 So, as I told you before that this course will have both online and offline. Now the teachers who will actually take this course would have done these 3, like 4 lectures that you saw that Sachin gave now, there will be all this 10 minute thing although he took a long time explain because you are face to face. In course it will be very short 10 minute video followed by some quizzes, small quizzes like the way he said. We will have lot of quizzes, we just gave you a sample, there will be lot more when it comes in online. Now assume that people have looked at it for week and answered those quizzes. Now then when they come to the workshop in December, for this course they will come as a workshop in December or it could be your own students who has viewed this lecture for one week and the next week they come to your class. So then when in the class you do some tutorial activities which reinforces this whatever they learnt in a more deeper way. So they just learn for 10 minutes and we give them short quizzes that is just facts but now they have to apply it to something. So first recollection, understanding, application, 3 basic things that we will be testing. So recollection and understanding will be done online and application to an actual thing will be done in the face to face thing. So what we will do now will be a small activity where we will give you a problem, we will ask you to form groups like the way you will be doing to your own class. So your own class will be a class of teachers. What you have to do them is to break them into small groups of 4. So what I would request you is just form between neighboring tables and we will give a problem now and you have to solve that problem by this method. So that is the activity that you will be doing later but to get a feel of how that is done and we will form small groups now. So you can form a group, you can form about 4 to 5 per group roughly. There is no particular order because this room is not designed to form this kind of activities. Ideally what when you have, suppose when you go to the room that you have for these discussions it will be ideal if you can have like this round tables and around round tables you have rooms. If it is possible you please set it up in this way. If it is not possible at least a table where people can sit together, this is not a very ideal place but try to have something like that. So then in this sessions what we will do is like we will be connected to your center by remote. So we will give this just as I am giving you the exercise now. The exercise will be posed to you through that audio video link and then you should coordinate with your small team there and help them understand how to do it better, how you can improve it. Whatever I am doing now is what you will be doing with your students. So what we have is just like display failure. This is something which all of us have seen. Now we open the browser we type URL and then the browser says server not responding. This is the message that comes from server not from the browser. Now what you have to do is to come up with four different hypothesis. Each group will form and come up with four different hypothesis. Now arrange it from simple to complex. Arrange the hypothesis from simple to complex and assume that each of the first three simple things fail and that is why you have to go to a more complicated. Go to the most generic and simple explanation like power failure like the way Sachin told power failure then one phase failure then plug failure then monitor lose whatever. So but try to order it in terms of try for the simplest explanation first and then assume that that failed and then what will be the next one. So then we will try and appreciate each of these things. So let us do one simple thing. So first let us do a please form a group or even two or three is fine. So please form a group and come up with this hypothesis. So this will all be completely activity oriented session. There is no lecturing here. And then I will ask you to come and present what you thought it was. Yeah please introduce yourself if you have not met your neighbor please introduce yourself. We will have more time to do but what I am just going to interrupt you and just get a few comments to see if we are going in the right direction and what how can we improve. So this is what you will also have to do don't let them because sometimes if they deviate in some other direction we need to just interrupt and then provide little bit guidance. Yes you have a question. I have a hypothesis. Oh you have a hypothesis. Okay so we are going to have so is it the most generic hypothesis. Yeah please come here. Yeah please come. So try to have the most the simplest one and then hello I am Gopal Sagarkar from Nakhur. First hypothesis is a network not working okay hold on hold on. So network not working okay this is the hypothesis. Now which means that you need to find how many people first of all had network not working. No no no don't I don't want comments on I just how many people had the hypothesis network not working alright. So what we are going to do now is to see what so what's in the bottom right Gopal. So we will see what Gopal has got as a prediction. Now what is important in the from the point of view of a prediction if hypothesis is true what else is true you must answer that question. Hypothesis explains the observation definitely one okay so it's something like this. So I have an observation this observation I have a hypothesis means hypothesis explains observation right prediction means if hypothesis is true what else is true. So that is prediction okay hypothesis explains observation if hypothesis is true what else is so this is also some observable prediction okay so that should be the prediction yes Gopal what is the yeah what is the prediction not the hypothesis what is the prediction prediction is that network is not working yeah so you are not come up with a prediction okay so just sit down come up with a prediction as well yes anybody yes hello automated on you are coming up with an explanation hypothesis I am going to ask for hypothesis is network failure which means there has to be another something which also happens if network fails I want only those people who have got network failure to put their hands up anybody else yeah you had network failure. So network failure if network fails it explains this what else does it explain yes hypothesis is network failure and prediction is if other computers are available whether they are working on same network or not so this is in prediction no that is not a prediction say your prediction must be a clearly stated statement if network fails this also happens say that what is that line that computers are if other computers are also available not other computers which are available on the same network whether they are working or not hold on so now yeah we'll have one more there there may be heavy heavy traffic on server no you're producing your hypothesis please give it to them I want a prediction check URL no no no okay wait wait hold on these are very very much possible I just want you to be aware check URL is what it's a test check URL is a test we don't come to that yet we are we want prediction prediction must be a statement so you make sure that it's very prediction should not be a question prediction should not be a test it is just a twist this one so there's one more no you're giving instructions there is no instruction please make it this is distinction is very important prediction is what else will happen no hold on failed no other website will open okay network failure means no other website will open you have to state the sentence like this if the explanation is network failure okay no other website will open okay now I'm just stepping back a little bit I just was I just let it freely but first of all can network failure explain this observation anybody from communication systems communication computer science communications engineering computer science yeah can you explain is this possible at all if network fails will server not responding come I just let it yeah please server not responding can you just introduce yourself yeah myself Rajesh I'm from Bangalore okay Rajesh you just repeat the sentences you said little while before yeah now the one word he used is network failure there's more general word I fail and there is now the server not responding the message will get only when network is working there is like when I type something and I get server not responding that I'll get only when there is a network intact okay and it is not able to come in connect to the server okay hold on you're coming with explanation don't come with explanation yes I need somebody from yes thanks Gopal sorry Rajesh somebody else from IT or communications can comment on network adding to what Gopal has said now so this is where now a simple problem such as this we are not able to clearly defined so we need to train ourselves even in this now of course since many of you are not in the area of communication engineering or computer science or web you may not know what are the details so that is why it is necessary for you to learn right we first learn which means we read the literature understand or know what is available and using what is available we give this explanation even before we give this explanation we should be able to sorry we give this explanation first but to give this explanation also we need to be aware we need that knowledge we need the knowledge of being able to explain this and then we can come up with a new prediction okay so now let's go through this exercise again please continue with your discussions now again now your statement should be clear like I said told you it has to be if hypothesis is true what else is true okay so that the answer to that question is for example not in this particular case first of all you should make sure that your hypothesis explains the observation you cannot have an hypothesis which does not explain the explanation in this particular case it does not but I just let it through it's fine so first of all find an explanation which will find a hypothesis which explain this okay and then have another continue with your discussions yes I mean continue with your discussions and I will break again after five minutes okay shall we go to the second question second explanation who wants to come up with a hypothesis okay please can you want to come here okay just just wait for the mic mic to come please sit down I am Sandhya from Surat I believe the hypothesis is internet is slow speed is slow okay hypothesis is internet speed is slow okay fine my prediction goes because I'm connected in a server there are multiple devices connected in that server LAN so all the devices may be mobiles or computers connected to that LAN or VAN are also running slow or they also have similar message no no you're right the second little bit you need to modify that now you're saying that internet is slow right so if internet first of all let's step back and see whether this explains that why why when internet is slow will you get this server not responding so I hear both positives and negatives I hear some people saying that it will come some people are saying it will not come server this is essentially that only server not responding is response time out it's the same thing server not responding I don't want more explanations you have an explanation later that is a hypothesis firewall not responding explanation it's another hypothesis it's a valid hypothesis I'm not saying no but we are currently discussing one hypothesis we'll discuss only predictions whether first of all you need to see whether the hypothesis explains observation number one second hypothesis is true something else is true number two these both the first things you need to start off with this is like hypothesis comes when you have read literature so you have read lots of textbooks you have read the current papers and you're coming up with an explanation now that explanation is true something else must be true okay now first you should be convinced yourself that this explains this okay now I'm just asking that question now internet is slow can you just refine that I think people are having difficulty in accepting internet is slow per se can you just refine it how will internet slow mean that observation is true the page loading often takes time when the bandwidth has been used by us a lot at bandwidth or maybe too many PCs are operating at the same time yeah higher traffic on the yes so this may lessen the speed of net okay anybody this is hypothesis this is the hypothesis no we're not coming to prediction I'm just trying to understand whether hypothesis explains observation first I we had some I need to refine this particular hypothesis yes higher traffic on the same network this is that that's why server not responding is higher internet internet speed is same but as most of the many users are using it that's why higher traffic I'm talking about higher traffic to what higher traffic on the internet and on the same network higher traffic on the same network hold on hold on so which is which is that you're saying is it LAN or WAN it is internet connection hmm so when you say internet is slow you mean WAN slow I'm talking about LAN LAN is no I'm talking about my predictions no not predictions are later now when you say internet is not internet is slow when you mean internet is slow do you mean the network within your college is slow or do you mean the network which is LAN or network from your college to your service provider say word of phone or something that is slow what do you mean by internet is slow second one which one is that no let's see what he has in mind my college the speed which my college is getting from the service provider it is low okay so so now we have refined the statement her this one is the service provider let's say MTNL to her college that connection is slow okay is now I want people to see if it is okay whether that hypothesis explains the observation no no no no no no no she didn't say internet failure she said internet is slow this is the sir internet is although the internet is slow we not able to get this message server not responding because the server implies suppose for example server not responding comes only see for example www.hoogle.com if you type the URL like this okay the server not responding is server not responding comes only when the Google server is shut down that situation only server not responding comes or yeah good only the Google server shut down or the connection to the Google server is not there only that particular situation we can able to get the message like that sir now what she's claiming is that this network okay so this is the service provider not come here they not come into the picture here one second one second okay so her this one is LAN okay LAN is connected to MTNL okay or BSNL whatever and BSNL will take the traffic to Google and then get it back okay now madam what's your name Sandhya Sandhya says that this link is slow okay Sandhya claims that this link is slow and your name Gopi Gopi says that if this link is slow it cannot give this error okay how many of you agree with Sandhya how many of you agree with Gopi doesn't add up okay I want people to take some decisions people are not able to take decisions so okay now alright so let's leave this controversy for some time and we'll come yes you have some point okay yes please why we are why Sandhya is saying like that because there is a server not responding comes with some timeout message right when some packets I am just talking technically when some packets was sent from LAN to WAN right it has some some some time limit has been sent to get back the return packet right if that acknowledgement was not received server is there server gets that particular packet Google server gets that particular package it says acknowledgement packet but as my LAN or my internal setting setting timeout setting was for example two second and if it is not received on LAN I will got the message that server not responding with timeout error yes that's why it is server is there but it is due to the time packet and time slow machine that packet was not received on time whatever the time set by the internal network that was the issue right now how do you come into the prediction test no yeah see all of us I'm not saying that we will not be able to troubleshoot this but what I'm trying to say is take a simple problem such as this if we are able to define to ourselves what is hypothesis what is prediction then any anything that we do in a technical report anything that we write we will be clear of what are the things that we contributed and that has to be clear to the audience who read that or listen to that did you come up with a new hypothesis I'm saying I'm saying that the audience should be able to answer the question did you come up with a new hypothesis or somebody came up with the hypothesis and you are just predicting you are just carrying out the prediction test or you are just carrying out and you have found a new observation all of these things are possible but you must be clear to yourself that what is it that you have contributed have you contributed to a new observation have you contributed to a new hypothesis sometimes all all may not be possible in one single communication when you write up a project report maybe all four are there but when you give a short presentation or something yes and prediction and test by these four things one thing is coming out that is the cream of the communication that is your brain mapping brainstorming right with the help of that brainstorming if you are going to communicate in proper manner on the technical manner that should be highlighted to your technical communication brainstorming must be there then only we can develop it no brainstorming comes see hypothesis to prediction while you are coming for that hypothesis is your guess yes right prediction is purely true or partially true it's more than the hypothesis when you are going to develop that policy that hypothesis the prediction will come out right right so how to prove it again we are going to say whether my prediction is right or wrong with the help of that test only we are coming to that correct right so for that reason only brainstorming is going on yeah brainstorming unless until you are coming with one observation and one hypothesis how could you develop the second hypothesis second hypothesis you have asked me right did you go or did you think about that second hypothesis unless until you clear it so brainstorming play the vital role in the brainstorming what I'm going to essentially is this part this part hypothesis and prediction no see basically you have an explanation you brainstorm essentially is what you are reading lot of literature or you're discussing with people and understanding what is possible what is not possible so that one is part of this explanation itself the link between these both hypothesis and this one whether it is possible how it is possible is the brainstorming part which you are doing now we are just finding out whether it is possible at all or not observation to hypothesis yes observation to hypothesis see if you have observed something else then you can guess it no we are not able to you saw two guesses were not people were not agreeing on let us take the example of that was a trivial thing see one example is there I don't I don't have that much idea that whether this are but not responding all like these things what it may be the technical things are there but when I have thought about that how to operate if my power failure laptop is power failure or it is on the black first when I have observed this is the very common second one I may guess this is either power failure or my systems problem to prove that I have to predict correct right so here I am playing the role of the brainstorming more rather than observation to hypothesis or hypothesis to prediction is literally it becomes the brainstorming more no unless so hypothesis explains observation there is no point in going to the prediction at all then immediately how could you give that observation you have a thing sir this explain this is a link this is an explanation this is the causative mechanism hypothesis is a causative mechanism how does the cause lead both observation and prediction are all observations in a sense okay this is observation one this is observation two which has to be done in future right now the causative mechanism is this this is the link is the causative mechanism you are saying if this is there this is explained by this this another another observation which is also explained by this so now to come up with this your brainstorming whatever you are saying is basically trying to see if this link exist see if this link exist that is the brainstorming and that comes only from your prior knowledge okay you use your prior knowledge you go up look up the text post you will look up literature you consult other experts and then you come up with this prior what we what he says is brainstorming is just this you look at various possibilities that are here so that is there both here first of all this should be true you cannot simply take a guess which does not explain this see this is a triangular series are observation hypothesis and prediction I am talking about it forget about that test observation when you have just then automatically you are having some hypothesis anything something is going on if you are going to see you cannot take a random guess right no that guess that you what you are saying is guess there's a word that although it's used as a guess yeah it is not a guess without any knowledge no there has to be see for example take this simple example that we saw Sandeya said one thing yeah he refuted he refined it and then probably we will have some more refuge we are still in this stage first stage only yes yes and so that so now somebody will come up with a prediction again then we will have to go through the iterative process whether it is acceptable prediction is acceptable again for that observation only you have to think about that no no for this this explanation just as you did brainstorming now we will do some brainstorming for prediction also there might be some prediction which may not be explained about explained by this hypothesis right okay so brainstorming is required but that is required equally in this you cannot take an arbitrary guess and say that it will be I am not talking about arbitrary we can take but when it is linked to that then we should play the role of your brainstorming and brainstorming is playing the vital role in our communication sir what is the dispute about it I still could not follow there is no dispute he is just okay I have an hypothesis let's just finish off this one particular thing or sir just one minute sir yeah sorry this is just regarding my name is Sundar not just an adjoin to this my name is Sundar my name is Nagesh sir I said my name is Sundar please call me Sundar we don't feel like calling you we will call sir sir not please sir I think you don't be an adjoin sir thing is sir first all of us are clear with observation because you have given the observation so our work starts from hypothesis the discussion is going only on hypothesis and hypothesis should be such that you can prove or disprove at a later stage correct now the hypothesis which are formulated are getting disproved at the early stage that means there are hypothesis no sir it is not say basically this this link is where you need to be very strong see when I give a problem you just came out with a explanation but unless you are very sure of this explanation which means that you need to understand what is this message what sends this message can you anybody tell where you get this message from is it from the firewall sir hold on hold on server hold on server not responding where do you get this which which is the let me finish the question can I interrupt a minute let me finish let me finish and then I will give you a report web server web server wait wait wait which is the entity that gives you this message is it web browser sir is it the browser is it your firewall is it the your mtnl or whatever service provider or is it Google web server browser sir web browser is it the browser web browser sir okay anybody knows what is DNS domain name server yeah domain name server okay so there is one thing also sitting in between okay I am just going to little bit technicalities so there is this DNS which is sitting in between okay there is a DNS sitting in between and this message actually comes from where does this message come from service provider so which is mtnl server excuse me so now now that I have given you some more things to think you can go but I think I'll let you I'm just actually going to talk more about the specific observation okay because I believe the most of the confusion is happening because people are perception of server not responding is not very clear based upon the message because there can be a very precise message that you receive is either connection refused or connection timed out or otherwise it could be a white screen of death it's not white screen you're getting so you're not talking of a white screen of no not right so I don't responding is like a message that so otherwise you're you're not talking of connection timed out you're not talking of connection refused because they could also be perceived as a server not responding okay so maybe you can think it as a connection timed out equivalent to that because according to the hypothesis will completely change the depending upon whether you're talking of refused connection or whether it's a so connection timed out so let's server not responding is equivalent to connection timed out is a message you are saying not white screen okay so thanks for refining it it's connection timed out okay so we're not responding is connection timed out so now that I've given you some background okay there are different entities there there's a browser there's a firewall there's a dns there's mtnl there is google now you have to construct now think of constructing a hypothesis which first explains this as what's your name please harsher so harsher refine that observation as connection timed out also additionally connection timed out okay so now let's go through another 5 10 minutes of come up with some sir have a hypothesis uh 10 minutes I'll give you first opponents today after 10 minutes yes okay let let people try to come up with whatever you had possibly here after test the first test can I go for second test because you know one of the hypothesis what I framed no no don't tell no I'm not telling no I'm not telling uh in that sometimes I may feel like going for the second test yeah you can so after that I may come to hypothesis the new hypothesis correct so test essentially um so it's not second test basically having second prediction you have two predictions it's not each prediction will have one test no okay so probably you're having a second prediction of the same yeah then the loop will meet after the hypothesis I will take this point it's important point I'll just take it let's go through it I'll take that point yeah one more point I wanted to tell with the absence of prior knowledge so maybe all this whatever we were discussing most of time we may skip all the steps and we may go for taking the uh like help of others now in this case if I'm uh coming to like if I'm getting this particular error and I am not aware of what is the error all these things then directly I'll call the system admin so so we're not asking you to troubleshoot we're asking you to give a given a situation try to try to find what are the steps no just why why I told this is because so much discussion was going on so no that no because no the question here was mainly based on like the observation like the link between observation to hypothesis thank you now you're coming with the hypothesis I don't want general comments okay please keep your hypothesis for yourself we'll discuss we'll have time we have a lot of time so essentially when you come to uh uh when you reject you go with that right so that second sir is that the second I'm sorry I'm saying you assume that one hypothesis fails and go to the I mean normally null hypothesis will make it exactly opposite to that yeah so yeah that is uh um because we are from research I know you ask this uh management studies so we deal with a lot of null hypothesis we never talked about prediction uh after our uh no they would be maybe it is not you don't use it in that terminology I need to look at your literature I don't know about your literature testing what you do with statistics don't link that word well they are linked of course but so this isn't much broader sense so even so even there it's a conjuncture for example so the you come up with uh I will definitely take this point I'll look up because there the testing what you don't know that you think that it is explained by a particular model right a linear model or some model that you have something like that right some you'll have a model so so that model's prediction uh how will you probably you'll take a chi square or something like that and see reject or not right so so that will be like a prediction in a sense it's it's a prediction the steps are the same whether you accept or reject is that step last step so I need to see the terminology and match it I we will do that I'll keep this point in mind we will come to that so the next the next lecture will bring that thing a little more clearly where does literature review come and where does communication come will be the next only after forming hypothesis sir we go for testing and to prove the hypothesis to or not then what is the need for prediction is necessary for prediction prediction is what is it that you're saying is true or not we are framed hypothesis correctly go for testing correct testing what testing the hypothesis no no no how do you test the hypothesis you your hypothesis is basically an explanation for this but if this is true you need to come up with something else which is true you are not testing this there is no question of testing this see the other thing that we need to understand is we are trying to understand or develop do this exercise in the context of how the scientific theory develops okay so in a specific observation like my laptop has failed okay the hypothesis that I advance may not be necessary to explain laptops in the world okay but now we are doing a mock exercise here to learn how a scientific theory develops okay so a necessary part of a scientific theory is that it should be able to predict some other phenomena okay see the the thing that you know uh apple falls on the earth because of gravity is also able to explain that moon falls towards the earth and rotates okay so I'm able to predict something else because of the same causative explanation and show that it works okay that is how a scientific theory develops and if if if moon is working and apple is working I want to show that you know something else see for example I want to show that earth is rotating around the sun because of the same causative mechanism which is gravitation that is how the theory develops that's what we're trying to see okay we are given a very simple example which you know can will cut across so it it doesn't matter now some of you are saying that you know I don't know what is this well when uh you know initially Aristotle came up with some explanations for some of the phenomena you know he didn't know the DNAs at work you know he said you know you keep some wet cloth and a moth will be born or whatever so explanations which were so maybe your first hypothesis that you are giving is like something which is meaningless fine does it matter okay now think of a situation that you land up in a village and where you are the most educated person and the laptop in some school has failed okay now you are people are looking at you and saying now come up with an explanation okay so you will have probably a better calculated guess than a person who is you know a villager won't you I mean I would expect that you know even though you are not a computer expert you would have a better guess than the person who is a villager so we are expecting you the levels might be different you know some of you might be actually communication experts and might be able to come up with very very refined hypothesis okay doesn't matter what we want to what we want to communicate is that how a scientific theory how a scientific model how a hypothesis develops that's what we want to look at not a specific problem okay it's only a vehicle this particular problem is only a vehicle to you know reflect upon how a theory differs yeah yeah we'll quickly take up maybe one or two hypothesis after and then we'll wind up I am Amit from Anand Gujarat is it possible to have an different hypothesis for the same problem then why we are discussing that only one hypothesis should be correct no see maybe thinking of an simplest one and one having a more knowledge maybe think when complex one that's true very no no in fact the when I asked you to come up with four different hypothesis it essentially means that all four should explain the observation first but I just I told you that assume that each of those hypothesis fails because anything can be an explanation we are going in we are going in root causes instead of making the assumptions we go to very depth of that what is the root cause for this server is not responding that that won't be the objective of when you are finding a simplest hypothesis no no no root cause is cause is one one of the causes so there are different levels of causes right now when take this power display failure everything is a cause general power failure is a cause one phase supply gone that is a cause plug point is loose that is a cause or that display LED of that display has gone that is a cause all of them are causes there's nothing like a root cause there's all of them are causes if you say that way root cause some electrons are not moving that's too swing that is also the purpose that what ma'am has proposed is the correct no no no the dispute there was not whether that explain because we don't we don't have a particular situation at hand no each of the observations can be have have this sorry each of those hypothesis can be true or not true but what we are not what we are trying to understand is whether the hypothesis explains the observation first but an explanation depends on the technical knowledge what we have that is okay that is okay that is fine that's why it may differ yeah no no no that's why two people who are having technical knowledge are arguing he argued then Gopi added something then you're Gopi no you're Gopi so Ravi said something so they are arguing technically which is fine I'm not saying that that is wrong or this is wrong every hypothesis whether that hypothesis explains an observation that you should be sure first that's what they are arguing about which is okay so can we just quickly have one hypothesis that you wanted to have first yes what is your name I'm Pradeep from Hubli sir Hubli okay so IP address is not configured as is one hypothesis IP address is not configured with the servers IP address which is servers address you mean in DNS it is not no so that will not explain that I'll just go anybody else there hello Sunil from Odisha server is uploading so it is not responding server is what file or data any result is uploading so sometime message is coming server is uploading yeah file is uploading in server resolved or something I mean the server is busy yeah server is busy and not attending to your request yeah okay sir I'm KV Nagarjuna from Rabad from where Hyderabad hypothesis is like the observation is server not responding and the hypothesis says no connection from one system to the another system that is from client to server there is no connection network connection okay there is no network connection from one system to another that means client to server the client is here so the client is one of the things which is here yes service here you're saying that this connection is not there not there and the prediction is network related command should not work like like there is a network related command which tells us whether the server there is a connectivity from one system to another system ping ping and then IP address of the destination system okay so that this one yeah now is this consistent anybody else yes no ping is not on but if it is just the what he's saying there's no connection between the two system the local host and the remote host are not connected itself is a host not reachable you won't get server not responding or connection timed out that kind of a error what does the browser given host not responding host and reachable host not reachable host not reachable will be the message that you will get from browser okay so at least this is a little bit finer detail but to the good extent to starting it is let's say it is okay for the I agree with you yeah we don't know what is happening in this particular situation all you should all you can say is that whether this explains what's your name sorry harsher harsher is the technical person he is he knows exactly what's happened so he's saying that this is not exact message that will be received but at least to many laymen that this connection there is some issue okay whether it is a slow or not at all reachable some connection issue with this connection then what will be a prediction he says that ping will not work and what else will not work any website should not work correct if this one fails none of the other side should all of them should have the same thing correct so that will be a prediction yeah harsher but what if in this situation ping works no no so that phase hypothesis is like okay fine that there is no connection so his test is like run a ping command now if I run a ping and I get a ping reply so there are many many possibilities and what's ignoring response is possible that's true but what I'm saying okay just take a most no that's true no no if ping succeeds yes that means your server is connected wrong that means your server is connected to the network harsher yes no no the the general spirit of his this one was there was a problem with this network but all this network are all fine that is his spirit okay so whether it's specific where ping works or it takes long time to respond to slightly his hypothesis was something problem with this network okay which means if all the van network is having a problem any other server should have the same problem so that will be an independent prediction and it is not a particular problem with only Google server okay for example it could be that only Google server is down if that can be in hypothesis okay that Google server is down so we're not responding that can be prediction hypothesis if Google's if your hypothesis is only Google server is down which means Yahoo server should work right or any other server should work so that is a prediction which will be true if this is that is everything else is up only this is down so the hypothesis is general network is up but only Google is down so consequence of that is any other server should work okay so that is so of course test is go and test so test is best basically a simple action but these both should be consistent with your hypothesis okay so we will stop here we'll just have another 10 15 minutes for the last module and then we'll break so we will do some activity of this sort in your December workshop so at that time you need to be able to guide your teachers into what is the prediction and what is a hypothesis they should not come up with guesses for do this or do that they will say that's the you first thing that happens do this check this check that that is not a hypothesis okay these are the things you need to bring out we'll also be guiding but we cannot look at all of you it's you have to monitor your own local people and then guide them and if there are some questions like this we'll take it up so that everybody else can listen okay so I'll give to Sachin to last for the last one no