your liver makes it so um if you're filtering out all this fluid but you don't have enough protein to suck it back in you'll develop edema so this would be in the united states if you saw somebody that had a swollen abdomen um from fluid it's called ascites and it would be from liver failure usually you know alcoholic cirrhosis or or liver cancer whatever if you see a a child in the developing world that has the same situation what's happening is there's no protein in their diet so in the in the situation of cirrhosis your liver is too damaged to take the proteins from your diet and build albumin in in this situation with quash york or um there's no protein delivers livers probably fine but they don't have the amino acids they need to build albumin so if you if you're so protein deficient that your body can't even collect recollect fluid then you have the the liver or the the ascites in the abdomen uh swollen face swollen limbs that's quash york or and that is worse so they're both bad but if someone has morasmus a little more hope because at least they're not severely protein deficient if they have quash york or they are they are closer to death and these both of them are emergencies that need to be dealt with okay sustainable actions uh diet composition and the environmental food print so i i wrote a few things down here as well um as far as feeding people so you know i'm a huge fan of um of animal products you know healthy animal products and from animals that are taken care of and all those kind of things but um when it's just you know bare minimum like i'm i'm focusing on trying to put on muscle and get stronger in the gym if you're focusing on survival then your diet's probably going to look different um all right so so food the food industry consumes about 20 percent of our energy so there's you know there's a big uh there's a big footprint there talking about the environmental footprint uh in general meat diets use two and a half times as much energy as as all plant-based diets um range-fed livestock uh livestock use uh in enough grain that could feed 400 million people uh and then livestock consumes about about 10 percent more so it's again it takes it takes about 10 times as much grain to feed a cow that you're going to then eat then it will be for you to eat the grain now there's some that's true but also you know there's tons and tons in the united states globally as well there's tons and tons of land that isn't um suitable for growing grains and having ranging animals there is a brilliant strategy so i think we have to be smart about it i don't think it's all plant-based versus animal-based and i don't you know i don't think that going plant-based is it's going to save the world that the way people think it will but absolutely there are times it makes sense but if you have land that can't you can't grow crops on it then you can you can still turn that into calories for humans to consume by having grazing animals on it so i just again just i think that we need to look a little deeper in this topic it's not as black and white as um though you know like it says here the best options are vegetarian not vegan because or having small amounts of meat and dairy because they they meat needs that it's harder for your plant-based foods to meet so i i completely agree with that uh mostly plant-based diet getting you know if if if there's not a lot of food to go around some meat some dairy um or at least a vegetarian diet meaning that you can have things like meat you can have eggs those kind of things uh vegan diet it is harder to uh a thoughtful vegan diet can be great but it's it's harder to get all the calories and nutrients you need especially when you're developing all right um so diet composition and environmental footprint we're talking about some of that best options are vegetarian not vegan with small amounts of meat and dairy which means it wouldn't really be vegetarian but you get the idea a heavily plant-based diet habits and benefits uh covered some of those lifestyle choices to consider environmental consequences we talked about energy um sustainable agricultural practices so can we reduce waste can we reduce energy can we reduce runoff and pesticides all those kind of things uh comparable crop yields to less sustainable methods which is always good if you can make something more sustainable why not we'd like humans to be here for a long time right leaving plant remnants in the field as mulch so doing uh no-till you know no-till crop production etc conserve resources and reduce waste all great and select meal patterns that meet the needs without excess if you know if if food issues are a problem we just can't afford to be wasting okay summary not the lesson is over identify some reasons why hunger is present in the United States we talked about poverty being the big one we talked about food deserts identify some reasons why hunger is present in developing countries just reaching those carrying capacities not having uh the resources available to feed as many mouths as there are and describe the consequences of nutrient and energy inadequacies we talked about uh quash york or versus marasmas there okay i hope this helps i hope this entire um series has been about 25 26 hours worth of videos now i hope that this series has been extremely helpful and i hope you've learned a tremendous amount i love teaching this class because you learn things that will help in your program like every other class that i teach but um you can take things from this class that can change your life and change your family's life forever in ways that i can't do in anatomy and microbiology so it's one of the reasons i love teaching nutrition i hope that this helped you have a wonderful day be blessed