 As we learned in Professor J.T. Bushnell's What is a Conflict video, the stories that we read and the movies and plays that we watch are driven by conflicts. Sometimes those conflicts are between two people, what we usually call the protagonist and the antagonist, like Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort, or Spider-Man and the Green Goblin. At other times, the conflict is a bit more nuanced and involves a tension between what a given protagonist wants in the world and what the world gives him in return. In either case, the narratives of most stories will build towards what's called the climax, the moment of highest tension that leads to the resolution of the conflict and makes way for the conclusion. This model of storytelling should be pretty familiar to most viewers of this channel. What might be less obvious is why that key moment in the text is so useful to consider when writing a literary essay or discussing the meaning of a given story or movie. In this brief lesson, I want to share with you two important, interrelated properties of climaxes that have been useful to me in my teaching. Approaching climaxes with these properties in mind will help you to develop sophisticated interpretations of the literature you love. The origin of the word hints at the first reason why climaxes are so important in storytelling. In ancient Greek, the word klemox means staircase or ladder. And just as staircases and ladders can give you a bird's eye view of what is below you, the climax of a story gives you a bird's eye view of its central conflict, offering a great vantage point to help you to spot major themes or ideas associated with that conflict in a clear way. This vantage point can be incredibly useful for early readers of complex literature, who often struggle to distinguish the key theme or themes of a given story from the swirl of characters, plot devices, and secondary themes that surround it. But simply, the climax tells you what the story believes its big ideas are. Consider Ian Lee's masterfully ironic and incredibly complex story, A Thousand Years of Good Prayers. The story follows the life of Mr. Xu, a retired Chinese rocket scientist, or so he claims, who travels to the United States to be with his daughter after her recent divorce. The first few pages of the story, Mr. Xu is desperate to uncover the reason why, quote, the boat of his daughter's marriage ran into a hidden rock, believing that whatever the reason, it must not be her fault. He also wants to comfort his daughter as she deals with what he presumes as the disgrace of being abandoned by her husband. Throughout the first two-thirds of the story, his efforts are foiled again and again by his daughter, who refuses to discuss the details of her life or be comforted by the many acts of kindness that he tries to bestow upon her. Their awkward exchanges push Mr. Xu and his daughter further apart, and this conflict constitutes what a literary critic might call the rising action of the narrative. At this point in the story, attentive readers would probably expect two different climaxes for the narrative. On the one hand, Mr. Xu's daughter might finally reveal the truth behind her divorce to Mr. Xu, and through the revelation, they might be reconciled. On the other hand, depending on the nature of the revelation, it could push them apart, leading to the disillusion of the family. Lee's story seems to dutifully fulfill that expectation when Mr. Xu's daughter answers a phone call late in the story. Leaving the door open to her bedroom, she allows Mr. Xu to overhear her conversation with a man she's been having an affair with. This affair, she later tells her father, is what led her to the divorce, making her the abandoner rather than the abandoned. Now, this is a big reveal, and it does lead the two primary characters to a heated argument, but this isn't the actual climax. One page later, when his daughter tells Mr. Xu that he and her mother never talked about the problems of their marriage, Mr. Xu tells her that his job as a rocket scientist forced him to withdraw from the family. It is here that the actual climax occurs. Your mother and I never had a problem. We were just quiet people. But it's a lie. No, it's not. I know I made a mistake of being too preoccupied with my work, but you have to understand I was quiet because of my profession. Baba, Mr. Xu's daughter said, hid it in her eyes. You know it's a lie too. You were never a rocket scientist. Mama knew, I knew, everybody knew. What everybody knew as we discover in the falling action is that Mr. Xu was dismissed from his position as a rocket scientist because of an office affair that he had carried out 42 years ago. When the affair is discovered by his superiors, Mr. Xu is reassigned to a job far beneath that of the job he claims to hold. Throughout the rest of his life, he has tried to keep this revelation from his family. These efforts, coupled with the fact that his wife and daughter knew about the affair, are what drive his family from him. Phew, this is a big reveal. Like most climaxes, it occurs near the end of the story. And like most good climaxes, it offers a surprise that modifies our understanding of a central conflict. This modification illustrates how paying attention to the climax of a story can help us to understand the central themes and ideas within it. Instead of a simple and ethically dubious story about a father trying to rescue his daughter from supposed ruin, through this climax we're instead given a much murkier and more interesting story of Mr. Xu trying to somehow address or correct or rewrite the tragic story of his past by projecting that story onto his daughter's life. The sudden shift in our understanding of the conflict also forces us to quickly recalibrate our understanding of the key themes of the story. Instead of a story about the links to which a father can go to comfort his daughter, it becomes a story of a man whose anxieties, guilt, and shame drive his actions to such an extent that he cannot see himself or his family clearly. It is also the story of a daughter's responsibility for propping up or puncturing a father's fantasies. As Professor Bushnell's video also suggests, Mr. Xu's themes can often be expressed as questions, and a few good ones to ask here might be, which is more important for Mr. Xu and his daughter, a duty to the self or a duty to family? How are their answers to those questions similar or different from one other? Is America a place for reinvention, as it seems to be for Mr. Xu's daughter? Or does it merely offer the promise that you can outrun your past, as it does for Mr. Xu? How do gender expectations shape attitudes towards marriage only for both characters? And do those gender expectations change as we move from China to the United States? How and why do people find comfort in projecting upon others the anxieties that they wish to conceal from themselves? How do feelings of guilt or shame structure people's behaviors? These thematic tensions simmer beneath the surface of a thousand years of good prayers, but they're only thrown into relief at the climax. That's the first reason we should pay attention to climaxes. They help us to clarify or complicate a key theme or themes of a story. The second reason is that climaxes enable us to re-read previous sections of a given story, with that big revelation in mind. This is why I often tell my students to read a story twice, once to find the climax, and a second time to determine how that climax is foreshadowed by earlier elements of the plot. If we only read Lee's A Thousand Years of Good Prayers once, we'd miss out on the rich, ironic nuances of earlier passages to make the story so interesting to read. For example, early on in the story, after his daughter tells him of her divorce, Mr. Shue asks her to allow him to visit to help her recover, but she refuses. He only manages to convince her to let him travel to America when he adopts a different rhetorical tactic. She finally agreed when he announced that his wish for his 75th birthday was to take a look at America. A lie it was, but the lie turned out to be a good reason. America is worth taking a look at. More than that, America makes him a new person, a rocket scientist, a good conversation list, a loving father, a happy man. If we read this passage with the climax in mind, we might ask how the lie he delivers here foreshadows the lie about his career and his own affair at the climax. We could also ask if America does in fact make him a new person. And if it does not, why he believes this lie and how this belief sheds light on his status as a deeply unreliable character. Finally, we might ask just how successful his lie is. Does his daughter truly believe the lie? Or is she simply aware of how he manages his shame and feels unable until the climax to call him out on this coping strategy? As this passage suggests, a thousand years of good prayers is obviously an unusually complicated story, but students can manage that complexity and the complexity of other challenging stories by attending to where its climax occurs. This moment of highest tension can tell us what the big ideas of a given story are. It can also encourage us to reread a story with that moment in mind, shedding new light upon its structure and content and guiding us toward new interpretations about its meaning. Happy reading, everybody.