 Thank you very much indeed, nice to see you all here. What I'm going to be doing this afternoon is to look at the way that maritime archaeology was created by the fallout from the end of the First World War and the interesting route by which items went from piles of metal, a bit only for scrap, ases just within the century which separates the armistice in 1918 from today. Now the armistice of Korpion as it was called on the 11th of November 1918, 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. Part of that was the dealing with the German navy, in particular its submarine. The German submarine force Church had come closer than any other part of the German armed forces to forcing the UK's defeat during the war. it was a very, very close run thing with the destruction of Merchantment in the Atlantic and as a result, the submarine, the German submarine was held up as a particularly eviled element and this is brought out by the Armistice, because very well then Armistice it is simply an agreement stop fighting for a bit it has an expiry date and actually provided a pose however the armistice with Germans included item 22 which actually included the surrender of their submarines not just simply put them into some kind of status until until peace treating but actually ac yn eich amlwg o'r amysgwyr. A oherwydd, y 23, o'r wybodaeth cyntaf, yma yw'r cyntaf gofyn sy'n ei bod yn ei wneud ar gyfer, i'w bwysig ar gyfer animaeth, fel y pysgwyr wedi ei wneud. Yn y gyrraedd y 22, yn y gweithio'r gweithio'r ysgwr, Los cyd-hymo sydd gennym Cynstraddu Cynstradd Cysudio Aherach, gan ystod y symbolaeth mor i fod yn sesiad cysudio Cysysgur Cysudio Cysudio Cynstradd Cysudio Cysudio Cysudio Cysudio Cysudio Cysudio Cysudio Cysudio Cysudio Cysysgur Cysysgur Cysysgur Cysysgur Cysysgur Cysydiaeth ac ein bod yn ôl yn y ganir ac yn y roi'r codellau. Rydych chi'n dweud i'r rhaen i'r rhaen i newid i'r ei ddarladau oes dyma. ac ydyddwch yn ystod o myfyrwch i'r pernod iawn mewn i'r llyfr hwnnw ac yn yw'r rhan o'r parwyr a'r ysgrifennu. Felly ydych chi'n ei fod yn ystod yn ymweld i'r opaiddio ac yn ymweld i'r parwyr yw'r tro i fynd i'r own fawr. Ond y gweithio, o'r dygatant, i'r armysg ac yn gweithio sy'n credu fyddio'r parwyr sy'n credu'r llyfr hwnnw mwy o'r llyfr hwnnw, ac yn yr ystod, mae'r gwybod fel y bwysig yn cyfwyr hwnnw, mae'r gwybod yn ymddangos i'r trofyn, mae'n gyda'n gwneud yn ymddangos, ac maen nhw'n gwneud yn ymddangos i fi wneud yn gywir i'r gweithio'r ffordd. Felly mae'n gweithio'r eistedd o'r cyfrnod, creu y peth yma i'r sgwrdd yma, oherwydd yma i'r argymryd yma argymryd. A gyddi'r pethau ar gyfer yma ar gyfer y suwr yn ymddangos, A rydych chi'n gyd wrth yr ddweud mae'r rhaglaethau llwyddon yn ddau, ond a gweithio'r cyfrifio o'r llwysbeth eich ddau. Yr eich i oeddaeth fydd. Felly, byddwch ddim yn ystod arall, mae mae oherwydd oeddaeth fydd yn ddigwydd y Pes ac y Dynion Dynion clywedol yn gwneud ac mae'r llei â'r dwyr wcwyr yw arall yn ddoed ar y teimlo i Gwyrdiис ynghorol… yw'r Merlun Y Cruiser Cardiff yn ei wneud o'r prosesion yn ddeunydd a'i fynd i'r hyn. i ddod o'r troi cyfle oedd gennym Llaer-Flw, ar Y Cwrdd yn Yorkwyll. Llaer-Flw wedi bod i'r pas o'r Ffordd y Prify LO ond yn dweud i'r Fflerd Rhe fruits ac mae'r bwysig iechydol yn y bwysig o'r cyfle a'r dynnu bod yn gwybod i'r twro'r troi. ac here between November 1918 and June 1919 the pride of the German Navy was left to a righted anchor. Gradually the crews were taken off and so by the time you get the summer of 1919 only a skeleton crew are aboard these things just enough to keep things ticking over um in some cases with some of the smaller ships you had a few people who were dealing with more than one ship at a time they were affecting his caretakers. Of the surrendered German submarines although actually who was going to get what was a matter for interaeride agreement quite a few were used for propaganda purposes they went on tours around the ports both of the UK and also of North America to show off the spoils of war effectively and the just a couple of shots of some of the visits. There were a number of separate tours going on by a number of different boats and one in Bristol there nowadays that's actually a traffic island where those where those submarines are it's always interesting looking back at these old photographs where you have to please you know well to realise how much things have changed over the years. In addition boats which were not even fit to be towed across the North Sea were broken up and here we've got a few of the German submarines half finished now being dismantled in Germany. The rather odd appearance of these is what you've got loads of mine tubes these are mine layers so each of those uh those what was looked like the funnel sticking up had a whole load of mines in them which would drop out in the bottom of the submarine and um to form a mine field. In addition to the submarines themselves also anything which would support a submarine was also um to be surrendered and this was a rather interesting ship was designed to actually salvage sunken submarines. It's a catamaran and if a submarine has sunk it will lure itself over that submarine put cables down and lift the thing off the bottom of the sea. This one however they're not redesigned for sea passage. Most of these things are designed for salvaged each of sunken harbour and in what happened in this particular case was it's been towed across there was a storm and she went down in that storm. It wasn't just things like the like Vulcan which ended up not quite where they were supposed to. Harwich was getting remarkably full if you think of an entire submarine fleet being put into a single harbour um it was running out of space so therefore in the beginning of 1919 it would decide to start to divvy up some of the boats not necessarily definitively yet but just to make room so therefore the French agreed to take a whole bunch of them and therefore a series of boats started being towed from Harwich through the English Channel down to Cherbourg to be um to be looked after there. By this time however they've had a few weeks and not really been looked after properly um with the crews had gone back to Germany and submarines require constant attention so therefore they were having to be towed and also um as they were going through the English Channel a number of them got caught in storms and rather most spectacularly the U118 ended up on Hastings beach here. It was quite a major tourist attraction um until um there was a rather nasty act that somebody fell off it um at which point um the police were trying to keep people well away well away from it. There was no way you could get the boat off the off the beach and therefore um she remained there um until broken up and she was one of a number of different boats this actually happened to. Um there's another one here the UB 121 um that the the the wreck this is this is in Berlin Gap down on the south coast and the ship on the right there um is a merchant one which had run aground during the first world war and showing how the tides almost inevitably leads the same sort of spot UB 121 came off the um off off the tow rope and ended up on the beach alongside here and remains of UB 121 still there. The identity of some of these boats and some of these other wrecks has been something of a mystery or at least a sort of local legend because in this there are various standard works have been published on German submarines of the first world war and so as with so often when something's in print people tend to believe it and fortune's quite clear that some of the the the fates were somewhat guesswork and a lot of and first for some time this boat was misidentified as UB 21 or even U21. The trouble is also local that the newspapers at the time didn't know that for a U boat a UB boat and a UC boat they are different things. A U boat is a big one a UB boat is a little one and a UC boat is one which carries mines but people would see UB as a sort of a U boat. So there's a very interesting the research which lies behind this talk and the book which they is currently impressed involved a lot of work in the archives just trying to unpick some of this stuff and another nice case study from that I'll be talking about in a moment but these say all of these these these losses in tow produced a number quite interesting wrecks some of which are still accessible to divers today and a colleague at Bournemouth University has basically dived every single one of the wrecks in the English Channel and identified most of what most of these these these boats again some of them aren't actually where those reference books say they are so there's a whole the trouble is what I think in a reference book it seems to stay there what we hope this project will will do is actually get some of those things revived but those are all quite small and compact wrecks on the 21st of June however some rather bigger archaeology began to be created because during the summer early summer negotiations had been going on at in Paris towards the German peace treaty but I say negotiations negotiations were between the allied countries about what the Germans were going to be told to do there was no possibility there was no part of negotiation by the Germans in this effectively they were called in and told this is the treaty sign it anyway and under that treaty the Germans were going to lose pretty well their whole navy to the to the allies including the vessels which were interned in scaper flow and as a result just before that the treaty was signed in fact the 21st of June was supposed to be the treaty signing date but the Admiral commanding the German ships and scaper flow hadn't been told it had been postponed for the 23rd the signing so on the 21st which restored me in the third day they basically pulled the plugs out of all of the ship it looked a bit more complicated than to be putting a plug out but basically opening every kind of valve which lets water into the hull and therefore the half of the German navy slowly sank to the bottom of the scaper flow it has been said that there are suspicions that the british were sort of aware of this and let it happen because on the day in question the british fleet had been guarding them for months on end went out for target practice so actually when the when the valves were open there was only a couple of British destroyers left in scaper flow which made an attempt of towing some of these things but a destroyer and a battleship which is full of water is very in particular efficient had the full fleet been in you could have used battleships to tow battleships and get them to the shore the thing was that alongside deciding what to do to the German armed forces there was a big debate among the allies about what they should do with the stuff once they've got it the british and the americans were of a view sink or scrap the lot however the french and italians wanted some the japanese mission was if the french and italians got some they wanted some so and there was a likelihood of a particularly major row over who've got what and whether they can actually keep it or scrap it or not had the full fleet been been available particularly the most modern ships run which were the ones in scaper flow so there's a suspicion that the british may have been sort of aware of all of this and let it happen on the grounds that if they're all in the bottom of the sea the row has become rather less problematic there's i've been through all of all the old files for this there is no trace that anybody was sort of typically was sort of had this in mind but one had a very rather strong suspicion why would you know give me around a couple of days from the treaty signing date which is probably the high point of any dangerous scuttling do you take your whole fleet to see for target practice can't you wait two days there's all the plans for that for storming these vessels the moment the treaty was signed so there's a strong suspicion that the uh there's a bit of a the British were British weren't too disappointed by it a couple of ships were actually kept float or bait or beach there's a couple of them there the only battleship the biggest the biggest one the barb and is there being beached and the one the Frickruder's Frankfurt but the vast majority of the fleet was ended up on the bottom and so there's a little map of all this of the Orkney islands showing Skapper flow and there you can see where all these various ships end up sinking in addition to these ships which which ended up as wrecks through the scuttling there was one German destroyer which had been shuffling backwards and forward between Germany and Skapper with the mail and she arrived just a few shortly after the last of the ships had sunk so she was then pounced on by the British which then again sort of decided to her off to Rossife the nearest main but the naval base unfortunately she got caught in a storm and ended up on the beach there she basically remains there today not quite looking like that but she's still there these are recognisable remains and then she becomes another part of the archaeology of the armistice and a gun from her was salvaged and is normally on display up a Skapper flow but was taken down to Portsmouth last year for an exhibition for the centenary of the armistice so that's by the main gun to the B98 of the ships that were hadn't hadn't had been beached they were all fairly rapidly refloated by the Royal Navy and most of them were then divided up amongst the various allies but with the proviso that they had to be sunk they couldn't be put into service in fact because most of them have been filled with waters of some greater or lesser degree the engines were fairly well ruined also some of the submarines by now were being formally divided up between the various allies only the French were actually allowed to put any of them into service basically because they not had a chance to build submarines during this first world war because their main shipyards had been in the German occupation or the works had been diverted to the western front so the French ultimately were allowed to keep a few ships um including the only one everyone's allowed to keep submarines the rest were then destroyed as targets and here we've just got to the target practice all these target trials carried in carried out during the autumn of 1920 when the German battleship Baden is um is fired on in the English Channel and as are a couple of destroyers and also a submarine or the which can be seen there Baden ended up on the bottom of the channel but the destroyers although quite badly battered were towed back into Portsmouth and here's rather splendid um painting in the National Maritime Museum which shows one of them at run aground in Portsmouth Harbour and she's still there adding to the archaeology of the of the armistice although she doesn't look like this anymore this is basically what she looks like today along with another boat which was also fired on in the same trials the the 44 the the fact now that these are now regarded as important historic monuments but that of course wasn't always the case which is by the reasons why they're in the state the art at the moment the wrecks were sold for scrap then bits were taken off them resold once again then one of the wrecks was cut in half when they were dredging for the ferry terminal which is um at Portsmouth here and then almost forgotten about until the run up to the first world war centenary when suddenly people start taking interest in these things again and they actually were made headline news and newspapers when they were done every new they existed if you were in the in the know but the the very existence of these things had been completely forgotten about in the popular imagination so therefore we have these um we're now we're once of undeserved trifles and now we're regarded as key pieces of the history of the first world war other vessels were also used in these trials this is the painting of the June Trudeau Nuremberg which is also now at the bottom of the channel as a result of the of these firing trials which took place in 1921 so this is really showing what is thought about these these leftovers from the first world war they are simply sort of scrap metal or quite a nice thing to use for target practice there we have Nuremberg in the middle of the channel with also barden shell but also what we can see there is the number of german submarines which are dotted around the channel and these and say these are not this is this is nothing to do with the sinkings during the first world war all of these are simply the flotsam and jetsam of the armistice some of them were as we talked about earlier on um results of um results of shipwreck while being towed to breakers um for example here's going to see you 118 um off but that's um hastings there uh the ub 121 and a little bit in the east born at berlin gap and most of these ones are on the coast there are the results of that the exception to this accidental loss of the ones in the channel here anyway is the block of them directly south of the isle of white because although the French have been allowed to keep some submarines the the whole horror which i mentioned right at the beginning of this lecture about what submarines could do meant that the internet inter allied agreed that everything else had to be destroyed by the middle of 1921 whether it by scrap um sinking as targets or simply scattered things the ideal could be to scrap these things as part of the um recovery after the first world war there was a greatly scrap metal and therefore trying to funnel these things through the scrap yards was the idea the trouble is also the british navy was demobilising in this period and a lot of the british navy was being scrapped as well so the problem was that the scrap yards were simply filled to bursting and we and it got to a point in early 1921 when the inter allied commission which oversaw all this issued a list of things which should be destroyed within the next few weeks or else kind of way and as a result there were a number of submarines bobbing around in harbours there was no way of selling them for scrap or at least there was no scrap merchant who was prepared to actually break them up sufficiently to qualify for the rules um there had to there was a point where they had to be such incapable of further service which was further properly defined in internet inter allied agreements so therefore it got to a certain point where even if they could be sold they weren't big it couldn't be done under that basis so therefore in the summer of 1921 a whole bunch of new votes were towed out into the channel and simply sunk because there was nothing else you could do with them to stay on the right side of the inter allied agreement so a lot of those were just south of the um either white are um are those then exception to that i think is the you is the U 90 which um sank accidentally well being towed to be linked to the Belgians um it was it was for a short while the only submarine the belgian navy ever possessed unfortunately they actually made it to um made it to belgian it managed to spring a leak halfway across and is now at the bottom of the channel along with so many others other apart from submarines there are a fusion of other surface vessel wrecks for example here off um torbay that kind of that area in there we have the t189 which was being towed off the scrapyard unfortunately got caught in a storm is it remind when actually that even this channel is not a particularly peaceful place uh got caught in a storm ended up on the rocks and the remains are still there just off round them head off painting and haste things also seem to be quite a good place or bad place to try and tow something by is another of these submarines which was trying which was on route to to france and never quite made it now what probably the largest concentration of wrecked german submarines is actually a phalmer and in most of the local history books and so on it's recorded these bluer shore in a storm in 1921 which didn't actually happen at all another of these little factoids which this research has been so that has been digging out actually what happened was a whole bunch of german submarines would get used for explosives trials and the way this was done was to make sure you could control how deep they were when they were being blown up and also you didn't have to have people on board them which might be a bit dangerous if you're using explosive charges remember the vulcan the salvage ship which i showed earlier on well her sister ship didn't sink on the way across and they decided to use it almost in reverse so rather than pulling submarines up to lower submarines down to a depth and then let off charges around them and then you could then winch them back up again even if you have blown holes in them just think like that and this is the ub 112 in exactly that position about to be lowered down to be then be blown up and when they finished with blowing them up they weren't in particularly good state so they are all then just dumped on the shoreline um they want the 112 again after she has suffered she's been used for trials and so therefore you have this that there's a whole bunch of submarines during 1920 when littered along the foreshore at Falmouth you can probably see why the idea these might be blown ashore in a storm it looks like the result of the storm doesn't it and people just put one or two and two together and made 97 and a half in this particular case whereas when you actually go into the records it's quite clear that these have actually been purposely dumped here to keep them above water they were then sold for scrap but they were quite difficult to work on and there's still quite a bit of them still there so in um on the on the waterfront of Falmouth they are low tide there's lots of bits of twisted metal visible and that's that's them so that's the largest concentration of sort of archaeological German submarines anywhere in British waters another sort of bit of myth is in the medway now where i've got marked on the map here are three German submarines one of them up in these two creek and two of them in Sleid Creek these again were so have been forgotten about until the run-up to the centenary of the great war when particularly the one at East Hoot Creek the best preserved of them was rediscovered quote unquote there she is amongst mud flats of the medway at relatively low tide and a closer view with a little bit more water but an awful lot of mud now her identity has been a matter of local it's always that was a study of folklore actually when you're looking at the identity of this because she has been given all kinds of identities over the years when she's been at least the time when she's been sort of visible to people um and actually on google earth she is down at the ub 122 unfortunately the ub 122 was some was scuttled in the um English Channel of the Island white in 1921 as part of that dumping program i mentioned earlier on i've just actually put a correction into google earth whether or not they will accept not as an interesting interesting thing whether they accept that or not but in fact when you look at it all the way when you sort of look back at various local newspapers internet postings all of them are are effectively guesses based on why the standard work are these standard works which has a whole bunch of boats listed as lostings hose the breakers of the east coast of the uk not a single one actually was and but but this but when they were trying to work out which what this boat was though that was for the basis happiness and and the result came when a colleague up at Newcastle University unearthed in the Royal Naval Archives at Portsmouth the the navy's scrap register for the pier from 1919 to 1929 because as the british were responsible for all of these things which have been these boats everything went through the admiralty records and i spent a long time trolling through all of the list of all these submarines coming to british hands in 1918 1990 and finally i don't know but there are three submarines in the medway i found three boats sold to a company in the medway and noticed dumped 1922 so therefore these there are three which one is which i don't will ever know particularly because all of these particular boats whether it were the incomplete ones being towed across without engines and so on so the the hope of having makers players or a stamped propeller or something like that is normal way of trying to identify these things but i think we can certainly say that she is one of these three and also another issue has been some of these ships she's been identified with don't actually look like this at all when you look at the plans it's quite clear they're not she's not one of those anyway she's got me one of those and then the rather more broken down ones a bit further up the medway also have to be the other two of these submarines but the whole exercise but when they've had these have never been previously posited as potential candidates it was only when one of those went back went back to the archives and found this hitherto unused source that we were able to work out what the candidates for these things are i think the whole project very much has brought home something i was always aware of but you have to be amazingly careful with what you read and what the and question what the sources are in my wearing my other ecological hat as history changes almost a weekly basis as new as new data comes about but it's also true even with recent stuff where you have this vague assumption that we know it because it's over a hundred years old clear the records must be accurate therefore the books must be accurate mustn't they it is a real good example of where they're not now let's go back to scaper flow originally the thought was to leave these ships to moulder on the bottom of the flow until fishing boats started running aground on the bottoms of battle cruisers at low tide at which point it was decided to sell them for salvage and scraps so most of the destroyers those little ones at the bottom had actually been run ashore and were already being either sunk as targets or or broken up but the big big boys and girls the ones up at the top there which are the cruisers battle cruisers and battleships were still under water and it was these so there's there's the destroyers they were easy enough to get up run more difficult is when something is still is well and true you know is is tens of meters underwater and much much bigger than that so so the destroyers easily enough got up and here's just one of them being strapped but what about the bigger ships these much more impressive ones well a couple of them still had bits of them above water and therefore in 1926 they tried to salvage sidelets here nobody's actually trying to salvage ships like this before it was all bit trial and error and it was a bit of a comedy of errors given the side it was eventually salvaged towed down to the side and scrapped but it didn't go quite as they hoped it would but they gradually got the system part of it was that the ships were actually floated floated upside down at which point all the turrets fell out of them which then had to be salvaged separately because all these ships had capsized when they were some when they when they when they were scuffled and in fact it's easier to to reflow the ship upside down than the right way up you don't have to do is seal the holes if it's the other way up you've got all sorts of problems about where to stop the water coming back in again so that is the picture of a whole whole procession of german battleships and cruisers which left the left scap of flow to be towed down to um or side to broken up and dried off and gradually between the mid 1920s and 1939 a series of the ships were salvaged at least a ship a year was being brought up it was almost an industrial scale kind of process the last of the ships to be salvaged has been salvaged just before beginning of the second world war it was the battle to the deathlinger and she actually ended up just floating upside down in scap of flow for the whole second world war in fact she spent longer floating upside down she's actually spent up the right way in service during the first world war and fine and it was until 1946 that it was possible to dock her and to demolish the remains and there's the what an upside down when you break something upside down the last thing you break up is the deck which is quite an interesting way of looking at at these things but there were still some ships left on the bottom and after the first second world war there were these all still left on the bottom there wasn't really too much appetite for getting them up because all the equipment and expertise being built up to salvage all these other ones off to the off the left there had effectively gone during the first or second world war but there was an attraction of these so i'm still nothing to do with the fact that these are at the last remains of the german high seas fleet or any idea that these are historic wrecks it's because they were all built before something happened in august 1945 the atomic bomb what happened when when the when the bombers were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki radioactive radioactivity in the atmosphere was massively increased and therefore it meant that any steel snelted from scratch after that point has a level of radioactivity which which steel earlier than that doesn't which is normally not really an issue however if you're doing things like rooms for treating of cancer patients where you need to have shielding and various other very very very precise scientific equipment and those kinds of things you don't want there to be any trace of radioactivity in the steel so suddenly in the 1950s when this became apparent there suddenly became a market for old steel ideally armor plate which is the highest quality possible and so suddenly during the 1950s the market for old warships particularly very old warships became and the scrap world became pretty good and of course these are very very definitely free atom bomb and therefore during the 1950s they began to resume salvage but nobody was going to actually bring these things up anymore the key thing was to get the valuable stuff out of them so therefore divers would simply go down blow open the bottoms and use grapples to get the interesting stuff up and that continued on through into the 1970s when when gradually a realization of these things actually are historically significant comes about it's amazing actually it's not until until probably the 1970s that sort of old mechanical stuff really becomes something people care about the number of historic ships of other things which were broken up you know in the 1960s now after the you know the beach the beaching acts most uh steam steam locomotors just went went to the went to the uh the breakers and the same on the maritime front for example the you know the the fact that they just met warrior and the ss great britain survived different people were accidents they just happened to be still intact when we get into the 70s and people were starting to be interested in this kind of stuff and that starts to happen with these it's a recognition that these are the last remains of the german high seas fleet the last floating bit of it have been broken up in turkey in the early 70s the turks had acquired a joint battle cruiser during the first world war and it remained part of their fleet until the 1970s but then with her gone this was really all there was and therefore no more salvage was allowed on these things although a number of them had actually been sold off were actually no longer been sold off and were not actually owned by the admiralty anymore but there were still salvage rights and so on there was some regulation which could be done on them and so therefore we've got on the bottom of scap of flow and since 2001 have actually been protected monuments we've got curnic as you can see she's about ship shape you can see that she's been she's been knocked around a little bit by the salvagers the same goes for the cruiser brawler part of this is a bit that bits have been blown over for example you could be around here is the engine room which has been blown over because that's where you find interesting metals not just simply pre-atom bomb steel but you also find brass and all those things which are worth a lot of money but also time is also attacking these things it's fairly it's fairly thin steel and you're getting to a point where some of these these wrecks can't be supporting each other support themselves anymore another one curn again engine rooms been blown open rest of it just gradually starting to to fall further into decay another one Dresden still down there again note engine room been blown open the poor Carl's row is probably the least salubrious looking one now she's she's well on her way to decay but at least that's only nature which is now working on her rather than the explosives of the salvage men you see all of these ended up these what the big ones ended up upside down on the bottom hence for other reasons why they were salvaged away and there you've got her mass broke off as she rolled over from Prince Wilhead and probably best preserved of them is the map graph the well the last one to actually sink in 1990 and again you can see the pattern with the engine room broke blown open also she's had it blown open here as well is where her torpedo tubes were even battleships during the first warhead torpedo tubes on the front and they are also off brass and other interesting metals so these are probably the best example of the way that this heritage of the underwater heritage from the fallout from the armistice has gone from so sorts of just simply something dumped something to provide just to get scrap metal and now these are part of the tourist industry of Sapa Scapa Flow it's one of the great dive targets in the world where else can you swim around the battleship in only 100 feet of water or so so these have really now become part of that there was an interesting little sort of twiddly bit recently almost a mark as I said some of them had been sold off in the 1950s and have then been sold onwards there was actually an eBay auction of the three battleships and one of the cruisers because the guy who actually had still owned the legal the legal rights and they were indeed sold I think I think a battleship of 25 000 pound or something like that the owner I think I don't think they've been made public can't do anything with them they can't because they're now registered as monuments salvage rights you know are no longer in existence but you know you can still own a second a first world war german battleship if you like now the german high seas fleet is of course there you know this is this is what you've got left for the directly but there's also a few things above water for those interested in the maritime heritage of the first world war so the german fleet a few bits of it still are on the bottom of Skapper but down at Portsmouth you've got HMS M33 a coastal bombardment ship from 1915 which you can which you can visit and over in Belfast you've got HMS Caroline which actually exchanged shots with most of the high seas fleet at the Battle of Joplin in 1916 which is now open as a museum ship in in in in Belfast so I hope for this afternoon I've just given you a little overview of what sort of what is what you might call the heritage aspects of what happened in the years directly following the armistice and if people are interested in following up a more detail um if I may excuse just to sort of to promote promote this volume which should be out in the spring thank you very much for your attention