 Torrefaction is a process that converts biomass into a more stable form by heating it under low oxygen conditions. This process can increase the energy content and energy yield of biomass, making it more suitable for large-scale biofuel production. In this study, three different particle sizes for different stover components and three different gas residence times were investigated to determine their effects on the production of torrified biomass. The results showed that particle size, stover component, and gas residence time all affected the energy content and energy yield of torrified biomass. Specifically, stop pit torrified at 280 degrees Celsius and stop shell torrified at 250 degrees Celsius had the highest and lowest energy losses, respectively. Additionally, cob shell torrified at 280 degrees Celsius had the highest energy yield, while stock pit torrified at 280 degrees Celsius had the lowest. Finally, the lowest energy density was observed for stock pit torrified at 280 degrees Celsius, while the highest energy density was observed for cob shell torrified at 280 degrees Celsius. This article was authored by Sararan, Ajay Shah, Mathudar, and others. We are article.tv. Links in the description below.