 I'm Ben Galbraith, and I'm Dion Almer, and we're on the Chrome team where we work on the web platform and We'll be tag-teaming throughout this talk as we share with you some highlights of what's new on Chrome and the web And since last year's Google I.O. We've had three major anniversaries in September Chrome turned 10 years old and to celebrate we shipped a major update to Chrome's UI in In the same month Google Monk 20 years pursuing its mission of organizing the world's information and Two months ago the web celebrated its 30th birthday, so I guess the web is kind of a real grown-up now I guess we're headed to Middle-Age. Oh So it was back in 1989 that Tim Berners-Lee described this vision that he had for the web And I love this concept of a space where everything can be linked to everything And I think this captures the spirit of the web and what makes it special in today's landscape It's this sort of massive Global-scale open platform where all of us can freely connect with each other and where a new experience is just a link away And the web's future depends on all of us working together to adapt and improve it to meet the needs of our evolving world This need to collaborate is why we work on the open-source Chromium project as we work to improve the web platform And we're really excited that Chromium is used by so many different browsers all around the world So the web has come so far over the past three decades This is the world's first web page up here from simple documents to really really sophisticated modern websites And so as we think about the next three decades, we ask ourselves what lies ahead We have three major goals for the work that we're doing to improve the web platform First we want to enable users to traverse the web Instantly no matter where they are in the world and this and this helps ensure that people keep Exploring and finding new content and it builds this rich diversity that we value so much on the web Second major goal is expanding the power of the web Which enables people to find all of the world's information and services on the platform And it really brings this vision of everything connected to everything on the platform to life Our third major goal is ensuring that as people navigate the web, they're kept safe And so this afternoon we're gonna update you on some of the work that we've been doing in these three areas So let's start with loading links instantly Back in the early days, you know the dialogue modem era. Does this bring back any any memories? I don't know if they're good memories or bad ones. They're really good memories. This was fun, man. This was fun. I guess Back in the dial-up era High-speed connections were kind of limited to institutions. You didn't really have them at home But today broadband is everywhere and we increasingly have blazingly fast connections even in our pockets The instant web is here. Okay are achieved Except it's really not really in no if you look at the data we're product managers. Sometimes we do that In real-world conditions the web can be pretty far from instant. These are stats from HTTP archive Which has a corpus of about five million URLs that it retrieves over the world from a data center in the US on Average it takes six seconds before the web page even starts to paint And it takes nine seconds before users could even start interacting with the web page And then when you start to consider other areas of the world with poorer connectivity or a sort of emerging Entry-level devices it can be much much worse And what's more web pages are constantly getting bigger nearly doubling in size over the past three years to an average total of 1.6 megs And we found that users are really sensitive to loading speed This is from a recent study from the company sosta the respected performance testing firm They found that even just one second increases in loading times cause big conversion decreases for developers, it's a really really important area This is why we've invested so much energy through the years and adding new web platform features Throughout the stack that enable developers to improve the performance of their sites Such as preload and prefetch to make sure the browser knows what to prioritize for the current page and Confetch what you think will be needed for the next one And the developers who take advantage of all these improvements that are landing in the web consistently see big big gains for example Wayfair the popular retailer recently optimized their site and saw a ten percent increase in their year-over-year conversion rates and Times Internet did a similar optimization and increased their average session duration by 31 percent We used to work in retail and fight for like basis point improvements That's a big improvement are massive gains and again. It's consistent whenever developers put in this effort For example, we spent a bunch of effort over the last year Optimizing chromes initial page load performance and you can really see these gains on entry-level Android devices Where we've gotten it down to half the time Much of these gains are powered by improvements with made to VA our JavaScript engine And this is so important because JavaScript size has grown 50% as well And it's great to see new features that developers seem to really like like a sink away Really get a lot faster as the VM team really kind of supercharges it Okay, a big part of the increase that Dion was talking about comes from images and you know images are great Especially as our world becomes more visual, but they also lead to a lot of bloat for example The average page transfers 840 kilobytes of images Which is two times bigger than it was three years ago And so with this in mind We've added a new feature to the platform lazy loading that helps and it does this by loading only the images that are Required for the user to see and it automatically manages the loading of new images as the user scrolls and it addresses two problems first It's just a waste of data to send images down to a user that they're never going to see and to we found that Mobile entry-level devices really struggle when they try to download a lot of images Simultaneously they start to thrash and can lead to a really sluggish experience for users All you need to do is add the new loading that lazy tag to your image tags and Chrome manages the rest It detects the connection speed of the user to decide when to load and It retrieves the first two kilobytes of the image to figure out what the size of the placeholder should be We're also extending this feature to iframes so that they can also be lazily loaded and This is in canary and you can play with it today Great so to help you keep up with all of these platform improvements a few years ago We introduced a tool called lighthouse It's built right into Chrome DevTools and it analyzes your site to tell you exactly how to use all of the latest of the platforms features To optimize your site's performance Once you do the work to get your site fast though You want to keep it that way and with a large team adding features. It's really easy to regress What we're seeing with successful developers are they continuously measure their websites and they set performance budgets Partners like Pinterest and Unico Canada saw an improvement in both business metrics and user engagement when they focus on performance and implemented budgets So we love this practice so much. We wanted to add support right into lighthouse and we did that today It's really simple to set up you get a configuration in a JSON file And you just set different resource limits or set different metrics that you want to hit then take lighthouse It's easy to integrate into your continuous integration server and that's it So you can open up the newest release of lighthouse and start budgeting About a year and a half ago. We released the Chrome user experience report This is a massive corpus of Chrome performance data that tells you exactly How your users are experiencing your site all across the world and it also shows you how your competitors are doing We've been steadily expanding this Corpus of data it's now has about six million sites and you can get to the raw data and Explore it using Google Cloud's BigQuery product and we've also been integrating it into our performance tooling like HTTP archive and Page speed insights and we have a new integration that we're announcing today on our search console We're now there's a new speed report that gives you insights at the URL level and also gives you aggregated information about how groups of pages can be improved and Then to go even deeper on your sites the Firebase team announced Firebase performance monitoring earlier today This lets you instrument your own sites to gather an even wider array of real user metrics and it's all for free There's one more small performance feature I want to tell you about and it's called paint holding to understand what this one we need to look at one of my favorite sites It's uh, I don't know how to pronounce this. Oh, whoa, whoa, whoa awards. I think it's awards It's a fantastic award site for a web design. It's really fast, which is great But there's this white flash when you transition between pages, which is really annoying take a look I'm gonna play it now we click on the performance center and You get the flash so This is actually a feature from our perspective the flash you just saw because we want to show the user that Chrome is being responsive and that we're going out and we're loading the page And so we immediately clear the page the site or the browser as soon as we start that process to show you that something's happening But in this case it happens nearly instantaneously and so the flash is just really annoying So with paint holding we now look at the page is being loaded and if it's responding fast enough We get rid of the flash so I'll replay the video with this feature turned on and you'll see a Really seamless transition. So this flag is available in canary today So this is just a highlight of the work that we're doing to make the web more instant We'd also like to preview a couple of longer-term efforts that we have underway That have the potential to take the web much further in this direction and to talk about one of them I'd like to invite Barb on to the stage. Please welcome Barb Thank You Ben Hi, I'm Barb Pulsar. I work on the chrome and web partnerships team helping partners test new web capabilities and one of the things that we've been working on is a new page transition experience Today as we click through links We feel the transition of leaving one site and moving to the next and when an iFrame loads It's a window to another site, but you can't go through that window to the other site Portals make that possible Portals are like iFrames that you can navigate to when a user opens a portal The portal becomes the top-level page with associated APIs to support free prefetching enhanced transitions and the exchange of contextual information Portals enable fluid composed journeys within or across sites So portals are very new and we have a demo to show you why we are so excited about their potential So we'll start at this imaginary meal planning site which aggregates recipes from other sites Now the first thing that catches my eye is this avocado toast naturally. We're in the Bay Area But I'm looking for a dinner recipe So I will save this one to the imaginary social site nom-nom When I click the share button the share card will open in a portal I'm now on nom-nom's domain, but the meal plan site appears to persist in the background This is thanks to the adopt predecessor function in portals which allows the origin page to share context with the destination page So I'll save this recipe which will close the portal so that I can keep browsing Normally each of the recipes on this page might link directly to a destination site But here they're all embedded portals Which with the help of prefetching can empower developers to build cool things Like this peeking experience where I can preview a page on another site while I'm still on the meal plan site And when I finally find a recipe that I want and click through to get my ham and spinach Sammy This portal transition is so smooth you don't feel it, but here we are on another site So this recipe looks great. I'd like to buy the ingredients This recipe site is now ready to hand off my shopping list by zipping through Another portal to a grocery site where I can check out Now the shopping list handoff was accomplished by another function called portal activate options Which sends information from the origin page to the destination page This animation could also be a nice distraction if you're waiting for the destination page to render So at the end of this journey we have used four creative portal transitions across four sites in one composed instant experience Now portals also have a very strong single site use case Enabling the smooth transitions of a single-page app without having to rearchitect a multi-page website So here we've built up if I can go back And show that video So me Go forward back to you. There we go. So I hope we can see the animation There we go So here we built a demo for hetena and young jump webcomics the Japanese manga brand showing these SPA like transitions on their multi-page site So we have just launched the portals API as an experimental feature behind a flag in canary And we're really eager for developer community the developer community to uncover new use cases for portals And also share your feedback with us. So now I will hand it back to Ben for another part of the instant web vision Thanks bar So we've got one more standard. We want to talk to you about this one's called web packaging So with packaging the model for loading web pages Changes from today's model, which we all understand where the browser requests a page from an origin server To a new model where developers create a signed package that contains the page and the browser can load it from anywhere even potentially other pure devices and This can enable privacy safe preloading models because the data to fetch the package doesn't go back to the origin server And it gives the browser tremendous flexibility to preload pages more of the time The first phase of web packaging signed exchanges is available in Chrome canary today and We believe when you look at the emerging web packaging and portal standards They have potential over time to enable a more seamless instant web with packaging enabling privacy safe preloading and Portals enabling seamless transitions and we'd love your feedback on both Okay, now we'd like to shift gears and talk about some of what we're doing to make the web more powerful That's right fast instant loading is a really exciting vision and magical when it works But it's only the beginning of the story what really matters is what the user can do once the website is loaded New capabilities for the web are regularly becoming available and over the past year We've continued our efforts to expand what's possible on the web rolling out APIs that bring powerful capabilities to you So, you know when I think about cool websites, I normally think about movie websites So maybe we should see someone using the real power of the web some big motion picture from this year to see How they really merchandise movie and yeah, let's take a look at one. I meant Avengers I meant the it may not be what we had in mind actually This is the captain Marvel website It kind of fits the 30th anniversary theme. You've got a nice midi file playing in the back row It's very retro. It's very like retro and I love how quirky and fun the web can be well played Marvel But seriously, what can you do with the new platform capabilities to show us a real example? Let's welcome Paul to the stage. Please welcome Paul Thanks doubts Hi everyone, I'm Paul Lewis. I'm a software engineer on the chrome team now We've been thinking about the camera How developers use it and what that could mean for the web because I think most of us are used to the idea that you Can get links from a web page But what if you could get links from objects in the real world because many of them have QR codes bar codes product logos images and that kind of thing and it's The case that when you're in say in a store and you're looking at a product rather than thumb typing if you could just Hold the product up to the camera and get some information inside of the PWA. That'll be really useful And it's that kind of scenario. We've had in mind as we've been working on a thing that we call the web perception toolkit Which I'm going to try and give you a demonstration of now. So if we could switch across to the device marvelous Okay, so what I have here is the I owe web sandbox scanner PWA quite a mouthful I'm sure you'll agree But what it lets me do is it lets me scan items from our sandbox out there. I Also have something that I actually really like which is this like 3d printed Chromedino thing it's amazing. Do I want this? Yes, I do right marvelous and it has a barcode so what I'm going to do is I'm going to start this up Which is our scanner so this is using the web perception toolkit first thing it does is it starts up a camera feed And a couple of detectors in the background So what I'm going to do is I'm going to try and scan the barcode if I can with the lighting Being as it is. There it is. Okay, so it's detected the barcode and you see it's put this card on the screen Now that's not magic. I've already told the perception toolkit what I'm looking for by putting some Stricture data inside of the PWA. I told it what I'm looking for and what I wanted to put in the card When that's found so I've given it the image in the title and so on and so forth This card that you're seeing is also part of the web perception toolkit Now in order to do the scanning We use the shape detection api Which is a brand new web platform api that lets you do qr code and barcode detection As well as face detection and text detection if your device supports it But it's a brand new api So it might not be available everywhere So in that case we also use web assembly to provide the same qr code and barcode scanning functionality So we're maximizing support and performance by doing it this way So from here, I can say go into the details of the thing that I scanned And if this was a shopping experience, you could imagine I could add to cart and go on my way Now that's one thing But what we also wanted to do was to be able to support images So i'm going to scan something else for you So i'm going to go back out here. I'm going to scan again Now what I have here on my io badge is the squoosh logo Squoosh is a pwa that we announced at chrome dev summit last year I put the sticker on my badge and i'm going to try and see if I can get it to scan which it just did That's pretty cool Again, it's the same kind of structured data that's in the pwa that's actually identifying this logo for me So from here, not only can I view details as I did before I can also launch it because it's an app Off we go to our pwa and we're happy and we're on our way Right That's the end of the kind of official demo a bit except Well, I want to do bonus round What I want to do is show you something a little bit extra that I put in in the last couple of days So you heard barb talk about portals And up until a couple of days ago I hadn't had chance to play with it And I thought I could add it to that pwa LOL That'll be a great idea If you're up for it, I'll show it to you. So are you up for it? Yeah Okay, this is what's known as a high stakes maneuver because I'm going to be loading chrome canary with flags In a keynote in front of a lot of people So if it goes Badly it never happened the official demo was amazing and flawless If it goes well, we whoop we holler we cheer we high five and we call this a good one. Does that sound okay? All right, okay Here goes. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to go to chrome canary Same pwa that you saw before start scanning Here we go initializing the detector and It detects it now watch what happens when I tap the launch Here we go flips over I'm going to squish that out So if you don't have it You just get the normal experience if you do have portals you get that wonderful transition And with that I'll say wait, can we go back to the slides? Yes. That's what I'll say next Marvelous So if you've enjoyed that and you want more information Do check out the website, which is perception toolkit dev or come and see us in the sandbox over the next few days And we'll run you through all the things that we've been working on. Thank you very much Thank you. Paul Okay, so Paul mentioned how they're able to use web assembly to provide compatibility When some of the apis they needed weren't available wanted to show you another example of Google property that's been using web assembly for a fantastic desktop experience. This is google duo It uses the modern web media stack For video capture and streaming of course But it uses web assembly to bring their native library for echo detection Seamlessly to the web and it can be installed and run in its own top-level window With web apps in a lot of momentum now on desktop We wanted to improve the discovery flow and make it easier for users to install their favorite web apps right to their desktop So starting in chrome 76 Chrome's going to be showing an installation prompt right within the omnibox for pwa's across all desktop platforms There's who loo shows here PWA's on desktop came to chrome os first late last year to enable web apps that need full windows support and common desktop app capabilities Today we've extended that support to windows mac and linux and we love how web apps fit right into these desktop operating systems Also happy to share that slack is embracing this new desktop installation model And they're rolling out an offline enabled web powered version of their desktop app later this year And our own stadia service while we're talking about desktop was able to use new capabilities that have recently come to the web platform To use full access to the keyboard and the mouse and to have low latency controller support Really challenging our notions of what's possible in a browser And we're still making lots of integration improvements on mobile 2 We launched trusted web activities to give developers the best way to put full screen web content into an android app Oil rooms, which is india's largest affordable hotels network Use trusted web activities to power a light version of their experience Which is a common pattern that we're seeing with partners in certain markets Their web team had already built a high quality pwa that they could then easily leverage And we continue to bring core capabilities to mobile Here we see the indian company Mintra sharing products with their pwa using android's native share sheet And the twitter pwa uses the web share target api to tell the system that it can accept the shared link Deon's talking about twitter What I love here is it shows an example of the full progressive web app vision Because from a single code base and experience they're able to scale across the full spectrum of devices Going from feature phones all the way to high powered desktop devices It's the dream it is the dream my friend And speaking of feature phones We've noticed that a certain class of web enabled feature phone are becoming very popular In emerging markets and as we saw this trend we asked ourselves How far we could push it and so we decided to try and create a really rich game Using the web that would run really well on this form factor as well as larger form factors And with the whole 30 year anniversary theme it was a good excuse to kind of look back And I don't remember about you, but I wasted quite a few hours playing minesweeper back in the day And so it got us thinking what would it 2019 we've got a fan in the back minesweeper It teaches you how to yeah, what would a 2019 version of minesweeper look like? We call it prox So this game here for us to hit our performance budget We wanted to use libraries to be productive, but also small enough in size So this led us to be using pre-act for our ui comlink to help us use workers to do more off the main thread And roll up to deliver tight builds Prox loads incredibly fast as it only needs 18k to be interactive Which is actually a lot smaller than the original windows game. That is amazing And it also supports the feature phones that ben was talking about earlier At the same time we want visuals that you can expect from a modern game that runs at 60 frames a second And we want people relying on assistive technologies to be able to enjoy our game as well So we made accessibility a first-class citizen So did we succeed in building an interactive game that works across all devices? You be the judge go to prox.app to play and you can find all of the source code available on github And then to see how this was built join the team that made it during their session on thursday We're also working to integrate the web with assistance and to show some of what we're doing I'd like to invite Dana to the stage to tell us more. Please welcome Dana Thank you, Ben Hi, my name is Dana Ritter I'm the product manager behind the technology that Sundar introduced earlier today duplex on the web Duplex on the web is the technology that helps you get things done But it doesn't only help you get things done. It can also help you get things done in your own language This is extremely interesting when we consider Many many people coming online that interact online and interact in the internet But not on the predominant languages that are supported Consider for a moment. There are approximately 500 000 people speaking Hindi that are online but not very well-serviced by The set of e-commerce sites that are available to them I'd like to show a demo from Xiaomi a leading smart phone brand in India And on this basis, you'll see what we can provide imagine for a moment. I'm a hindi speaker in India Ideally I would like to be able to search browse and buy all in my own language Even if the underlying websites in English So first search as you can see we already support hindi from searching perspective Now I can come with google shopping in India and I can browse The power bank I want here. We'll choose the second one Google shopping will provide for me details of that power bank Partially translated right now in hindi. We're working as we speak on the entire experience being translated And to complete the cycle of buy that's where duplex on the web steps in This blue button here translated says fast checkout Once I click that duplex on the web opens chrome Goes to the underlying website from Xiaomi It's in English as you can see But duplex in the well wet on the web will help me in hindi I can see all my information. I can see the product. I'm interested in Looks good. I'm going to check out As you move forward duplex on the web leverages chrome the information that's stored in addresses and payment information To navigate all the cumbersome forms Of course, we adhere as well to all the privacy and security concerns That are extremely important from a chrome perspective as well as from the website Here I'll have to enter my my security code for my credit card I enter that information But I'd like to see a summary of my purchase before I'm done Duplex on the web navigates to the site to show me my summary the summary of the purchase tax total Sends me a notification and my power bank is on the way This technology We're very excited to bring to users partners and web developers specifically for web developers You'll be able to go to the search console To see the status of your site as it relates to duplex on the web the relative health You'll also be able to provide a test account For duplex on the web to understand what your site looks like beyond the the login That helps increase the quality of the experience for your users And finally We'd also offer additional control for web developers for configuring the robots txt file to be able to restrict different parts of the site If that's something that you'd like to do As Sundar said earlier today We'll carefully roll out this technology first in the showtime space and rental cars And that will be followed on by a shopping experience much like you've seen here Thank you very much Ben back to you Thank you Dana It's fantastic to see the assistant open up parts of the web to even more of the world with the translation capabilities So we've talked about a bunch of new capabilities that the web now has And more capabilities are coming. There's a steady stream of new capabilities in the pipeline These are just a some of my favorites can't wait to have native file system access The ability to expand quota Contacts picker integration the ability for web apps to integrate with mime types in the os sms based authentication and more And these are really going to take the web even further towards this vision. We have of linking everything together As we bring these capabilities to the platform We often compare it to a fugu fish Because fugu fish can be a really delicious delicacy unless it's prepared wrong in which case it kills you And so as we thread the needle on the web between power and safety We're very mindful of the need to preserve what makes the web greatest of all Which is that it has safety design first to keep users safe as they navigate and explore all across the world So this is a good opportunity to transition to the last section of our talk And share what else we're working on to keep users safe Of course, this has always been a big focus for us at chrome When we first rolled out we had the auto updating feature that was if you remember controversial at the time But he wouldn't remember how controversial that was Surely the mind sweeper person can give me a little bit of a hand. It was a really controversial feature We did it Because we wanted to make sure that users always had the latest security fixes We also have features like safe browsing to protect users against known bad sites And then since last i o we rolled out site rolled out site isolation a major update to chrome's multiprocess architecture chromes always put tabs in its own process both for stability and security But site isolation takes this to the next level by isolating cross domain content within a page as shown here on this iframe Into its own process This aligns the os process boundary with the web security model We also rolled out rolled out the latest phases in our multi-year effort to move the web to htdps by default Flipping the ui model around URLs to one where we assume htdps As the transplore and warn the user when it's htdp And when they're at risk of sending data in the clear Over the past three years we've seen htdps page loads on windows go from 42 to 82 percent Which we think is a significant security and privacy win for users on the web And it won't be possible without the broad community such as the let's encrypt initiative So we've also been working to address user feedback about tracking on the web And as we do that we've been focused on giving users transparency and choice Over how they're tracked on the web through easy to use controls We want this to be a powerful and very useful feature And so we're working with users to get this right and we'll preview user-facing features later this year Today we're sharing our plans around changes to how cookies work in chrome to support transparency and control features in browsers Let me explain So today when we as developers set a cookie it's visible by default in both first party and third party contexts Now this enables tracking and it also leaves cookies that were really intended for use only by the same site Exposed more broadly by default It also means that browsers need to rely on guesswork Based on observing how cookies are accessed to understand both the intent of the developer And to provide transparency to users as to what's happening Moving forward Chrome will make all cookies limited to first party contexts by default And will require developers to explicitly mark a cookie as needing third party visibility Which creates a clear distinction between first party and third party cookies and enhances web safety As a developer to make cookies third party visible You just need to add a new setting called same site none to the cookie Later We will also require that third party cookies only be served over https connections, which further enhances web security Both of these states are available now for testing in chrome canary behind flags And you can see web.dev for more technical details We'll roll out these changes to users over the coming months Starting with the first party cookie change. I just described and later with the https requirement for third party cookies Now some developers attempt to track users with a technique known as browser fingerprinting This involves looking at things like http headers or invoking javascript apis to build a profile Of what makes the user's browser Unique and then you can use this to create a type of signature that you use to follow the user around as they navigate the internet We see these efforts as subverting user choices about tracking And so chrome is announcing that we will work to block fingerprinting and we'll share more details in the coming months But we're sharing this now to make clear our commitment to user privacy As we make these and other changes we're taking care to preserve the health of the web ecosystem But we're also Clearly putting users first and their choices We see this as a journey that's similar in scope to what dion described earlier with moving to https by default And we'll work with the full web community to refine our plans And we need your feedback to make sure we get this right So phishing is a major problem on the web And we've been working with the phyto alliance and the w3c on a new web standard to help The result is web authentic which brings two factor authentication to the web And can enable your web apps to take advantage of modern devices with hardware tokens built in A fantastic best practice we're seeing is using biometric checks on the device when users have previously signed in In fact here at google we're rolling out support for web off end with passwords.google.com as a real authentication model And this isn't just about usability Our friends at yahoo japan shipped fingerprint real and improved tied to sign in by 37.5 percent Okay, so to wrap up Speed remains incredibly important And take advantage of the platform enhancements and tools that we've made to move your site closer to an instant experience And check out portals and packaging and give us feedback Because we see this as having big potential to redefine the future of an instant web capabilities of the web are expanding faster than ever take advantage of the new features so that users can do more on your site Right in the browser and easily re-engage afterwards leading to higher conversions for your business And prepare for the upcoming privacy changes that are coming to chrome And consider integrating web off end into your site So there's so much good stuff coming. We really want to help you keep up with the latest features and best practices for the web That's why we created a new site web.dev to help It's a straightforward guide to teach you how to build on the modern web with interactive codelabs on the most important topics And with lighthouse integrated we can help tailor the guidance based on your websites and help monitor your progress Including how to optimize popular web frameworks like react CMS is like wordpress all for top performance Web.dev is here to help you build the instant powerful safe web that we hope to browse together You're also all invited to join us in six months at the chrome dev summit in san francisco Where we'll share more progress on these themes, and I think we'll bring some avocado toast from I was wondering if you're going to go for that line. Cool. Hey, have a great i o and thanks for joining us this afternoon Take care