 A very good morning to all of you. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls Tilly College, University of Allahabad and it is my email ID and today I am going to discuss a very important, crisp, clear topic, norms in psychological testing. So for more updates, please join the Telegram Group Explore Education and this video will be bilingual, subscribe my channel and this video will be useful for certain teaching examinations. Okay. So let's start. First of all, norms. Manak. We have said a lot of things under the educational measurement and evaluation, like we have talked about standardized scores, we have talked about NPC, we have talked about scaling, we have talked about the raw score and why it is necessary to change the standard score. Manak comes in the same form. Manak kya hai, norms represent the score distribution of a test in a representative sample, providing us the standard frame with which to compare individual scores. Jis tari ke se, hame raw score ko standard score mein badalna zaruri tha tha ki hum kuch batah sake, yeh batah sakein ki performance kaisi hai, above average hai, below average hai, kisi ke reference mein. Individual hai, hain amari performance ka koi matla mein. Jabta kham yeh nahi batata hai ki humne kaisa perform kya. Kyun ke humko evaluation karna hai. After all humko kya karna hai? Evaluation karna hai. Evaluation karna hai ka matlab ki humko moole pradhan karna hai. Moole pradhan karna hai ka matlab ki humko batana hai ki achha hai ya kam achha hai, betha hai, stressht hai, kya hai. To isliye tulna zaruri hai. To tulna ke liye humko sabko ek kaheen kuch set karna hai. To isliye humne draw score ko standard score mein batla tha. Yeh aap yeh kaisak mein ki norms kahi ek prakaar standard score hai. To standard score to hum par chukhe hai. To norms kisi liye zaruri hai ki jab ek distribution hota hai, test mein score ka to representative sample agar humne liye hai to standard frame ke against humko individual score ko kya karna hota hai. Evaluate, sorry, evaluate karna hota hai. Okay, in psychological testing jab hum psychologi ke parikshan kar rahe hota hai, manhobhe gyani parikshan kar rahe hota hai, norms can be described as the average scores of individuals. Norms ko hum average bhi kaisak hai. To ye average scores hai, individuals ke, tested from a certain population set, which provide the basis by which these scores of other individuals within a similar popular set can be evaluated against. Yeh niki norms kaas emko milte? Certain population set jo ki representative hai, jis humare sample jis ka representative hai, uske liye average score pehle se nidharit hai, banake rakhe gaye hai parikshan hoke. Ta ki hum apni population apne sample pe jat test karein, to hum usreference se isko comparison kate batadne ki kaisa performance hai. Okay, at such the process of non-based evaluation is more or less a way in which test scores are utilized in order to determine how a person can be ranked as compared to average set of norms for their population set. Matlab ki hum koi bhi parikshan apne students pe apne subjects pehle se bhi apply karein ge, to hum average set of norms se unki tulna karein ge, ki jo ish prakara ke parikshan ho par population ka average norm kya hai. Ta hum batap hain ge, ki aapne average se achcha perform kya hai yaapne average se khara perform kya hai. Okay, fir norms kya help kate? Okay, norms help test users interpret test scores. Ky kya aap jante hain ge, sth tarf humko result batadne se aamaara kaam kata milata, aamaara kaam tab samapth hota hai jab hum uski vyakkhya gate, parinam kyi vyakkhya. Jab hum parinam kyi vyakkhya karein ge, interpretation karein ge, tabhi koi earth nikal karein ge, us parikshan ka, jo ki hum ne sampadit kia hai apne vishayi par. To, norms, manak jo hai, yahi madad karte, humari vyakkhya karein me madad karte. Jab bhi, humara raw score student ka jayega, tulal hum uski norm se tulam karein ge, hum bataadne kyi ki, us ne bhehtar perform kya hai, toh sko kis prakal ka treatment hum recommend karte hai, agar usne khara perform kya hai, toh sko kis prakal ke remedy ki zaroorat hai. Okay, before the interpretation, raw scores themselves are meaningless. Agar hum vyakkhya nahin karte hain, toh raw score ka apne aapne koi earth nahin hai, wo earth viheen hai, ye baat hum lo pehle bhi kar chukin. Okay, then, typical standard of performance on a test, as established by, established by testing group of people, the standardization group. Kaha se humko norm mehke aar hain, standardization group se ya, norming group se ya, standardization, standardization, sample se nikal kar aar hain. Usse hum analysis karte hain, apne visahi kye score ki, in norm reference testing, hum lo norm reference or criteria reference ki bhi baat kar chukin, toh aap bo bhi video dekli jay jay fere se. In norm reference testing, scores are compared with the test norm, to estimate the position of the tested individuals in a pre-defined population. Population choh hai bo pre-defined hain, with respect to the trait being measured, jis bhi trait ki jis bhi gun ka hum maapan karne jaar hain, apne visahi meh. Uske liye pre-defined population meh, humko jose kona standardization group ka naam diya hain, usse hum uski tulna karthe hain, bahaha se hum performance lehthe hain, ki ye average performance hain. Okay, aur standardization sample, kehenge kisko, a large sample of test takers, who represent the population for which the test is intended, jis ke liye parikshan maraaya gaya hain. This standardization sample is also referred to as the norm group, norming group, jisko norm group ka hajata hain, norming group ka hajata hain, standardization group ka hajata hain, standardization sample ka hajata hain. Fin, e khaz baat kya? Sorry. Norms are not standards of performance, ye baat dhyaan ne neki hain, ki hum ye nahi kaya nahi, ki aapko wahat tak perform karna hain. Standard nahi hai, frame of reference. Ek reference aapko kahe nahi, do set karna padega, ki haa, maximum log itna perform kata hain, ya average performance hit me, hum kyu maximum kaya rahe hain, kyun NPC hum ko kya batata hain, ki maximum score kaha laikata hain, jo average log hain, bahi maximum hain. Jo deviation wale hain, jo tales ki tarafein, dono, bo bhat kum haute. To average performance, aasar, average population aasar, perform kati, to aap, is frame of reference se kaisar, perform kare, below, ya ever. Sirf ye batata hain, ye nahi batata hain, ke aapko yaha tak perform kana hain, aap bilkul, swatant rahe hain, usse bohot achha perform kane kere. Ok, aur yaha bat, sirf aasar, frame of reference hoga hain, kayain jara sar hain jata typing. Ok, fir, purposes of norms, hum, psychological testing ki baat kar rahe hain, hum usme baat kar rahe hain, ki raw score ka itself koi matlab nahi hain, isli humko, norm ki zarot pade, jaha se hum, frame of reference leh sange. To purpose kya aaske, do main purpose hain, kon kon se, norms indicate the individual's relative standing in normative sample, yani ki, jo normative sample hain, humara, jo standardization sample hain, usse hum, sandar bhi dhyakya karenge, ki, humare visahi ne, humare individual ne, humare student ne, kaya sa perform kya, kaha stand kata hain, and thus, permit evaluation of his or her performance in reference to other persons, yani ki, vyakti ho ke aur, vyakti ho ke reference me, kaya sa perform kya student ne, ek to ye baat, dhusri, norms provide compared measures that permitted a direct comparison of the individual's performance on a different test, yani ki, hum eik test me, baaki logu, yam prism me, kya sa perform karenge, aur hum, matlab student, individual, eik test ke alawa, baaki test me, kya sa perform karenge, sab tarike ka, comparison hum po, norm se milta hain. Aur, Francis Geltan, at the first time, developed the logic for norm-based testing in the 18th century, hum rode ka, Francis Geltan ko prata, no ne, Francis Geltan ko prata, no measure of intelligence me ye jya charls rabin ke cousin brada lakte de. yar half cousin. Inu ne, us initiation Mut she star — abdi meal, logic combust, ge norm-based testing injustice complex. hum eek. Abdi discuss karen, okay? Well, fir, a thrill sticks, kuch visesh, bana hotey na norm, ke philipat kya, novelte honi chahi, nave intel honi chahi, norms should not be outdated. Dasiva h 23 ath,</uBeifall ayuroy nahve... kya nend Sullivan, artificially, It should be developed from the scores obtained from the representation group whose scores have to be analyzed, then it should be mutually comparable, only then these norms can be used to compare different students, only then we will be able to do it with other students, then it's of norms, see, everywhere when you search for types of norms, you get these four names, sometimes you get stenaing, I have not given stenaing, percentile norms, age norms, grade norms and standard score norms, in which we have already talked about the standard score, so I am not discussing the standard score here, so we will discuss only three norms, percentile norms, age norms, grade norms, so what are the percentile norms, the first type of norms utilized in psychological testing are the percentile rank norms, commonly utilized as a means of measuring the rate in which a particular individual measures against others within their norm group, i.e. in our own norm group, we have performed against that our percentile rank, percentile rank simply expresses the percentage of persons in the standardized sample whose score is below or equal to that specific law score, i.e. if we have 75th percentile, our percentile rank is 75, i.e. we performed better than 75 percentile, or we can say that 25% of the students have performed better than us, okay, this means percentile rank, so this is the first type of norm against which we can measure the score, then age norms, what are the age norms, now look at the concept of age norms, the term mental age, when Simon B. made his first intelligence test in 1905, from there this mental age came, then age norm became, the term mental age was widely popularized through the various translations and adaptations of the B. S. Simon scales, although B. himself had employed the more neutral term mental level, i.e. when B. S. Simon was making his own test, why did he, if mental age is up on chronological age, if it is 100, then he brought the concept of mental age, but he himself took the mental level, but later on the translation and adaptation became mental age, so from the mental age, age norm is coming out, for example, those items passed by the majority of 7-year-olds in the standardization sample were placed in the 7-year level and so forth, i.e. how it was set that he did the test on 5-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 7-year-olds, so he saw that the maximum questions he is asking for 5-year-olds, he said that this is the age norm of 5-year-olds, then the age norm of 6-year-olds, the age norm of 7-year-olds, i.e. the maximum questions he asks, so it was set for 7-year-olds, so that the next time we perform on 7-year-olds students, we will come to understand whether we are performing above or below the norm. Okay, then mental age norms have also been employed with tests that are not divided into year levels, this can also happen, in such a case, the child's raw score is first determined, what do we do in that, first we remove the child's raw score and how do we remove the mean raw scores obtained by the children in each year group within the standardization sample constitute the age norms for such a test, what do we do in this, the mean raw score is removed in the standardization sample and we make it the age norm of that test. Okay, and what is the basic assumption in this, the basic assumption in this type of norm is that the variable should increase with the age, i.e. it should increase with the age, height, weight, intelligence, reading ability, vocabulary, mental age, etc. As we look at the age, according to age, if our 8-year-old child is there, then the 8-year-old child, you get the age norm of the height chart, so this is the age norm and this is the girl, so this is the age norm, so we take it against comparison, okay, we are in the normal range or we are less than the range, we are performing better than the range. Okay, so this is the age norm. Okay, grade norms, grade norm and age norm are not much, it's similar to age norm, age norm is the only difference, only this is the difference that while age norms are related with age, age norms are connected with our age, that we should have this type of ability in this age. Grade norms are related with class, they will be added to the class, this class related with class. This class will draw. This class's children perform this much. This class's children will perform up to here. This class's children's grade norm is this. Okay, by grade norm in a test is meant that the average scores of students of different classes, meaning 6 class's children, correct so many questions. In 7 class's children, this is mathematical ability. In 8 class's children, this is reading ability. So this is how grade norms are set. Then, scores on educational achievement tests are often interpreted in grade norms. These are found by computing the mean raw score obtained by children in each grade. Thus, if the average number of problems solved correctly on an arithmetic test by the fourth graders in the standardization sample is 23, thus a raw score of 23 corresponds to grade equivalent of 4. That is to say, if 4th class's children in the standardization sample are getting 23, then we will say that the grade equivalent of 4th class's children is 23. That is to say, if we put it on our students and they are getting 25, then we will say that they are performing above the fourth grade norm. Understand, ma'am? Means, the norm is a reference which we can interpret our raw score. Until we don't interpret it, it doesn't mean anything. We need a reference sample, a frame of reference, a standardization sample against. We interpret it, compare it, evaluate it, and then we get the results. Okay? So, I have covered norms, just make the age norm, grade norm, percentile norm, standard score norm, everything I have completed and covered too. Okay? So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel if you like the content, the delivery and it is worthy to you and join my telegram group to explore education. Okay? Done from my side.