 Thermo4 catalytic cracking process provided significant improvement over the hodry cat cracking in terms of thermal efficiency. Now this improvement came with the change in the reactor configuration from fixed bed in hodry to moving bed of catalyst now. So the catalysts are not fixed but they are moving by gravity so that the reaction can be now conducted in just one reactor instead of having multiple reactors and switching between those reactors. There was an improvement in catalyst as well instead of using natural silica alumina. Now there are synthetic alumina silica beads with more controlled activity more homogeneous activity of the sites that cracking goes on which of course makes the control of the reactions better compared to the hodry cat cracking. So integration of the the reactor and the catalyst regenerators as you will see has increased the thermal efficiency very significantly over the fixed bed hodry cat cracking. Now you can see that the feed is introduced along with the catalyst from the top of the reactors so the particles move down with gravity at controlled flow rates along with the feed so as the cracking goes on on the catalyst surfaces there is the activation there's still a coking going on on the catalyst particles so by the time they reach the bottom of the reactor flowing with gravity the catalyst reactivity has been reduced to a significant extent the catalysts are now ready to be reactivated or regenerated. Steam as you can see is introduced from the bottom of the reactor to strip off all the volatile products during cracking and the products are sent to a fractionator for separating into gas, gasoline, lco, heavy oil and so forth. So the used catalyst then leaving the reactor is sent to a furnace where hot air is introduced to burn off the coke on the surface of the catalyst to regenerate the act of sites and the regenerated catalysts the hot particles now are put on bucket elevators to be sent up to the top of the reactor to close the catalyst cycles. So the thermal integration here is such that the heat that is generated by burning the coke heats the catalyst particles and these are hot enough to actually have the cracking take place on the surface you see that there is no external heater in this scheme reactors scheme in thermal for cat cracking but there are still heat losses especially in this bucket elevator system transporting the hot catalyst particles to the top of the reactor. Thermal efficiency although much improved over the hodry fixed bed process there is still a lot of room for improvement in thermal efficiency through integration of endothermic and exothermic reactions.