 Okay. So good afternoon everyone. Welcome to our last session of this virtual gift workshop. My name is Eldar Pereira. I'm a member of the Committee of Education and I welcome all of you to this final session. One of the most interesting things and one of the things I love the most in gyro sciences is that we can travel all over the world without leaving our living room and today it's a nice example of that and during the week we already traveled in different parts of Europe. We have been in Rome, Italy, Belgium, Brussels and even Machu Picchu in Peru. So today we will continue traveling to different parts of the world and we will have two presentations that will show the interdisciplinarity between gyro sciences. So we are lucky to have with us from Greece an expert in climate. So Christos Zafos will present us. Okay. Can you share your first slide please with us? Christos will make a presentation about the relationship between science and even earth. Can you mention that? So we will speak about Tambora and the relationship between volcanoes, geophysics, climate and and earth. So Christos, thank you very much for joining us and the stage is yours. Now thank you all there. Thank you. Hello everybody. Good afternoon to everybody. I have put that little strange title, volcanoes, geophysics, climate and the earth. Of course, the interest of volcanoes and how they interact with our environment has been a subject that has been used in literature, in paintings, in poetry, but here I will show you some evidence of how all these things can link together and I'm giving examples. The major example would be the Tambora eruption in 1815, which created the year without the summer in 1816 and lots of other nice things. So let's start first with some pictures of these magnificent features of our planet and you can see in the first slide what important and great volcanic phenomena, weather phenomena occur in big but smaller than Tambora volcanoes. This is the eruption from Edna. This is the lucky, the well-known lucky in Iceland. The lucky we know in history that it had created this large anomaly in the decade of 1780 and that anomaly can be seen as one moves. These are calculations by Jürg Luterbacher and one can see the anomaly progressing in the next winter and one can see also the year as it is called without the summer. Now here are a series of solar irradiance and temperature anomalies that people tried in the past to link them together which is to link the quasi-circular 11-year solar cycle to larger deviations of air temperatures all over the globe. Also the solar irradiance but all forcings including man-made forcings from carbon dioxide releases are included and we now know that mother nature is controlling a large part but man-made global warming is now contributing more than 30% to the changes in our climate. Following that Tambora eruption Lord Byron a famous poet from the UK wrote a beautiful poem Darkness and he starts with the famous I had a dream the same sentence used by Martin Luther King but that dream which was not at all of a dream it was reality. He lived the situation following the Tambora eruption and actually he was having vacation in late Geneva and he couldn't believe what he saw because every day and every night there were everywhere thunderstorms and rain and darkness and blackening of as he says the moonless air. The volcanic aerosols which trigger of course weather phenomena but they also can be seen in the scattering processes of different colors in the sun. So we selected the three red green blue colors to study how they were changing before during and following large volcanic eruptions in as I said in paintings by great masters. Now here one can see the three sets of curves each set corresponding to a solar different solar zenith angle from 75 to 85 and 100 degrees and these calculations have been done for the red to green ratio using the axes are for volcanic aerosols and the peaks are non-volcanic aerosols from the model. The optical depth we studied was first at 550 nanometers in the model. So here are some examples of how we can what what we get by studying paintings the AOD the atroceic optical depth from famous paintings and what to the right what are the estimates from different methods the the volcanic eruptions that we have chosen include also lackey and tambora. One can see here that the AOD from paintings correlates very well with the dust veil index so-called which is an index that gives an estimate of the burden of the load of ash that is flying overhead and it is quite well distributed over the globe you know in most cases. So here the correlation is quite high and one can see the errors are quite small and here is a painting by Ted Turner famous colorist and landscaper and you can see the colors as we see them with our eyes and you can see now the colors as they I'm sorry as as they form from red to green ratios you can see that there are high ratios R to G ratios that are above the horizon and they are at angles which correspond pretty well to the overhead aerosol. Here it's an unknown volcano that erupted in 1809 and has subsequently created with another volcanic eruption a a change in the in the red to green ratio which resulted to atmospheric optical depth greater than 0.2. Now as we all know this is the famous Maynard map that shows the Napoleon's troops as they started like a sick river they moved to Moscow in in 1812 they returned in the winter time with great losses in view of of the harsh cold conditions that have been created there. I believe that part of it was due to that unknown volcanic eruption this was one of the coldest winters in in Moscow. Going back to the colors one can see the effects of Tambora in 1817 in these two paintings by Kaspar David Friedrich and one can see the famous sunset after Tambora of the lady in front of the setting sun. A sunsets without volcanoes can be typically like the one to the right which is by Kunsthalle by it's it's it's exhibited in Kunsthalle Mannheim in Germany. Here are other volcanic eruptions Babouyan and we have compared it with non-eruption conditions and one can see the difference by eye but mostly the the interesting thing is that we have used 800 paintings by great great painters great masters and we can see that above it's the dust veil index then below is the atmospheric optical depth from the paintings and then there are different estimates of the stratospheric aerosol optical depth and other optical depths that could be related to the volcanic eruptions and if one correlates the red to green ratio between coarse and high quality images you can get still high correlations we have tested the paintings by Turner at the Tate Gallery and the National Gallery in London and we think that the error is is is relatively small if one groups all these paintings with non-volcanic and volcanic years the AOD shows both the dust veil index the total sulfate from Zelinsky at all they all show an increase in the aerosol content as we move in the industrialized period after 1901 the AOD in general has been increasing due to air pollution here is a a picture of a late great painter in Greece he was considered one of the greatest Greek painters a colorist who was loving the Aegean sea and he was painting in the Aegean sea so I have asked him to organize an experiment to test our hypothesis according to which as I said before the red to green ratio in the the painting is proportional to the aerosol overhead we have had with us optical spectroradiometers we have had cameras expensive cameras and at the same time when he was painting we have been measuring the aerosol overhead the reason we have selected to go to the to Hydra Island not far away from Piraeus outside of Athens the reason why we used these dates 19 and 20 June 2010 was that there was expected to pass over a larger case of Hasara Saharan dust event you can see the passage of the dust event shown here for the 19 of June and then on the 20th of June and you can see how the aerosols as as seen from from space have been moving over the Aegean sea now an MFR 7 AOD retrievals at 500 nanometers on 19 and 20 and AOD retrievals can be seen here and the dust concentration in micrograms per cubic meter can be seen to the right uh generally the overpassing of the Saharan dust event could be seen peaking at about three kilometers above overhead and one can see the evolution of the of of that aerosol passing over by two instruments and MFR and the microtopes here are the comparison of ratios given as aerosol measurements uh in paintings and as as they were with the microtopes and by other instruments the interesting thing here is that one can see that the passage over to the left of the aerosol that uh happened on the 19 could not be seen in the in June 20 the day after these are above our two paintings which show that uh the HIDA so-called experiment the painting is shows above the two paintings are during the passage and after the passage and below are two two photographs taken at the same time which do do show the difference in the scattered light to the left relative to the scattered light in the in the right which was after the Saharan dust event the cosine of the solar zenith angle and the horizontal angle relative to the position of the sun uh could place actually could describe the profile uh and compare also with the model let me show you going back to the past uh the Tambora it's a very good example uh 18 17 uh it's uh the year following the year without the summer and uh one can see that horizontally we have similar red to green ratios which is that means that the aerosol was well distributed through uh I mean from east to west in the and north to south uh in in the horizon uh one can see that there are minor differences from north to south and uh here is another famous painting by William uh Turner uh which shows uh that uh the 1.44 it's quite high for the uh for for the case of the volcanic aerosol as we have seen in the previous catalog and uh the northern hemisphere versus temperature now following a volcano zero is the year of the volcanic eruption and one can see that the aod anomaly from a number of uh about 22 23 volcanic eruptions do show what we know between uh uh the volcanic eruption and the drop of air temperatures following the eruption uh here we show the aod anomaly from the paintings from actually based on red to green ratio and that's climatic uh stations we have used Basel, Berlin, Geneva, Greenwich, Moscow, Paris, Prague, Corfu, Saint Petersburg, and Stock Hall the interesting thing is to see how uh the the air temperatures and the climatic anomaly imposed by the volcanic aerosol in uh Saint Petersburg, Stock Hall, Rome, and Athens do show up in in in that figure. I have to recall to you this is uh air temperature at the meteorological observatories, climatological observatories in these four cities and uh one can see that following uh for instance Tambora but also Lackey and uh one one can see that air temperatures drop and uh the drop was highly important and significant in the case of the big volcanic eruptions, Lackey and Tambora there's no explanation on a volcanic contribution in uh about 1841-42 which was another terrible year in Moscow and another year where the Nazi's army has been stopped outside of Moscow. The annual actually the mean temperatures at ten European sites are shown here uh which have uh longer records that they go back to 1750 and uh there is a an indication of a longer term trend but the longer term trend is uh influenced by occasional and erratic changes shown by the arrows due to volcanic eruptions. The dust veil index that I mentioned before and the aerosol optical depths can be seen in that slide quite clearly uh the needless to say that the correlation is very high and one can see it by eye and uh moreover what what is clearly very clear here are that uh is that this this AOD derived as I said from red to green ratios um is uh is is so coherent that can be seen by naked eye. Here are the comparisons of all measurements using 800 paintings and the results are valid and the same. There have been several journalists who were interested in our work and they keep on doing some. Um we have also checked on the monks screen and actually we found out that the the um the red to green ratio there corresponded indeed to the Krakatao eruption giving similar red to green ratios and uh we have actually um sent to the curator of one of the monks galleries and he said that by with other methods they could verify that uh that particular painting was painted after the Krakatao eruption. So to summarize because I'm sorry I I took some time to fix the presentation to summarize I think it would be uh good to remember that uh the the brain of of the great colorists looks rather at um ratios rather than colors themselves although they are using colors. It turned out in our study that uh the blue was not crucial in uh the results that we arrived at but the red to green was the crucial finding and it could be that the brain is operating maybe of everyone not only of the great masters is operating as a detector of aerosols overhead. This gives a link and a clue not only between volcanic eruptions and the climate but also and society. Uh it brings a clue that uh the phenomena the post volcanic phenomena. And a few weeks ago for instance in Southern Europe as you know we experienced one of those uh siren dust clouds and it was amazing because even without using any particular instrument most people that walked on the on the streets realized that the the sky was totally different from the the colors were totally different from the the the usual uh ones. So for instance uh I'm based in southern Portugal and we experienced a couple of days of yellowish uh sky it was like we were on Mars kind of a kind of uh a linearist experience. So I don't know if you want to add something about it. Yeah sure you know there's no color and no combination of colors particularly ratios that does not have you know its origin in a phenomenon. So of course the Saharan dust period starts in in spring and it transports Saharan dust to large distances and change the the ratio of the colors. Uh similarly of course volcanic eruptions can do the same thing but it's more global uh while the Saharan dust affects mostly uh middle to southern Europe. So uh in uh in the Arab world uh the this period uh and these uh winds which uh blow and uh rise the sun the sun to to the air you know uh they are called in in Arabic Hamsin and the that uh that words it means uh 50 uh and so they are expecting during the Ramadan which started a few days ago during the feast for Muslim believers that there are 50 days where you have these these winds from Sahara they are created when there is low pressure system passing over Sahara and it is they transport the winds they are quite strong uh at times these Hamsin winds they they can get even gale force and they they they can introduce you know hazard to the caravans and to those who are uh transporting in in the Sahara. So that event I think uh we should look at it from uh through modis maybe we can see the colors and uh yeah if you have pictures I would like to get the ratios you know they are all digital now so you can get the red to green ratio and um and tell you what the aerosol the AOD uh was in that passage otherwise you know uh regularly day and evening are distinguished by the change of these ratios of the colors red to green. Thank you yeah it seems a a nice project to to start with uh with our students at school so taking pictures in different days at the same hour and comparing them uh I'll be happy and my colleagues here we we can create a little amusement and the artful little project for young people because they they love these things you know if you give them some paintings and some music they will love you I know from my own students so they love these things and so we we we can create something like a rubric in our intervals of uh of heavier work you know uh and and uh it would be quite good I can uh we can share our models and of course it's a good very good idea I fully agree with you okay thank you so much uh as Phil is saying in the chat it's a potential cross Europe citizen project so later in the in the in the session there will be a moment where all the participants will be able to to share and their experiences and who knows start collaboration projects and this is a really nice example of that so are there any more questions yes there is one from Francis okay so we can give him can you help me Phil making yeah if I can find him well I have it may I say yeah please go on yes there's a question from Francis Ludlow and he says there is a very impressive match between the dust veil index and the data from the paintings he noticed there was a period between 1900 and 1950 when the correlation seemed to diminish so Francis wonders and and if the speaker can comment on that yeah we we have seen also that it's not not completely diminished but reduced I would say that maybe the way of presenting colors you know in more recent paintings in view of the change from impressionism to to more modern art maybe this must have had an influence in the red to green ratios but it's a very good comment I think we need to work on it but like all of you I'm also a busy person and I would love to do these things you know really I love them Costa knows me very well for a hundred years now he's not a hundred years old I am so yeah we we have to to revisit the issue I'm sure right thank you very much thank you thank you Francis so Costas you have your hand raised you have any question yes I would like to make a question because I know you're interested in music so I would like to ask did the past climate and any influence on music or instrument making okay thank you Costas well yeah it does it does I could well I don't have the music now to to play it for you but we all know the seasons for the seasons but most mostly we know Vivaldi's seasons that have been written in Venice in 1700 you know so but there are the seasons by Haydn there are the seasons written by Tchaikovsky for piano and there are the seasons in Buenos Aires written by Piazzolla so if you compare the seasons for instance if you take spring we are now in spring you can see the difference between the Venetian period of Renaissance Vivaldi this is Vivaldi and you move to Buenos Aires 200 years after then you get the the equivalent spring for Piazzolla which is a heavy and really impulsive tango that is representing spring which is one has the joy of going back to nature Vivaldi and Piazzolla has actually the the sense of deep feelings and more how to say very deep sentiments that were in the in the bell epoch period of Piazzolla if you go to more recent tangos you'll see that the tangos have been influenced by another type of music actually the brazilian rhythms and it's a mixture of everything so you can compare music for as long as it is classical you cannot go beyond Piazzolla it's I think but if you compare Haydn for instance he wrote that beautiful oratorio with the four seasons and the oratorio lasts for an hour so if you take you know parts from the spring time you you'll be amazed to see the the middle ages influence or the beginning of of the classical music era which is more symphonic more Bachian Bach had influenced them all and and it is you can differentiate that with the music by Vivaldi to summarize yes you can see changes and differences in music according to climate you can see different music different vocals different heat in the in the soul of of the composers the early ones as they as you compare them with the recent ones but definitely after world war two things have changed radically thank you thank you so will we still have another question uh Stephen Michael from the U.S. he asks oh well do photographs represent live callers we see so he says that his own photographs never looked as good as the actual images of the sunset yeah except if they are by expensive cameras taken you know like an icon an expensive icon in our case and or a hazard plan which were they they are professional cameras but i agree that no no picture can give you the essence and the beauty of a real colorist or a real masterwork you know it's it's obvious that is why they are so expensive you know i think it's the same phenomena with them with your or us so the images the pictures we see from the or us and if you see them with your naked eye it's a totally different experience absolutely you know why because you have to incline your head and you are pushing your nerves there so by incline that you you you start having something uh celestial you have an influence that comes from above if you see the the the Athens school so called uh in the Vatican you know the the the painter is showing plateau showing up in the ideas coming from the god you know and uh and Aristotle is next to him and he's uh pointing to the earth he's he's grounded and he he's looking at phenomena probably at experiments but both are going side by side and this shows that even the the heavenly things that plateau was thinking together with the experiments that we are doing they they could match and go together and then in that painting as you know is the it shows most of the philosophers from different areas it has Abyssin has Arabian philosophers Persian philosophers Chinese it's a wonderful mixture of of the humankind and the wisdom of the humans so this this is how science and art uh match together and I think the paintings and the music of course they do a beautiful job and a joyful to us because we have been always calculating I know you you ladies and guys we have all been doing that work as I said before I've been doing it for 100 years and uh you know making a break to art before or for art it's a good thing you feel better after that you know I totally agree yeah it's like it's the same like going into the forest or into the wild and yeah you get this the smelling the smelling is also aerosols so you can use your smelling and calculate aerosols I don't know how you can parameterize that but probably there must be some way and to summarize uh Steven it seems that you have to buy a better camera yeah okay we will do that not at the moment because the crisis of oil you know and all all this you know it's amazing we have a climate crisis we have the pandemic crisis we have a war we have economic crisis and I don't know what hell other thing will come you know it's it's a very peculiar period of humanity I'm so sorry that the young are losing the opportunity to getting together and they are all they they are stuck you know behind their screens and everything is virtual you will see marriage virtual marriages soon so they don't know each other they have never touched each other and they they they go to get married you know it's it's a possibility crazy but could could happen in in this crazy world that we live yeah that's true the advantages and disadvantages of technology luckily for us this virtual workshop it's only possible thanks to the technology so I don't see any any other question does anyone want to take the opportunity of having Christos with us yeah if I could just ask one final question yes yeah as I said to you before I think my students love this material and they're amazed that they can get that you can get this scientific data out of this source and at first they almost don't believe it but as you're you know as you go through your work and you show them the charts they start to believe it and it's real because I teach history students and it makes them look at these these sources completely differently so it's really great but I just wonder how how you deal with dirt on the canvases or because I've seen sometimes when there's been a cleaning of a famous painting it looks quite different after it's been cleaned versus before and how that might affect the the the values that you get from thank you Phil that's a very good question and we have tested that with the curators at the national gallery in London and in our gallery in essence and it turns out that the aging of the colors uh it's it deteriorates every color deteriorates roughly with the same at the same rate for instance red and green they deteriorate together so the ratio is not really affected so much we have tested by doing calculations in the first period of paintings for instance before 1700 or before 1750 and we compared with paintings early in in the 20th century for instance money money you know and we got similar answers in the ratios after the volcanic eruption the the volcanic eruptions are so great I mean the big ones of course uh the you know the magnitude to be about four or five you know we we we had a a a wonderful case now with that crazy eruption in in the ring of fire you know that it was ejected 30 kilometers uh one tenth of an island a fairly large island which is crazy and I think it's an opportunity every time we get such large volcanoes volcanic eruptions above um magnitude of four everyone could go out and let's let's let's uh let's do what Helter said I mean we we could we could make a little a little club you know there was a club 200 years ago 300 years ago there was a a club in London called the Club of the Dilletani they were famous people very rich and they were they wanted to travel and organize travel excursions and produce books beautiful books with paintings you know and engravings etc so these Dilletani gave us lots of information on the on the history of the Mediterranean for instance the and other histories so why not create a something maybe like you and myself and Helter and maybe costas and others we can create a not not to call it the Dilletani volcanic something and volcano lovers or uh you know um and and see if we can every time we have a volcano let's join in our forces like we did to to explain the ozone hole like we did to uh measure other measurements like the Chernobyl dispersion of radioactive material I remember I got hundreds of calls from colleagues let's measure that let's look at the other and get in contact with the local nuclear people to collaborate and do back trajectories and see how many went back to Chernobyl and and so on so uh same way we can do it now why not it's a it's a good exercise and the students will be looking for you know eruptions why not it's an expectation expectation is always a nice thing because it gives you always happy that you will meet with your future you know so it's it's a it's a nice sentiment to the people yeah looks so quite us yeah thank thank you me too thank you so much okay so I think we are a little bit behind the schedule but anyway uh as there are no further questions no more questions I think we can make a break and give a big round of applause to to Christos to all of you thank you and thank you very so welcome again everyone um we already have with us the next presenter so we are pleased to welcome you Richard Richard will Richard Williams is a scientist based on on the US but actually has traveled a lot of times to Iceland and so it will be a good way of ending our workshop with another trip to paradise for geologists Iceland the land of ice and fire so the stage is yours thank you so much for joining us Richie okay well thank you very much and welcome everybody I can't see you but I can I know you're there anyway today I'm going to talk about the natural hazards faced by Icelanders when they first settled Iceland and up to the present time and of course in some ways I'm building on one of the worst hazards that they had to deal with this volcanism and particularly the lecture that you heard yesterday from Catrin Kleeman about the locky or the scoff the elder uh volcanic eruption in 1783 and I'll just mention that briefly because I'm sure she covered it well anyway why don't we start with the beginning in terms of Iceland um Iceland was settled essentially around 870 some of these years are not quite correct the the pharaoh islands Iceland Greenland and Newfoundland and what have you the the Norse adventurers and began to range out in the late part of the 8th century to the west and of course the first place that was settled after from Norway and the Hebrides the Shetlins the Ireland the Isle Man with the pharaoh islands and then by chance not by design because they didn't really know what was to the west the Iceland came next and Iceland was a real fine and and from a historical standpoint it's quite amazing there were no people there there may have been a couple Irish monks or so but soon as I saw the Vikings arrived they decided they'd go somewhere else but anyway they came to a land that was about twice the half half the size of France a little bit bigger than Switzerland and Austria 103,000 square kilometers and of course they were traveling across the ocean from Europe and of course they didn't know what was underneath the ocean they don't didn't know anything about Iceland and so that's the story that it begins when they first land on Iceland and they were going to have to confront things they had never seen before here is here is the here they go across from the pharaoh islands there's striking out to find other islands and here they hit Iceland. Iceland sits on an insular platform but more importantly it sits right at Stride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which we'll cover just briefly but this is a center because of the Weival Thompson ridge that goes across from Greenland to Iceland to the pharaohs this is an area of weakness in the earth's crust and it just for 13 million years or more it has been volcanically active and expanding so this is they didn't know this they're traveling on ocean water they don't know what's underneath them but they're soon to find out the types of ships that the explorers used were these long ships I think you can see the maybe the captain is pointing off to the west and we'll assume that's Iceland but these ships were very flexible they can handle waves quite well they did a lot of bailing and off to the right you'll see another thing that we're going to talk about not icebergs per se but ice glaciers and ice glaciers and ice and of course these people that came from Norway were quite familiar with glaciers and in fact they brought the name or glacier in Icelandic is almost all the glaciers have that name preceded by a descriptive term as you shall see but they certainly knew what glaciers were anyway here they are pointing to perhaps new land of course they didn't stop there around late 800s and what have you they kept going and they formed two colonies in Greenland and then came down Hetlandland and Markland and Newpin, Vinland and as far one of my colleagues in Iceland said they went as far as the harbor of what we call now New York and this is one of his maps that he drew showing the route of Thurafiner Carl Sefnik okay the longboat was not an inappropriate ship to haul people and animals farm animals and other supplies so the Knorr was the type of ship that was used to transport people and animals and supplies when they first settled Iceland and so much sturdier broader and beam and are quite useful vessel now when the early adventures came to Iceland and they must have made several visits but no they didn't settle it right away but one of the reports that came back that there was ice in the if you look at this map in the upper left hand corner there was quite a bit of sea ice it came into the fjords there in fact the fjord is called Issa fjord Issa fjord there or ice fjord sea ice coming from Greenland and so that's how it got its name Iceland but what he didn't realize was if you look on this map you can see all the green areas there were plenty of metal lands that were in valleys coming up from the sea the whole interior of iceland unfortunately you know in terms of settlement pattern had huge deserts like Oðaðaðrion here in the northeast in here but it's the green areas that were settled first particularly in the north and uh they had one guy reported back that the there was so much grass and the grass was dripping with butter and here I took a picture of one of the meadows in iceland and with those yellow flowers it sure looks like it's dripping with butter so that's what took hold and they decided to go and settle it en masse and within 50 years from from about 870 to 920 all of iceland was settled now fortunately we have a we have a a book that's been translated and this one's happened was to be translated into English it's called La Nama book and that's a land naming book and they one of my friends is Gil Vimar Guthberg's and no longer with us he did the maps for the back showing where these settlers ended up now this is on the south coast and if we look down here to the bottom left you see the vestment islands or vestment air which will be in which I'll talk about later in the volcanic part of this is a two-part presentation of volcano volcanism and glaciers but we're we're going to come back to this area several times here you have the Skaftao or the Skaftao river that's one of the passages that the great rocky eruption one of the great tongues that came down from the eruption over here the fissure eruption that came down onto the coastal plain every one of these places shows where people settled this one was settled by Sigvalth the red or Harappan the foolish they always they tended to have nicknames for people we still that do that today the largest glacier we see here is Myrtle and it has an enormous caldera on it and it produces the worst yucca loypes or glacier outburst floods that have happened historically and then this other ice cap sitting to the left here is A. F. A. Yucca and that was active not very long ago and stopped a lot of transatlantic travel and then we'll talk later on about Hamei and also Cerzi two volcanic eruptions I was at during their and then of course you have Hekla up here these are all very famous geographic locations for volcanism and you can see the whole area this green area over here which is brown but on the other map it showed here's Ketl one hand probably lost the other one in a sword fight but these are all of the farmsteads of the people that settled in the beginning of one thing they had to deal with I mean aside from the volcanism and the glaciation and floods we're going to mainly talk about volcanism and floods related to volcanism was he had a variability of temperature this was put together by Thorvalder Thurudson one of the geologists from the late 19th century or at least 20th century he put together this based on shipping records how much sea ice there was the blue is the colder periods the red is the warmer periods it's this stopped around well 1971 of course it's been getting warmer and warmer so this red on the right should keep going up but you can see they have a little ice age here that they would have had to contend with the other thing that was very devastating in Iceland were when sailors would arrive bringing among other things smallpox so you would have waves of smallpox would go through the island so it was very difficult to increase population because of the loss of lives during during sickness of various diseases but anyway they prevailed and it continued on here is what they didn't know this is of a modern map a geologic map of Iceland and we have them the rake in this ridge coming up the mid-atlantic on shore with the western volcanic zone the eastern volcanic zone the northern volcanic zone it was the eastern volcanic zone that we're mainly going to talk about today because not only is that's where a lot of volcanism has occurred there's also had the ice caps of myrtus yokel aia fatli yokel and fatni yokel the big ice cap where volcanism takes place under the ice and produces enormous floods but this is the best knowledge we have today this is the middle mid-island volcanic zones the tertiary rocks the earlier rocks are on the outside and this whole area is spreading apart a couple of centimeters a year and we'll talk about some of the volcanic activity briefly and of course uh those of you familiar with Icelandic history Sigrid Theuransson who I worked with and a lot of european geologists and students and everybody a wonderful human being Sigrid Theuransson one of his more famous series of lectures in england was the thousand years struggle against ice and fire and that's sort of where the ice and fire or fire and ice concept came and so he did a lot of writings and a lot of publishing and a lot of research on ice and fire he's also the one who coined the term tefra which is from a greek word and it means all airborne material and irrespective of its size so i'll often refer to tefra and in a way you can convert it to ash but remember it's talking about things as big as blocks to very fine fine grain material he also determined that we have about one volcanic eruption in iceland every five years sometimes more often than that as we have been having in recent times so it's an extremely active area for a hundred thousand square kilometers that one of their most famous volcanoes it's lend its name this is skelbräther or broad broad shield it's given its name to all the lavish shields in the world then another famous icelandic volcano other than hekla it's knifeless yirket and this is where the jules verne's a great sci-fi story voyage au centre de la terre took place and it's been made into movies three or four times but and tourists still go to iceland to climb to the summit here to see see the entrance to to the the novel of course they ended up in etna italy at the end of the story but this is in a beautiful stratovolcano that you can see from reikevac on a clear day and then of course as i said before catrin clemen has been doing a lot of research on the locky eruptions scott the elder and icelandic um there have been books after books written about locky so it's going to be fun to see her book which is expected to be released by the publisher in november or december of this year um it's an extraordinary story as this subtitle says here this was one written by a woman that works with science news um and it did a really good job at this book iceland on fire uh this i'm sure you saw yesterday from catrin this is an area that was covered by about 580 square kilometers the largest volcanic eruption in terms of lava flows and history uh in historical eruptions it still holds the record for that the second one in iceland actually we'll see in a few minutes uh but here's where the there were two major arms laca giga uh crater row there are about 130 craters along this row filled out around it and then spilled down these two two valleys one the scaff dow river and the crevice float out onto the coastal plain and this little tongue i don't know if you can see my cursor but right smack in the bottom center near quirkie barre cloister there was a church and that's where yon stain grimson the the pastor of the church um offered many prayers and and of course the lava didn't quite get to the church which was good for in both places and uh but he wrote about it and he was ahead of a front row seat so to speak and so his narrative of the eruption is also available and translated uh and available for reading this is what it will look like this happened this is a oblique aerial photograph from northern iceland from the crappler eruptions where you would have a whole fissure open up with lava fountains and streams and streams of lava pouring out onto the countryside and seeking the lowest areas so the lava will flow and liquid as a liquid it'll crust over but underneath it still keeps moving uh lava fountains will often produce a lot of a particulate matter in the air producing tephra uh this was the first uh image that was taken with landsat in 1972 uh we have mirda's yirkel here we have catalyirket we're big uh enormous outburst floods come from which you'll see in a minute aia fatla yirkel we're the one that stopped the air air traffic uh baton yirkel is over here underneath the clouds this is a very large caldera up here called uh torfa yirkel and then we're going out here under the coastal plain this was where some of the settlers uh put in farms and what have you which was not a good idea in retrospect because when the katla the the one in the eight in 1917 when that erupted underneath the katla eruption under this one produced a flood that was estimated to be higher than 200 000 cubic meters per second for several hours that exceeds the flow of the normal flow of the largest river on the planet earth the amazon river so there was that torrent unbelievable torrent of water pouring out from underneath katla yirkel and covering this huge area which you see in blue this map was produced by gucciun larson who worked closely with cigartha armson and these are all the areas that went under water including many farmsteads which are marked by red circles uh where damage took place this excuse me it was 1918 not 17 then of course there's hekla and uh guzprander thurloxen working with abraham's ortelius this map was produced in 1590 you see hekla here all these clots of lava going into the air were considered to be the souls of those from hell that were trying to escape so hekla it says perpetually damned uh hekla was thought to be one of the entrances to hell on the bottom you have miradis yirkel you have solhama yirkel which is one of the outlet glaciers of miradis yirkel and afatla yirkel and then we just talked about miradis yirkel because of the great outburst floods afatla yirkel um uh we will talk about a little bit later and then this was the whole way here it's a scaffold and this is where the lava flows came out in 1783 and to early 1784 there is no glacier the biggest glacier in ison um vatna yirkel is not shown on this map and wasn't shown on any maps for a very long time uh part of the problem was you have to go across a very large um outwash plane to get to the other side it just the icelanders knew it was there but the map makers didn't this is iceland's probably most famous volcano hekla i've been to the top and taken temperature measurements at the top there's a long fissure at the top of hekla this erupts periodically and lava flows come down the slopes or you have flank eruptions that go out onto the onto the area around it um fortunately most of the big lava eruptions have not done that much damage it's mainly the explosive eruptions that have caused the biggest problem although in 18 in 1947 hekla produced enough tefra to cover the land that about seven thousand sheep died from fluorosis poisoning eating grass that was covered with these particles they were highly uh uh contaminated with fluorine but in typical icelandic style they were all the farmers were reimbursed for their loss so that they could start again not the insurance companies didn't do it the parliament uh rep repaid the farmers for their loss and this is the same pattern that's happened many times in iceland including heme when the houses were lost there and assurance wouldn't cover them um or they uh uh they didn't have money to rebuild the people of iceland put a surtax on themselves the next year through the parliament and everybody was reimbursed for their loss so i think iceland has a lot to tell us about what you should do when you have a terrible disaster here was a in 1947 and when hekla was in full eruption and the clouds that you see shooting straight up and uh we're depositing tefra in downwind whatever way the wind was blowing you would have the deposition of of tefra or ash and on the left hand side here you can see lava flows coming down the slope now we'll switch your attention to more recent activity here's afat liuk with its small clover at the top um this is gig yucca where yucca loype occurred came out onto market float and came down here and uh most of our science or our what i should call tv presenters they finally gave up trying to say afat liuk and just said oh that volcano anyway this volcano affected a lot of the farmsteads around here um and then in 1963 surtsy erupted we'll show you that and then hey may erupted 10 years later in january 1973 here's a picture um some years after surtsy had finished erupting um it has this lava cap on the western part of it here you have tefra which is now hardened into tough um been on the island twice once by boat and once by helicopter on temperature measurements and was there during the eruption in 1966 when we landed by boat over here on the coast from hey may surtsy was a really interesting volcano because it was all submarine until it reached the surface and then it produced three other islands sertla which never broke through the ocean surface sertlinger which became a tefra island but because it never had a lava cap never was became permanent it was washed away and then down here in the southwest part offshore was yoll near or christmas island and that you'll see in a few minutes i have one of the last pictures taken of it before it washed away um and there were two major eruptive centers on surtsy the first one and the second one and this is the second one i was there with when the crater row formed we'll see that in a sec this is yoll near this would have been the same with sertlinger sertlinger looked similar and that had breached the ocean surface produced an island didn't produce any lava and so it was washed away um this lasted from christmas until um christmas the sea that would have been 1965 till about uh july of of 66 it was active uh here it is on uh in august i was in a in an airplane taking photographs an oblique photograph here looking back on the three uh craters in a fisher row here in the second crater the other big craters over here with the uh hardened tefra behind this is all lava flows here are new lava flows entering the sea you can see the steam rising as the lava reaches the sea oftentimes the lava will not be flowing on the surface but subsurface in lava tubes that then reach the ocean and in the background here we see yoll near we see the cone that formed and during the last stage is the eruption and here's a view i took from the ridge um i was standing right on this ridge here looking off in this direction across the erupting craters toward yoll near and this one is vigorous the second one and the third one looks like it's beginning to stop but there's plenty of lava pouring out of the major crater um and going into the sea and in the background you see it almost looks like uh a air force fighter jet in the background but it isn't this is the cone of the of the the crater that was erupting that we just saw whoops that one whoops i guess we're switching to uh hey may okay so the people on hey may could see the eruption going on in the background um to the southwest and said well it's good thing it's going on there little did they know that 10 years later in january 1973 a fisher opened up on hey may to the east and had huge lava fountains and lava pouring out of the fisher one of the one of the farmer one of the people that lived there got up heard the rumbling got up and looked out the window and said then woke our husband up and said oh oh you must call the fire department he took one look at and he said it's going to take more than a fire department to deal with that one and so then the evacuations began because nobody knew how bad it was going to become as it turned out the lava flows uh probably destroyed a third of the town of vestment air has the same name as the archipelago the island is called hey may or home island and it was a very prosperous place because it was produced about a third of the export fisheries particularly to codfish that went to england for fish and chips and so these houses are fairly substantial these are not uh these are nice homes and um also the temper is falling in tremendous volumes and covering the houses and of course if it gets too thick it'll bury the house and then if it rains on top of the tephra then the roof will collapse and we'll see that in the minute here's here's uh lava in the background and then in front of it is where houses are covered with tephra you can still see the tephra steaming from the hot lava and tephra underneath and these are the houses that are partially covered or fully covered in some cases with tephra so this was a problem that would have to eventually be dealt with there was one positive aspect and that is the lava flows went to the north but they did not close off the main harbor but actually made the harbor better so in the long run it worked out okay and again as I told you the Icelandic the parliament and the people in iceland um got together and compensated all these people the houses were dug out where they could and restored as you shall see um the ones that were crushed by the lava of course were total losses so they took a lot of the tephra from here put it on the west side of the island and then build a whole new part of the town to the west uh so if you go to vestman air now and you can take uh during the summer months you can take a ferry from the south coast and get there in about 30 minutes um you can see where the lava flows are and you can see the new parts of the town and it's pretty much restored unfortunately as you hear here's a real I took this picture as we were taken off from the airport you're seeing the main part of vestman air you can see the port in the background and some of the boats uh here's the harbor entrance and you can see where the lava stopped about here and the reason to stop there was that early on they started pouring water with hoses onto the lava flow to try to chill it and this is a response to the icelanders to one of their hazards they poured water on it and succeeded in slowing it down enough it did not go into the harbor except along the edge here and then it came in here between these two fish packing plants and stopped right there if you can see the cursor i'm moving i'll show you a ground picture in a minute all the tephra here they've taken it off the roofs and they're scraping it up and taking it over to the western part of the island and this big building you see in the bottom is the hospital and thank goodness the lava never got to the hospital so that that stayed intact here's the lava flow i said that came into the path the fish packing plants it really didn't damage them at all and when i went back a year later all of this was gone it all been removed by front end loaders because it's all they call it an apple throin or a lava the term used in hawaii it's just blocks of lava so it can be scooped up and taken away so that this was all cleaned up unfortunately some of the houses this one probably burned from airborne incandescent lava probably torched this house or it could have just collapsed from the too much ash on it anyway this looks like it's a total loss and you say oh brother that's too bad um but look what happened there it is now it's the same house the the chimney there's the chimney you can see it's still intact and then they put the rebuild the house and uh it's better than it ever was so this is this is the typical response of the icelanders to dealing with the hazard that they have to live with is that they have financial ways of helping their citizens and they and it's a story that we're all going to have to live with with respect to ukraine is that everybody's going to have to pitch in and help put the country back together when the when the war is over but it has to be a collective cooperative activity you would never know that there was a volcanic eruption that happened on heimei if you were standing right here with a nice road a curbing a sidewalk and nice homes with grass lawns etc okay well then we come to uh 2010 um i might say that on heimei the last time they had an eruption was in 6000 years ago so they weren't expecting another one and when it occurred on certsley they figured that was it for another 6000 years well that didn't work out too well anyway this is 2010 this is a a fat vehicle this is one of the ice caps in southern iceland and they began to erupt and this one hadn't erupted since um the 1800s and it was two phases of the eruption the first was a a fuse of eruption where it was just lava flows to the east of this crater in between mirth is your and a fat vehicle you had lava flows but then it shifted and you had an explosive volcanic eruption and from the crater on the top of a fat vehicle and it was pretty impressive i wasn't there at the time i've seen movies on it the the white clouds are steam the dark clouds are tefra and this farm state in in which is enroute one on the south when you drive by you can look at it today it looks like this now again but this whole area was covered with tefra um so that all had to be removed but the grass came back and uh it looks pretty good again and there's actually where i'm standing there's a little museum there that has re that has gone over the history of what happened to this farmstead from the 2010 election and here is this here's the plume of tefra that's coming from this is a modus image uh a nasa uh esa uh terracet uh there's two of them up there and this one it goes by uh twice a day and here is the plume of the tefra that's traveling to the south right on the uh main airline routes going between europe and uh north america and so it was this continual flow or ejection of tefra that caused the airlines to stop flying until the eruption was over okay we're back to an an overview of icin again you can see the green swatches by the way in the bottom left here is uh rakeovic we'll have a better picture of that in a minute here is keflavik uh this is where the international airport is it's about 40 kilometers from there into rakeovic this whole area is expanding around rakeovic uh as the population grows when i was there in uh 1966 the population was 180 000 the population now is uh 345 000 and much of the growth is in the rakeovic and surrounding area the second largest city with only about 18 000 people is accurate to the north here and then most of the other villages are expanded fishing villages around the perimeter so most of the population of icin lives in this area fortunately you have good grasslands down here good salmon fishing um you have grasslands to the north and particularly north of the city here's snifled here on uh to the left here where i showed you that um but here's another volcanic eruption that's occurring in 2014 that suddenly appeared north of vatniokal so here but fortunately again here we have no nobody living anywhere nearby the only problem this eruption caused that this this the winds were blowing from the west so all of the noxious as um gases were flowing down here to hutton uh which is the center of the lobster industry in icin and that caused big problems for several weeks and here is a landsat oli operational land imager of that same eruption that we saw in the modus image the um there are the images a from spot there are higher resolution then of course there's commercial that we've been seeing in ukraine that are almost like aerial photographs for the quality of their resolution but this shows the growth of this new lava flow north of dingy icin which is an outlight glacier of uh of vatniokal um and you can see the hot areas of the lava glowing and uh it's covering a fairly covered eventually covered about 80 square kilometers and it was the second largest aerial lava a fuse of lava in icin in history and what was interesting about this is the whole thing began in barther bunga within the vatniokal northwestern vatniokal in a large caldera then the earthquake sequence migrated underneath dingy yokel right out of dingy yokel and then out came the lava thank goodness because if it interrupted here the lava would have gone i mean the water would have gone to the west and that's where all their huge except for one their huge hydro power plants are located so the biggest threat to these volcanic sub glacier volcanic eruptions on the western part of vatniokal is the potential impact on their hydro power generation uh these two uh calderas we we've described for the first time back in 1974 sigo the thrones and christian simonson myself because we could detect them on the landside imagery and including to barther bunga now we're shifting to the southwest for the last of the uh volcanic part of this and then we'll switch to the floods briefly this is uh here's where the airport is located to keflavik here's reikinas reikivik the the town hathna fjord there is a large sub um and then uh mosfels fate to the east is growing very rapidly all of this is covered with historic labas but most of it didn't affect anything but the spread of the town of reikivik and hathna fjord they're out into this area onto lava flows that have flown historically is not a good idea on the long run because the for the first time in 600 years a volcanic eruption occurred right here in of um geldinga dalir and they sometimes called fagr fagr dals fjord and i'll show you a sequence of images uh the technological okay again as with the eruption on north of vatnyoko we had clues that something was going to happen because clusters huge clusters of of earthquakes occurred right where the eruption eventually occurred this is in december 1921 then they had erupted and this was in a valley or it's plural geldinga dalir and this was a typical spatter cone uh scoria cone of lava splashing up and then coming out and spreading across the landscape and then of course it became quite an attraction if you look on this slide you can see all these people all Icelanders maybe a few tourists that came in they hiked up here and see their newest volcano um and you can see the lava flows coming out and spreading down into the valley the lower heads for the lowest areas and this is a sequence of two landsat eight images this is at one stage a few months later this was a much later stage you can still see the main volcano erupting you can see it's overtopping passes in and dropping into other valleys and flowing down these valleys the main road um the southern road here as you can see on the bottom it didn't quite get there there are a few farmsteads there's one there uh never got to them either and the last is a map that uh the Icelandic touring society i just got in the mail um is the major pathways on a new map of of Iceland of this area showing all the lava flows in orange and all the dashed lines are hiking trails if you wish to go and look at the um at the lava um now we're going to switch the last few minutes maybe five or ten minutes we're going to talk about the glaciers the biggest glacier is fatten yokel to the bottom right you have hafs yokel long yokel we've talked about mirda's yokel and aia fatten yokel um whoops the uh the strange yokel uh up into northwest you have snifles uh snifles yokel on the west um and then you have up in the north around acura area on both sides of the fjord you have a lot more than a hundred mountain glaciers we have we've we've counted and documented about 380 different glaciers including 14 ice caps and we have about 470 glacier names now including all the outlet glaciers uh from the big ice caps like fatten yokel which has about 50 outlet glaciers and uh we have compiled all that into a map we're on the third edition now uh it was otter cigarsen leading myself and schooley vikinson uh and we produced the first definitive map of the glaciers of ison uh the the darker areas on fatten yokel are parts of glaciers that surge forward periodically for reasons that we still don't have a perfect explanation of glaciers do surge and this area on the southwestern part of fatten yokel i'm going to show you a surge and that's another problem if they surge onto occupied land which doesn't happen very often but it has happened historically and then we started in the beginning of this work with otter cigarsen we translated from the old uh danish into english to make it more accessible uh a 1795 manuscript or map uh and manuscript that was produced by st paulson who sent it to the danish natural history society they never published it because they said they ran out of money um it was published late 1800s partially in norway and then it was published uh in islantic in 1945 by yone aitherson and then otter and i got together and did an english translation with the original handwritten manuscript so this is a really neat book considering what was going on in continental europe at that time in terms of this was way before um the theory of glaciation everything was developed by agases and other prominent uh scientists in in europe but because it was never published st paulson never really deserved the credit he deserved this was the first map it was done in 1710 um agneson in um the outlet glacier solheim yokel coming off of miradis yokel and blocking this river here um the blue areas you see on the map of island again we're done with uh several ice other islantic scientists show all of the flooded areas that can be expected from volcanic eruptions under the glaciers and of course these areas here and here and here and to the north are the ones that are most vulnerable uh here's that uh here's that new yokel you can see the great grimm spot in caldera where a lot of these outburst floods of originate you see uh other calderas for the first time on the slain set image miradis yokel's down here and it's this great flood outburst this is where the outburst floods generally go across the skater arsander from underneath skater yokel which i will show you now nope before that urrera yokel erupted in 1362 and icelanders always tend to cluster their farmstead not cluster their farmsteads but have them independently located but after the big uh yokel wipes or glacier outburst floods from urrera yokel these deposits from those floods are actually called glaciers but you notice we have them in parentheses enough in quotation marks these are really just glacier deposits uh these are all the glacier deposits from these great outburst floods from urrera yokel after that happened the farmsteads decided they better all pack together between these paths of these yokeloids to be safe so that was a reaction of the icelanders to protecting themselves from future outburst floods it did occur again in the 1720s but no major floods since that time here i am on an expedition in the big grims fountain caldera just to give you an idea of the size of these features been looking at there is a bombardier uh french uh french excuse me french canadian company that makes these uh tracked vehicles that can go like the wind on the surface of the ice and some of the icelanders were ski yawing being pulled by ropes as it was traveling at a high speed and i took this across the caldera bottom what i'm standing on is a frozen lake underneath of which is water and what happens is from geothermal activity or subglacial this lake fills up and then eventually over tops the sill here and then you get a yokeloid coming down onto the outwash plain skater or sander you also have volcanic eruptions in other parts of the baton yokel in which the water drains into here and then goes out which is what happened in 1996 uh the height of the it says here the height of rimstrap is 1725 meters above sea level and up here there's an expedition hut uh that was put together by the icelandic glaciological society that they use as a place to stay in which i have at the top of the mountain um this was 1966 all in the brownish area you see here all went under water the bridge at uh kiggy kiggy creasel the bridge of skaterow all were washed away so that the root of one across the skaterar sander was nipped in two places and many of the communication cables were also severed so it took them a while to put that back together um this was in 1937 was another one that occurred um on this outwash plain really early photo oblique aerial photograph showing that the whole again all of skaterar sander rhodovayuk in the background all the way from uh here is all underwater and this is 1996 either tigerson took this photograph looking across the terminus of skaterar yukit and all this bridge went out here and what you can't see in the distance the other road bridge went out this one was still intact uh but it caused an enormous amount of damage to put the road back together these features you see are moraines from the past position of the front of this glacier and then of course the great floods come out carry blocks of ice that are bigger than houses here's a person standing on the left here between two of the block they've already begun to melt because they're getting rounded but i was there right after this event and i couldn't believe the size of these ice blocks and the other the other problem with glaciers not so much now but in the past is that when they advanced they often would well they would overrun farmsteads um and this is berre the america yukit and those of you who've been to icin may have gone here uh they now it's a major tourist attraction because they have duck boats they call them duck boats that go out and go around the the yucca sarlon the the lagoon here in front so you can see icebergs and the front of the glacier close up and there's a very short river underneath the suspension bridge that goes out into the north atlantic ocean and many times you see blocks of ice on the beach so you should take your camera if you go but this is one of the largest it's made up of four different glaciers that merged with the medial marines in between and you can see over here this is a surge type glacier because the tephra bands in the glacier are all disturbed which shows that this is a surge type glacier here's our four this was done by the university of glas cal they have maps from 1903 45 65 and 80 and the berre the america yukul at that time at the turn of the century the 1900 century this glacier almost reached the north atlantic ocean and since that time it's been retreating and forming bigger and bigger proglacial lakes in front of them another problem is a surge type glacier like yang yukul uh it can have glaciers this outlet glacier is haga fellas yukul estri has gone into into haga vatan and it's now pushing the water up and out uh displacing the volume you can see here it's entered the the uh haga vatan and now this it's spilling out through this discharge which i took a picture of and you can see an enormous amounts of water are now coming out and heading out onto other parts of to the south of this and some of it is farmland then the last couple of slides is uh otter managed to catch by chance a surge wave coming across uh cinder yukul on the southwestern part of atlantic yukul and this is a wave of movement that goes through the ice and propels it forward and breaks the ice up into huge chunks and i'm going to show you a picture he took of what the end the margin the normal margin of a glacier is fairly shallow you can walk right up on it but not this one because the surge of the glacier came forward here's a person standing down here in the bottom left um you can see the the front of this glacier which was flattered flat before the surge is now a jumbled mass the last two slides uh this shows iceland as it is today um there's one island off the north grimsey um you have it has a fairly really good paid mostly paved around the perimeter root one and of course all the the cities and towns are paved roads when i first went there uh the towns would have a paved road but everything else was gravel uh but iceland has done a phenomenal job in developing a a really good road network around iceland and the last one is a technological achievement the university of minnesota in iceland paired up with the central intelligence agency to take um stereo pairs of sat high resolution satellite images convert them to through stereo photogrammetry into height models and they've been modeling the arctic and the Antarctic the arctic will focus on including iceland where we now have a two meter digital data set of all of iceland and the reason this is important in glaciology is that over time if you were to do this with these great glaciers sinking for instance vatniocals melting so quickly that the the fishing town of hot and then southeast the whole bay is shallowing so pretty soon they won't have no way to get into the bay to anchor because it'll be dry land it's called icestatic rebound of the crust as the ice is melting but we'll be able to go over these ice masses with two meter uh accuracy and show change in volume of the ice and some of the features see on here on the left far left is snifles yoke yokel you see myrtus yokel here aftley yokel the large glacier you can get this from the geospatial center at the university of minnesota of all parts of the arctic i don't remember to what latitude it goes down to but these maps are and these digital terrain models are really fantastic for looking at details those of you are interested in landforms and geomorphology and changes and landscape uh landforms this is great down here we can see a hafty yokel um excuse me heckler and north of um thing about the bottom where the parliament met is snifle f so we begin to see these these features quite quite well with these digital terrain models and i think that is the end yep oh that's another view of another surge type glacier you can see a person not just as uh like wondered if i no i didn't i thought i might have kept that other one okay that's it um hope you learned something from what i had to tell you how to get feedback on it so thank you so much thank you so much richie for this welcome brilliant presentation with a lot of imagery very very interesting so i'm pretty sure that the audience will have some questions i just shared the the link to the web page where one can find these digital elevation models that good good is that the one the one yeah pgc correct yeah very good um so any questions you can use the chat or just ask us to open your microphone oh good i'm glad i got a one that said this could materially use in class that i'm glad if you if you want if you want the actual powerpoint i phil smith is the technical the it expert for the the gift workshops um i sent him the pdfs of each of the pictures that i used but i also have it of course as a as a powerpoint presentation and if you send me your email address i can just pop that off through there's a company called we transfer dot com and it's easy for me to send the whole presentation so you have the slides to start with digitally thank you so much so winba is saying that uh some aspects some pictures reminds me reminds her uh la palma eruption so yes that's true i have pictures of some of those houses that are completely covered now on uh kumbri the aija on uh isla palma in the canary islands yeah so i i appreciate the comments you're making i mean in a uh visual presentation i focus on i'm working on a book now for all the but it's going to have a lot more background information like kumbri the aija right kumbri yeah uh so as you we used to say uh an image uh speaks for itself so it seems that uh everyone is amazed by the quality of your presentation well i appreciate that so just before i have a question so if i will give some extra time so other people can think about any questions uh just before you started your presentation we were talking a little bit and uh you said that uh you are involved in a project uh when you where you are using data to compare digital data to compare the elevation models of the volcanoes in iceland with the ones on mars if you want to share something about well actually what i'm yeah what i'm doing is i'm working with uh otter cigarsson and helgi torvison and and jim head of course from brown university what i'm what i'm what we're trying to do is to produce packages of information including locky but of course we're going to be upstage tremendously by kate the captain clean but anyway we're we're going to uh we're going to cover the history of the geology the geomorphology of that particular event or take a table mountain for instance um how do they form where do they exist um there we know they're on mars so they must have had a glacial origin um at least the ones that we're looking at and then we're going to show a vertical aerial photograph stereo pair so you will be able to look at in 3d um we'll use any digital models that we have we'll probably use the arctic dem excerpts from iceland for each of these forms if they're big enough um a geologic map a topographic map ground photographs oblique aerial photographs you know it's going to be both visual and textual and the text will also include like in the case of of locky um i have four solid pages of references on locky which i'm sure that captain clemen has more than that but anyway um there's quite a literature and i've already added her book to it even though it's in press but um it'll be a great resource for and it's the same thing with the glaciers that we've been doing i we are just publishing the last of 11 volumes of glaciers of the world um by the us geological survey and that's available all online including the synthesis volume that was published in 2012 on uh snow snow glaciers floating ice and permafrost um there's enormous amounts of information if you know where to look that particular series has every single glacier glacierized areas on the world looking at it from the trees not from the i mean looking at it from the forest not from the trees because we of course couldn't possibly do that like the randolph inventory to try to get to each glacier we've done that in iceland and we hope to do a similar thing on the volcanoes because iceland is representative most of the volcanic types that you'll find on earth and mars so atina ginody she's asking uh if you have any proposals all to use these elevation models in the classroom for secondary indication so again is that to me yes so if you have any ideas any proposals to use uh digital elevation models in the classroom for high school students no i haven't i've worked with the american geosciences institute on one of their books and moved with a group of people much like your teachers trying to get some of this stuff out i've worked for years on global environmental change and looking at the earth as systems you know the biosphere the geosphere and et cetera i didn't have that that propelled one of my lectures is on planetary volcanism where i compare mercury and venus and mars and what have you um i i do have always thinking about teachers at all levels of education as to how they can use these materials and make sure that it becomes available digitally that that's my contribution to the science in addition to the hundreds of papers that have been published but i always have keep my mind on the idea that this needs to be in the classroom as well that's essential i i agree so i think we still have some more questions uh elison moran uh living for iceland tomorrow lucky yeah lucky one any must any must do spots that will be accessible early april uh yeah oh well not in the center of the island because most of the uh gravel roads across the island in the center will still be snow covered but the the best place to go is the south coast go along the south coast you can visit the um the waterfall iceland by the way has a wrong name it should be called waterfall land for anybody that's been there in the spring in particular when the snow is melting there are waterfalls everywhere salulans fos skoga fos you can go out on to the soul heyma outlet glacier which is retreating very easy to get to uh you can visit other glaciers and scot uh into vat new york national park um all along the south coast if you're only there for a few days that's really the route to take um because it's easy to visit places all of the gas stations have they're called nesties they all have a little tiny restaurants so you can get food which we never in the old days there wasn't any gasoline there wasn't any food either but now it's very easy as an individual to rent a car um and go on route one and uh and travel to these places and visit them and take your time and enjoy yourself thank you for the tips so i'm giving priority for the non-committee members so forties do you wanna you can use okay forties from greece hello everybody i'm sorry i have no camera for the moment i have to tell you that it was a marvelous presentation i am going to use it as it is in the classroom uh also i am my i have three students from my classroom who are attending this now right now and they are they uh they liked it very very much it was a very very interesting presentation for the volcanoes in island and we are we have such a such a piece in our book of geology at school talking about the volcanoes and the whole case of island and i think it would be a very very interesting topic to start talking this and it would be a very very interesting thing if i have the opportunity next year to invite Richie at school via internet to have a small presentation in my class thanks a lot thank you very very much so it's a challenge for you Richie yeah i i appreciate that very much so Richie's email address is on the brochure so you can contact him afterwards yeah it's geoinfo at comcast.net okay cost us your turn thank you and thank you very much professor Williams for this nice presentation you're welcome and i have the following question you saw this you mentioned at one slide about the fishing village where the glacier is melting and so because of its static adjustment of the crust the village might not be coastal anymore correct so i was wondering if because of climate change at the end of the century all ice disappears from island do we expect because of the relief of the pressure of the crust to have more volcanism and if yes do we have from the end of the last ice ages any evidence supporting such an argument your question is a really good one it is absolutely correct that when you have isostatic adjustment and loss of ice you're likely to have increased volcanism because the glacier of the the the sources of the lava are fairly shallow you know within the crust so those small adjustments are more more likely and there have been several papers i can't think i want to write off the bat that have predicted that that is exactly what will happen that your volcanism will increase so that that idea has been put set forth i don't think we have that much i mean after all most of the ice disappeared in island about 10 000 years ago and then came back um you know as the climate changed off and on some of it stayed at the higher elevation for instance all of the greenland ice sheet disappeared except for some small places during the last interglacial and as i've written in the past 20 years ago you better keep your eye on greenland because greenland has seven meters equivalent you take about 300 cubic kilometers of ice and you melt it and you raise global sea level one millimeter greenland has enough ice stored that if were to melt like the last interglacial 130 000 years ago you would have the sea level go up seven meters uh that would be a catastrophe for most coastal regions on the planet and i mean here i am on the east coast of the united states every single coastal airport would have to be relocated i've often said that the cost of having to accommodate what's going to happen and it's happening at a much faster rate than scientists predicted as much as two 20 years ago that it's going to be equivalent to our defense of spending we spend a trillion dollars a year in the united states on the defense department and uh we're going to have to exceed that because people are going to demand help uh because all places like miami are going to go completely underwater and so that city is it currently exists new orleans all of the coastal cities anapolis is now going underwater periodically during spring tides same thing in miami it just is going to get worse i mean that's another whole subject for is is the impact of the melting of glaciers whether it be green remember if you take all the mountain glaciers of the world the best you can get is a half a meter of sea level so even when you look at ice and you say wow that's a lot of ice but that's only good for what one centimeter for global sea level rise but you've got Antarctica with 65 meters worth you've got uh the other ice sheet greenland with seven meters it's greenland that one that's the one that's the most vulnerable but we're now seeing signs of Antarctica beginning to fail the big ice shelves that are buttressing the glacier ice that's on land i think this is going to become one of the great the rest of this century i won't be around but anyway you guys will um i think it's going to be one of the great issues that are going to have to be tackled uh and we're not doing a good job right now on all of these un conferences on climate change uh there's good words there's the ipcc but nobody's doing anything really about it and often it's just a measurement cotton in that little town in southeast ice sun right their fishing business is going to be done um because it'll be dry land at the rate they're going right now any answer your question i think so i think so uh anyway it's uh it's a disturbing disturbing thought so Phil we still have time for one last question before we open the the rooms for people to do their networking and the costas still has some words to say to finish the the the workshop as well so Phil I think it kind of follows on from what Richie was just saying you talked a lot Richie about all the different natural hazards over there in Iceland and you mentioned about the Icelanders view on it in terms of they essentially throw money at it they get together and they fund you know the solution once the problem has occurred with it being such a um volcanic glacial ridden earthquake threatened area is there a lot of preemptive work happening in the background to enable them to live and develop as they currently are because you know you spoke of the population of Reykjavik effectively doubling in what 30 years so so how do they how do they deal living in such a a dangerous land really I don't know the interesting about the Icelanders um as a as a cultural group aside from the fact that they maintain their language through thick and thin which is absolutely miraculous when you've considered the Danes had control of them of course that one they wanted that to be the major language but the Icelanders kept their original Norse language which knit them together as a group no matter where they live you do not find any dialects of Icelandic to speak of anywhere in the island it's all still not unlike Switzerland where you may go from valley to valley and have a different dialect in German or whatever in Iceland they have stayed together as a cooperative group that is quite quite amazing and they have all groups of people working on these problems they are also at one point I don't think they finished it they were trying to develop a new constitution that would encompass more environmental issues than the original constitution um another thing they're doing is they're trying to figure out how to develop a submarine cable that can go from Iceland to Ireland or Scotland to take their hydropower and export it to Europe now I mean hydropower is um I mean it does damage the land and inundates to produce the reservoir reservoirs and stuff like that but of course it's going in the right direction the United States could sue the dame it could do the same darn thing because it has huge areas in in southern Alaska that are but British Columbia where they have ice and steep rivers and thousands thousands of meters of elevation differential they could build hydropower there dc transmission I mean there are solutions to these things if people would get together and put their minds at it you're quite correct Phil it's a matter of willpower with minds that can actually the engineering that's needed it the many of these things are solvable but to be honest with you the biggest single problem we have are people we're heading to eight eight we're heading to eight billion we may not stop at ten billion how many earths do we need to support those people so that's another whole issue that nobody talks about because of the religious you know factions that never want to discuss that in public so I mean these are all things educational the teachers have to try to deal with and then deal with politicians that don't want them discussed uh but I mean this is these are really phenomenal challenges that we have as a people but the ice standard serve as an interesting model of how a small society can actually agree on something remember they only have 63 members of parliament I mean heck we have what 437 members of the house and another 100 senators and none of them can agree on anything I kind of see what you mean in terms of their unitedness we see it in in a simple term just in their football team and the support that that football team gets they play as a team and have done remarkably well and maybe that's you know a reflection on Icelandic outlook generally yeah it is it is remember I guess it was two years ago when they took on the Brits that was quite exciting David and Goliath Dave a good biblical story there are a couple of quick questions in the chat Richie which we should get to because they're from teachers rather than the committee yeah um Karras asks how much does the sea level average lead rise right now every year do you know that uh it's about four pennies four millimeters per year okay and it's accelerating between the beginning of between 1900 and 2000 it went up about a third of a meter in eastern united states I mean we can see that in harbors that have granite walls we can see you know where it was from pictures and where it is now um but it seems to be accelerating um about four millimeters per year well but that the east coast of the united states because of the gulf stream and the forcing of water to the west because of the gulf stream and the speed and the volume of water we have a higher sea level potential than other areas so it is not exactly the same all over the world okay and the final one Dionysus asks um how does exist a glacier over a volcano with the heat of the lava underneath not melt with last year well most of the time the surface unless it's an active geothermal area and that's I could have shown a picture of the northern part of vatnilco where I've been where the glacier is missing because of high temperature geothermal activity keeps the snow from accumulating there but that's just a little localized area most of the time the the surface of the earth is uh in effect on the bottom of the glacier is at at freezing or below freezing and so it's only when you get a fissure opening up that the lava wells up that it melts the ice um I mean look at AF at the yokel it's been a long time since there was eruption there um we do see depressions in the calderas every once in a while ice cauldrons where it says it's melting from below um and so the ice is subsiding over that melt thing but it's not a volcanic eruption it's probably just geothermal activity at the base thank you so much you're welcome a great very thank you very much uh helder thank you thank you I think you deserve a mutual round of applause so everyone is clapping I'm sure yeah and anyway I think people as your contact and uh in the near future you'll be uh receiving some emails from enthusiastic teachers yeah oh good I like enthusiastic teachers that's the best kind thank you so much you're most welcome so cost us it's your time to wrap up and give some final we'll share some final words with uh with the participants and afterwards we will move to the networking event okay I'll be very quick um I would like to thank very much today's speakers but also the speakers of the other days who might be here or may not be here for this very nice and interesting workshop I would also like to thank the teachers who attended the workshop and and we hope that in the coming years we would be able again to have in-person workshops because as nice as they can be the internet workshops the in-person is also very nice experience and and I would also like to ask the teachers to complete the evaluation form so that they help us improve future workshops and that's it thank you very much everybody thank you cost us so I think we had a rich and full week of traveling around the world with the different aspects of geosciences with different inputs and even the inter-disciplinarity between different topics and even art today so I think it was a great week of sharing and now we'll have the opportunity to continue and we'll divide randomly the teachers in different rooms so you can share your experiences and who knows start some new interesting collaboration projects so let's open a few rooms and and see you soon thank you thank you thank you okay Richie I don't know if you want to stay yeah I'm just going to say thank you very much for inviting me it's been a very exciting morning for me and I appreciate very much all of the very nice comments from teachers and others and hope we can get together again sometime okay it was a really pleasure to listen to your talk especially in with this first end impression that you gave us with your own pictures it was really really interesting yeah thank you so much and if you want to share your the link for your presentation next week probably Steve will do that afterwards okay and we can share the link with the with the participants in this workshop yeah I'll ask in the Adam yeah make sure he ties in with you and tells you what the link is because I'll be talking about planetary volcanism I'm going to start with the Andromeda galaxy by the way I want to get I want to give the big picture three times 10 to the 23rd stars in the universe you know what Carl Sagan said there are more great there are more stars in the universe and grains of sand on the beaches of the earth yeah I've never forgotten that as a young person yeah famous sentence from yeah it's wonderful I as and it's fun to transmit that type of information to the student and see how it moles around in their brains yeah okay okay yeah I'm always available to you have my email if you ever have any extra questions or you need anything please don't be bashful okay thank you so much okay on to other things okay okay yeah bye bye bye have a nice day you too