 Ysgol yw'r corff yw bağ yw'r ysgol? Mae'r corff yw'r ysgol yw'r ysgol yn ei wneud, a'r cyfrifuddau sy'n cyd-bu eich glwydd ar gyfer ystod, mae'n fawr i'r qudurdodau yma o'i cyfrifuddau yr ysgol fawr, yn ddigonio'r gweithio'n difydliadau o'r fawr hynny, a'r cyfrifaddau'n gyfrifuddau o'r syniadau'r cyfrifuddau o'i cyfrifuddau ar gyfer y cyfrifuddau o'r cyfrifuddau'u cyfrifedd, a gweld gweld cymuned hwnnw, oedd yn cael ei gweithio i wych. Felly, mae'n angen, mae'n gweithio eich cysylltu. Felly, mae'n gweithio i'r gwell iawn. Mae'n rhai gwaith, mae'n gweithio gyrd yn gweithio'r ysgrifennu. Mae'n gweithio fwyaf i'r rhai gweithio, ac oedd y technolwaith yn ymddangos a'r context yn ymddangos, a bwysig. The grid, in essence, was very similar to the cloud, the idea of the network, the Internet, being the computer, being the computer resource and providing that resource to the research community. Ond oeddych chi'n rhaid i'w ddweud yw'r unrhyw sydd o'r ffordd ar y dyfodol o'r disgustiau ddiogelau. There are some key European Research e-infraestructures that coordinate national resources. So we have Giant which coordinates consolidates networking resources across the member states of Europe. maes i gyd ymddangos, cydaf nhw'n gweithio gyda HPC, EGI, cydaf nhw'n gweithio cydaf yng Nghymru, ac EUDAT, cydaf nhw'n gweithio cydaf nhw'n gweithio cydafol. A hynny'n gweithio y 완전ig byddai'r infrastruc llunig yn y ffasilydd ym mhwysig ymlaen. Gall fod y problemu gyda'r gwoenig HE-16 yma, mae'n groesio ar gael y ddau hynny bobl o'r byw, mae'n ysgreenith, o'r projiech, o'r e-infrasuraf, o'r gweithio'n eu gêmach, o'r ysgrifennu, o'r ddych chi'n byw hetio'r holl, o nodi'n gweithio'r gwaith, o'r gweithio'n gweithio'n erbyn to various research infrastructures, which are subject based research communities using technologies to do their research from arts and humanities to life sciences. On top of that, you have national resources, you have international expert groups, et cetera, et cetera, and then various projects and smaller projects looking at, for example, authentication, access, identification. So, I don't want to cover all of the organisations there, but the problem is that's what the researcher sees and they get confused. So, one of the, if I can get off this slide, one of the intentions is to try and simplify it. I've got lag, that's my problem. Try and simplify it and yes, you can't read that. The idea is that the researcher should have a common view of the European research infrastructure. That the various organisations like G&EGI, EU debt and so forth should prevent a single view of that infrastructure that researchers can use. And we have a concept we talk about called commons, which is really a financial economic model for services that are the public good. Underpinning that, it's a case of key principles that the resources are shared, resources which belong and are shared by the community. That the community should own the rules and procedures for accessing those resources. It should be a collegiate governance model involving the community and the users in that governance model. And there needs to be long-term persistent care for those resources. And that leads us on to another concept, open science. An open science is the evolution of the idea that resources funded by public money for research should be available to the research community and to the general public. This started with open access, the idea of removing the paywalls to research publications and providing researchers free access to those resources. There has been in recent years discussion about freeing up the data and encouraging researchers to share their research data and make it available. Because it's too common in the case that the publication gets issued. But if you go back to the researcher saying, where's your raw data, I'd like to continue the research or validate it and so forth. They say, oh, it's on a USB stick in a drawer in my last office. Or, oh, I need to tidy it up. Can I get back to you and you don't hear from them again? And then open science is the next evolution of opening up the methodologies and the other resources, the actual procedures, the computing resources, the software, the lab notebooks to science. So that the whole thing becomes open. And it consists of sharing research data, underpinning digital services and infrastructures, the scientific instruments, as well as knowledge and transfer and training. There's an interesting book on open science from about three years ago, which points out that there are different motivations behind open science. From the democratic, that everything should be open and freely available. The public, which is the idea of the public funds it, the public should have access. Infrastructure, which is to simplify how researchers can access the digital infrastructure and the systems. Pragmatic, that if you're sharing that knowledge, you're not reduplicating so you can push the knowledge boundaries on. To measurement, which is where the policy people get really interested because they can measure the impact and the metrics and decide where to put the funding next year. So a number of the infrastructures, EUDAT for data, open air for open access, EGI for high throughput computing, Giant for communications and networking. And LIBA, which is the European Forum for Research Libraries. They put together a joint infrastructure vision, some good words there, seamless, open access, collaborate, compute intensive science, trustworthy, etc. And outlining three principles behind this. It should be open, publicly funded and governed, research centric, comprehensive, diverse, distributed, interoperable, service oriented. And social. Running parallel to that, and this is my interpretation of DG research. Back in 2014, DG research held a consultation on what it called at the time, Science 2.0. What was needed to transform science. The key thing that came out of that, as well as need for policy inventions, open access, citizen science, etc. Was that Science 2.0 didn't ring true with any of the researchers. They prefer the term open science. The other thing that came out of this was that there should be a technology infrastructure to enable this and the word cloud came into it. Hence, in the digital single market strategy under its cloud strategy, there is mention in the text down at the bottom of a research open science cloud. A cloud infrastructure for encouraging sharing of research outputs, research data, research methodology, research software, research skills. And that was then encapsulated in the April initiative where there are two key pillars. The open science cloud on that open science, that sharing infrastructure, the digital infrastructure to provide that. A European data infrastructure on the high performance computing and quantum computing. And then the idea that this provides a foundation for extending those principles and the architecture and the technology to the public sector, government as a service and SMEs and so forth. And there was also a high DG research had the high level expert group and again their policy recommendations are very much around that open governance, open sharing and so forth. And you can look up the full report yourself. That came out just over a month ago. Finally, as part of that European open science cloud, there was a funding call earlier than the year. Ironically, it closed the day before a small referendum in the UK. Ironically, because the pilot project which has been funded is led by the science and technologies funding council in the UK. We have lots of people volunteering, maybe we could lead the project on the Friday, oddly enough. So there's a number of work packages. There's a work package on governance, which is looking at issues around how we combine the research infrastructures, the research communities, give them an open governance structure, which provides a code of conduct for the service providers, seamless access and common standards and protocols. We have a work package looking at some of the underlying policies in areas such as what policies from the open science community do we need to enact in the European open science cloud. What policies around procurement, open procurement, procurement in the research space, et cetera, for cloud services. Policies around data access, data protection, data assurance, data ownership, copyright, particularly where we need copyright exemptions for text mining and data mining. Policies around ethical data practice. Running alongside those, there will be activities to involve the infrastructure providers in terms of services and both technology and data interoperability and science demonstrators where we bring the research communities in to actually see how this works for their research projects. On top of that, activities to engage the larger community and particularly around skills and training for researchers in data management and using technology and so forth. The key thing here is this is very much about consolidating and integrating because there's already activities in these areas. It's about bringing that together, not duplicating it and seeing how it applies to an open science cloud to take research forward. So that's where we are today and that's my interpretation of how we got there.