 I think the France is the region of Paris. It's the historical name of the region, which is at the origin of the French kingdom. That's all. I'm going to speak about gypsum plaster. I read the poem in the title, just plaster, because I forgot gypsum. That means it's not just plaster as a render or just glue for constructing, but also all you can do with gypsum. Gypsum is the stone, a rock, which we are going to see. So the uses of gypsum plaster are very traditional in the region. And they have been studied mostly from the 1970s before. It was very well known because very usual. And so it wasn't subject for archaeologists or technical history. So it was a little bit forgotten by the studies until the 1970s. But during the 70s and then 80s, most of bibliography was produced, kept a very straight diffusion, not very large. And it was re-forgotten during the 90s because of the different ways of development for preventive archaeology. It was not a subject for 10 years. And in the 2000s, the subject came back with the action of the Museum of Cormeum Parisie, which was a museum of the quarry and production factory of plaster, which became an information center for the plaster in the region. And also the GERPA, which is an association, made several colloquium, which are published and are now new references on this matter. And from the 2005 years, new archaeological works about plaster came on the scene, my thesis. And also what's the thesis of an architect, which is Stéphanie Le Dentec, who worked about plaster render. And also different actions of the GERPA and recent publication of the Center of Research of the Monument Historic, the Centre de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, which is called Plâtre sol écouvrement, which is a big study about the uses of plaster on the national French tilt. Then the plaster comes from a gypsum. Gypsum is a rock, a stone, of the tertiary era, around 38 million years ago, which was deposed in a lagonary basin of Paris. It comes from a secondary dissolution of gypsum, more ancient from the Trias in the region of Lausanne, which were dissolved and went down by the rivers and stopped in the lagonary middle of the basin of Paris and then made stratigraphy high from around 50 meters high. That means this stratigraphy is made of a stone level of clay which is called marne on our stone level and so on like that, around 15 meters of deep or high. It's now accessible by testimony hills around Paris, in which we can, which are today, nowadays, still queries in the function of the world. If we look at the map of the region of Paris is here in around 1740, Paris is here. And you can see all the little red stars are queries of gypsum around 45 on the map, on this map. At the same time, if we cross with different maps of the same moment, we can see, we can have more details and see that there are places where the hills were just made by successive queries, one after the other. As we have been telling this morning, there are two extraction modes of this stone, one in open air and one in underground. The most recognized, quite historical extraction is very badly recognized, because the theoretical what say engineers in the 19th century who written about the production say that the best way to exploit a gypsum is, first of all, to make a discovered quarry. And when the discovered quarry begins to be too expensive to be exploited, then enter inside the hill. Well, we know, as we have seen on the previous side, lots of quarries. But archaeological, we know very few, just two open air quarries which have been recognized, one in 1988 and the other in 1984. In Shell, this is this one which is dated of the 12th century. And this one in Villiadon, it was in the border of a room which is dated of the 14th century. And that's all, because all the quarries we could recognize on maps, historical maps, have been exploited more and more after recovery. Is to say that, sorry, all this space is today urban years at 100% percent. So it's near impossible to see other dinosaur quarries. Well, gypsum is a rock, a natural rock, which is the radical calcium sulfate. And it can be heated around 120 degrees by written in the slide. And it makes evaporation of the crystallization water of the rock. And then it makes, from 70% of the citrification, it makes a new chemical product, which is called basalite by chemist Nubami. It's so plaster, which can be rehydrated when you put the water on it. It makes a setting and it becomes hard again. It makes a new crystallization. And this process is renewable. You can make plaster and when you build something and when you have to change part of your building, break a wall, take the plaster, cook it another time and do more plaster. That's the industrial exploitation discovered this five years ago or 10 years ago. What a waste. That's the principle. And with that, we can do every sort of things. So also, to decidrate the stone, we need ovens, kilns. As for the queries, the kilns are very bad known. Nowadays, I know only on the region only four kilns, which have been seen by archaeologists. The first one, topma, is dated of the 7th century. It's located in the middle of a cemetery, a Merovingian cemetery. And it's probably served to make the plaster for sacrifice. The other one, the second one, is in Saint-Tanikert, in the castle, in the moat trench of the castle, which was partially destroyed and remade. And in the moat trench, we can find also the plaster, which was broken down, and a little kiln to produce plaster. Another one in Sassel is one of the same sort of kiln. It is associated to the construction of the village houses from the 14th century. The better-studied kiln is the Sassel's one, because it's more recent. We could see that it served three times successively. And we can imagine that with a system like that, sort of the advancement of gypsum and fire underneath the stone, it could have cooked around three cubic meters of gypsum at one time. So that means if he worked three times, he may have produced nine cubic meters of plaster. The last trace of kiln is known in Villiers Adon, but it's not the kiln itself. It's just traces of the waste of the Philips. So ashes and so on. The most developed way to cook gypsum until the 1970s keeps this type of kiln, which is called four culet. It's very simple. Three walls make something to cut the wind. And inside, it's put all the gypsum with possible building little arches to put the combustible under the charge and go on. This type of kilns have worked in France, in the region of Paris, until the 1950s. It's still used today, nowadays, for example, in Spain, and more less perfectedly, still used in Iran also, nowadays. I have no images, I'm sorry. And then with the cooked gypsum, you can produce sarcophagus. So Ildefrance is a very big producer of sarcophagi, which we know now better with the studying of the decoration of the cubes. And we can also, funerary use, are still important until modern times because of constructed abhymasonry tombs. I put medieval, but it's still used in the 18th century. And obviously, construction, use of the stove to make the walls, but also to make bricks for every sort of columns, capitals, or roof tiles. And so stuccoes from antiquity to modern period. So lots of examples. This was antiquity. This is early Middle Ages, several modes, constructing modes, stuccoes and so on, examples of stuccoes, and still for the construction in late medieval houses, different houses. You can see a reconstruction here of 14th, 15th century houses in François-France. Here we can see a house of the 17th in the Piafit, Paris. That's the beginning of the 19th century, and Agonès in the 19th century. And that's a photograph of the beginning of the 20th century. The activity of Massonry is the activity of plastering in Nile de France from Middle Ages to the industrialization. Industrialization of projection plaster becomes very late because of the price. It costs lots of things to say. So in the example we can find, what is interesting is to see in an excavation the demolition fragments to understand the morphology of the buildings. For example, roof cementation, for example, chimneys or windows post. And this is particularly interesting because of the grafters. Also, cornices to spot the roof and put away the rainwater. And also windows, drossery, floors, salings, of course, drain pipes, and so on. Decoration of exterior of the buildings. This is a good example. It's Saint-Bartin de Tertre, in which we found these fragments and these fragments, which are little windows around 30 centimeters wide and the external decoration like that, which were in the 13th century. It's typical Romanic construction, which in the 13th century were broken to enlarge the windows. In the same deposit, we found these fragments of the windows and the fragments of the internal decoration, render plaster painted. So an old declination of the internal decoration, the statues and blah, blah, blah. Plaster is also used in arch molding to make the architecture less heavy. Yes, I finished now. I finished with modern examples. If you know Paris, you have to go to a Place de Vorge because it's one of the most conserved places where plaster is used. I'll take it. Thank you.