 Yeah, if there is any center people have come please raise your hand, so we can start before we wait for others to come, okay there is somebody here is, hello Mount Zion College. Sir, our title is impact of colors on 50 cents and 60 cents. Yeah, so what we will do is we will not discuss the other, are you talking a particular paper or the same paper which I shared? On the same paper sir, which we downloaded. Okay, okay good enough, okay so the topic, you are telling the topic, okay. The title is impact of colors on 50 cents and 60 cents, okay. So question is, which law is used for the human and non-human animal discriminate? See which law is used, it is, it is not the question that has been answered in the paper, it is not, when we mean by question, it is not the question, any question on the subject, the question is what is the research question that the people have addressed? What is the research question that has been addressed in the paper for which they have found an answer, okay. So whatever they are saying Weber law or those things are part of the literature, that is not the research question that is being addressed, okay. So just think about it while we will go to the other college, this is Mufakham Jha College of Engineering. Good afternoon sir. Good afternoon. The topic question and significance is the authors have studied about the visual errors because they wanted to find out about schematic congregate which helps in understanding the effect of congregate in non-linguistic and linguistic animals, okay. So reasonably okay but I still have some concerns there. So the question, what is the question that is being addressed? Yeah, what is the effect of impact of the colors in selection of based upon the number of elements? So the question is what is the impact of colors, okay. So let us go to visual error, okay, based upon the number of elements, alright. So we will discuss later, we will go to another college, Prasad Engineering College. Sir by using citation based method, how can you relate one article with the other one? Can you give me one example? Okay. Now do you mind writing this question down? We can we take it up, okay, maybe I will spend another 5 minutes taking general questions as well but after that we need to get back to this topic. So let me just open document. So for the benefit of others, I will just restate your question. The question was how do you use citation to obtain other articles, is that correct? Can you restate it once more? Sir we have discussed about the citation based method in that how can we relate one article with the other? Okay, I will just rest. So how can you relate one article to other based on citation? So what is a citation? Citation is suppose in a journal article you use some other article and you say that somebody has done this, they have not done this, okay. So that article becomes your, is related to your article in some way, something that you did and something that they did, there is a commonality. So that is why it is useful to see this whole citation and literature as this diagram, it is like a family diagram. So there are parents, there are children and there are cousins. So if you take a look at this article, this article has got 3 articles which have cited the red article. So the red article has done some work and that article has been used by these 3 articles. So which means that these 3 articles are like a children to this article, but this article itself has used several other articles which was published before this article. So that means they are like a parent, okay, multiple parent. So then this defines the relationship between articles. Now once you have this relationship, you can find out who are the cousins, first cousin, second cousin and so on. So in some sense, all these articles are related. So when you do a citation based search, for example Scopus or Google or ISI allow you to do a citation based search in which you can list all the citations of this article. If you have this article in hand, you can find out, ask a question who are the other papers who have cited this article. So then you will get all these articles. Then even without doing a keyword search, you know that they are related. Somebody else has done this research for you and found the relationship between the articles. So just by using a citation search, you can find all the related articles in a given area. Okay. Does it answer your question? Around 100 articles, then is it the same procedure for that also? No, we are talking, so how did you get that 100 articles to begin with? We are talking about, now these 100 articles have come from some kind of search. That search might be keyword search or it might be a citation based search. So in that 100 articles, you have already got by some search. It is not that after you got 100 articles, you are doing a citation based search. Did it answer your question? Okay, sir. Thank you. Thank you. Okay, next we will move on to SIES, Graduate School of Technology. The question is, do non-linguistic animals resemble humans in quantitative decisions? Okay. So what is the topic? Similarity, non-linguistic animals like monkeys show semantic congruence with humans. What was the topic? So when you say topic, question and significance, what is the topic of research? Broad topic. You should not tell semantic congruence as a topic. Nobody will understand what it is. So what is a broad topic? The evolution of humans from monkeys. That's not broad topic anyway. So what is the significance of? Similarity in logical thinking of non-linguistic animals with humans. So when I ask similarity, it is like answering a question. What is the importance of what you did? So let's assume that you have done this work, okay? And you are going and meeting, say, your director of your college or your principal of your college who is not working in your area. So he or she will not understand all these semantic congruity and all those technical terms. So now when you go to that person, she asks you what is the importance of all these things? Why do all these things? Why should I have my faculty do all these things? What will you tell them? So that is what is significance. This is going to be the basis to confirm that humans have evolved from monkeys. So what? So the question, if somebody asks so what and if you try to find an answer to it, that will actually by itself give you the significance. So you keep asking yourself, I am addressing everybody here, how do you find what is the significance of a topic? You simply keep asking a question so what and so what till you come to a very simple statement of the significance. You can of course state broadly monkeys' relation to evolution, whatever. But then I will ask so what? Why should I study that? So you keep asking the question so what and so what, you will find it. So let's go out to some other institute and ask so what questions? Silicon Institute of Technology? Yes, I had another question but sort of unrelated. Can I ask a question about the scientific method or do we have to stick to this topic? You may, I just said maybe for 5-10 minutes we can take general questions. Jai Deep is it? Very quick question. Yes, Jai Deep. Hi, how are you? How are you? A very quick question, the scientific method, the predictive aspect of it should it come from the hypothesis or once we test the hypothesis it becomes a theory then the predictive aspect of it comes. The question is the predictive aspect of a hypothesis, does it come after you have tested the hypothesis or is it part of the process? See I think it is just a interpretation of what you call by predictive. The predictive thing that we are saying in the scientific methodology is first of all something that even so you are having an explanation of something and if that explanation is true you need something else to be true and you go and do that test, if that something else is true that test that you are doing then you have little more confidence that okay my hypothesis does not only explain observation 1 but it also explains observation 2 and somebody else comes okay it should also explain observation 3. So then you get more confidence in your hypothesis. So your hypothesis now has explained 3 different observations. So this happens throughout the history of evolution of that theory and then initially something what you call as a theory becomes a model and then it becomes a detailed theory and you accept it. So this process is a overall process. Now after say 20 years it might have a predictive power to do something else that is the predictive power that you are telling but within the scope of scientific methodology the word prediction is essentially finding out an observation which is not yet been found out. It is observation 1 has been found for which you have found out an hypothesis. Now you are looking for observation 2 which can also be explained by hypothesis. Observation 3, observation 4. So this observation 2, 3 and 4 are also called as predictions. So anything that has not been seen before or explained before by this hypothesis is called as a prediction. Okay. Does it explain? Because I thought that the hypothesis was mostly an educated guess that we test the educated guess based on experiments and if the test go through then it comes to the theory stage and the theory has the predictability. No. More so than the hypothesis having the predictability. You are correct but what is the test? Is that correct? You are correct but what is the test? The test is on some observation and that observation is what you are saying is prediction. That is if this hypothesis is true then that observation should also occur and let me go and do that test. So that is what is called as a prediction of the hypothesis which has not been observed so far. Okay. It explains observation A. Now it is going to observation B. What you call as a theory in that sense is essentially part of the hypothesis. When you say hypothesis in physical sciences a hypothesis would be a set of equations. You use the equation and from that equation you derive certain conditions, you put some boundary conditions, you solve the differential equation, put it into a computer, solve it and that will give you a prediction and that is observed then it matches. So then your theory, your hypothesis is right. Yes, correct. Okay. Thank you very much. Thank you. Let's go to the next college. Maulana Azad. Hello. Good afternoon, sir. Good afternoon. Sir, I would like to state it in TQS format. Yes, please. The authors have studied the topic semantic congruity affects numerical judgments. Similarly, in monkeys and humans because they wanted to find out whether monkeys are able to understand the meaning of words or images as the human does which could be to find out the apex of the color similar on monkeys and humans or not. Your significance is not very clear and the topic it is suggested that you do not use exact title that has been given. So the reason you want to state it like this is for example, is a situation we will again encounter after two days, it is what is we have also called as an elevator pitch. You need to be able to state what you are doing. Suppose you meet your college principal somewhere down the corridor, she is walking with you and she asks you what you are doing or the college vice chancellor comes down. So you hardly have a couple of minutes to tell. So in that couple of minutes if you are going to use a lot of such technical words which of course you definitely understand, but a person other than somebody working in your area may not understand. So at least for the topic try not to use very technical words. So try to use simple words that people can understand. So let us give a chance to next college online, thank you very much, PSG college of technology, PSG college over to you. Hello sir. Hello. The question we have written is the topic is a study on numerical judgment of human and monkeys and the question is to find out whether the human and monkeys are able to identify and associate similarly. Is this right sir? Okay, what is the significance? So let us assume that you have done this work and I am asking you what is the significance of your work? Maybe to prove that Avan's theory that we are from monkeys. Does it prove? No. Not true. It is just another. Okay, so which is okay, let me just take one last answer from Nitte Meenakshi Institute. Okay, regarding this questions and answers, sometimes the higher-accuracy we are discussing direct across the principles like that. So because they are also from the technical side only, why can't we have I mean technical things in the presentations? Let me restate your question. The question is when you talk to your say principal vice chancellor or director who are also technical, what I said was they might be of a different area. I am not saying that you use plain English. I am not saying plain English but you use simple scientific language. See semantic congruity, how many of us understand in this whole class? It's little difficult unless you go and look up and find out what it is. Don't use semantic congruity. Semantic congruity is too specific a title to use for an area. That's my point. You use something which say somebody who has passed a high school in science or a graduate in science can understand but don't use a term which only PhD in that particular area can understand. That is my point. So when you say technical, it is technical with respect to somebody who is a graduate in science or high school science, not PhD in science. Okay. So I have just split this into question and answer. The topic I would say is broadly in the area of cognition. So cognition is a word like most of us understand. It is with respect to how people understand. So cognition is a word which most people in science with basic science will understand. So the words I have chosen is cognition in primates. Okay. So mostly primates are supposed to have the highest cognition. So the broad area. Now let us say you are meeting a principal for the first time. The principal doesn't know what department you are. Okay. Forget your area of work. He doesn't even know you are from electrical or humanities or computer science or chemistry, nothing. To that person, if you just go and say I am working on semantic congruence, they will not understand. But try to use a simple term like I am working on cognition in primates. Primates everybody understands. Cognition also people understand. So what are you working on? What is the area of work? Cognition in primates. Okay. So the place where I took this Q is from the department of that author. So the author belongs to a department called as cognitive neurobiology. Okay. The department or the division where the author is doing their research is cognitive microbiology. So that gives a broad area. Correct. So now as I am working in cognition in primates that broadly tells okay. You are working in understanding how a mind processes information and reacts to it. So that is the topic. Now the question is if you notice is clearly stated in the last line of the introductory paragraph. If you have a local copy you can see it. I am not opening it here because it will change this view. The question is clearly stated there. Question is humans are able to see numbers. I have a small set of fruits here. I have a large set of fruits here. If I ask you in which there is more fruits you can easily tell. So the basic question as somebody had pointed out what is the law? That was not that law basically says that when the ratio of these both numbers is large I can easily find out the which is large and which is small. So that is not the research question. That is something which has been addressed long back and it is solved. The question is is it only humans that can differentiate small number from a large number or other primates also can do it. So that question if you notice it is clearly stated in the last line of the first paragraph. I will just read it out for you. Question is in this study we investigate whether monkeys show a response signature of an adult human being comparing judgments that is semantic congruity effect and later they define what is a semantic congruity effect which is which is smaller which is bigger and so on. So the basic question is whether monkeys also can have a sense of numbers. So that is the basic research question and the answer should be whether it has has to be an answer simple like S or no. Yes there is a similarity is the answer monkeys have. So the question and answer should correspond to each other. The research question and the answer whether the monkeys have sense of proportion question mark answer yes they have no they do not. So you have to always write these two sentences which relate to each other. One has to be a question that has to be direct answer for that. Now coming to reason what is the meaning of reason? Reason there is a difference between reason and evidence. When you come up with this hypothesis remember I told you you have a research question and then you have a hypothesis. How did you come from research question to hypothesis? Because you learnt something in the textbooks or something from the literature that led you to take a guess hypothesis is a guess unless it is proved it is a guess. So based on literature you took the question and then you came up with the hypothesis after reading a literature. So reason comes from literature that is work that has already been done. From work that has already been done you are taking you are interpreting that work in a different direction and providing a possible answer. So reason is always something that comes from existing literature. Now in this particular case what is the reason? The reason is why do I think that monkeys have similarity with humans because there are some other evidence which shows that we have common origins. Humans have evolved from possibly evolved from monkeys and we have common origins and therefore it is likely that monkeys also can look at the numbers just as humans do. Likely the answer could be very well no had the experiment had shown it is negative it would have been no answer is no ok. So that is the reason. Reason comes from existing literature not what you have done. But then you have to do something. You have to do some experiment to show it and that becomes your evidence and in your evidence you carried out experiments with monkeys where their monkeys are able to identify numbers. So if you show blue it identified the larger one if you showed red it showed the smaller one. So although they are not they do not understand language they understand colors. So instead of asking the monkey show me a larger basket of bananas it does not understand language. So they trained the monkey to show that ok whenever I show red you have to show me the larger basket. Whenever I show blue you have to show me the smaller basket. So once you are able to communicate the queue the queue in this case is color it is not the effect of color as some of you have pointed out. Color is simply something it is like a language I am saying show me the larger basket for the monkey it is red color or blue color whatever it is ok. So that is the evidence. So this forms the question and answer of course there can be small variations to this but at least this broadly gives you an idea that you can present to most people. Suppose there are certain things you cannot present to all technically minded people but at least the topic and significance should be made clear to a lame scientifically thinking person. I am saying lame because there need not be persons from your area they are lame in the sense they do not know things in your area but they have a minimum knowledge in science ok. I will take about 5 minutes of questions if you have anybody wants to discuss on this. We will go on to the next college Coimbatore Institute of Engineering. Hello why do they prefer the blue color in choosing the larger number. So the color is nothing they have just been trained like that so I am saying large I am saying small. You understand what the meaning of large is because you are linguistic. For that monkeys they have just trained blue means take the big bucket red means take the small bucket. So that does not mean if they are trained with red is large bucket they would have taken that is not important. The blue and the color is basically to convey a message that is all because they are non-linguistic. They cannot speak they cannot understand language. So there is nothing particular about that ok. So the OM Institute of Technology. Good afternoon sir. My question is what is the difference between ethics and human behavior? Ethics and human behavior. Yes sir. We will reserve your question for the next session but ethics is about quickly it is about the right and wrong of behavior. It is not a difference it is the right and wrong of a behavior which is what the society or a group of people consider as right behavior and what they consider as wrong behavior is ethics. Ok let us give one last chance to Gandhi Institute of Technology. Hello. You have a question from Gandhi Institute. So as I said in the question before this is not about any one particular color it is just the question is the research question is very different it is not about the color. The research question is can monkeys differentiate small number from a large number but how do you tell a monkey what is small and pick up the small and large. So they are just trained it by telling that ok red means pick up the small maybe they trained it with some food or something like that somehow they trained it I am not to say that is so we are not actually discussing a whole of the paper we do not need to do that at this stage at this stage we are just seeing what is the question what is the answer. So how they did it is matter different we will not go into that it becomes too technical. We are just seeing from the introduction and the abstract can we construct what they have done. So this is important because when you write an introduction and an abstract it should be clear what is it that you are seeking to find out and what is it that you found out maybe that comes in the conclusion but that has to come just within these three introduction conclusion and abstract ok. So we will stop this session and go to the next session on ethics.