 In the last chapter we have discussed about the periodic table ok. This is the one where we are trying to see if we can purify the metal from ores. So, usually whatever is available in the form of ore like metal oxide, metal sulphide, metal halides and so on, these are not something we want in our regular life. In daily life we want something in more of a different form, more of a pure form. Let us say we need iron bar, we need pure gold, we need pure nickel, we need pure palladium, we need pure of different metal, but these metals are not given to us by nature, by default. So, it is usually existing as in its oxidized form ok, invariably all the metal ores we see they are found as metal oxide that means, metal is in oxidized form right, metal sulphide again sulphide is you know negatively charged 2 minus and metal is usually going to be 2 plus and so on ok. So, therefore, what we are really looking for is a method, the technique that can reduce the oxidized form of the metal and give us the pure reduced metal ok. For example, if you have iron oxide, iron oxide from iron oxide we are hoping to get pure iron that is in iron 0 form which is utilized in regular life right. Same is true for almost every metal, whatever metal complex or metal form is available with us, we are not going to use them, we are going to purify them and then only we can use them. As we briefly discussed in the last class ok fine. So, what we are trying to say we have 105 elements at least more and more every day we are discovering almost not every day regularly I mean let us say in every 10 years we are discovering a new element in the periodic table at least definitely in last few decades if you see we have discovered something or the other ok. So, that means that at least those are present in some amount on earth crust or in atmospheres and thereby it allowed to scientist to discover them ok. But invariably what is happen is this is the scenario most often we see that only few elements are present in high quantity, all others are present in very very low quantity. The challenge is really to get them in pure form even if they are present in very very tiny amount ok. So, this is where I think chemistry becomes very handy, chemists can help the engineers to isolate the metal in pure form and that is what we are going to discuss today. We were discussing there are different techniques not necessarily each or any technique are going to be only useful it is a combination of things. We need to utilize a number of or series of experiments by which from a impure mixture impure metal ores or mixture of ores we will be able to get a pure form of the metal. The easiest one is the mechanical separation as we were discussing in the last class you just the kind of you just wash it off right. So, for example, over here as it shown you just wash off with some solvent let us say water is a usually water is something if which is usually used you just wash it off. So, unwanted material may be going off or the you know important materials may be coming out whatever it is you will be able to wash off some of the material that you do not want. Another technique you can use most often you need to use is that is you pass the ore through the through this electromagnetic separation ok. Depending on the nature of the materials you have some of those materials will be isolated completely when you are passing through the electromagnet those magnetic material which are having some attraction for the magnet will be isolated or separated out in a separate place compared to the non magnetic material. These are very easy technique and easy to understand. Of course, it is not going to be always that easy some more techniques are there such as heating just you take the ore you heat it. What will happen is some of the metal oxide metal sulphide which are not stable you can just heat it and decompose it to corresponding metal. So, that is I guess the easiest, but then there also could be problem even if you are able to heat it and break the metal oxide still if the metal is found to be solid usually it is those solid will be really mixed with other metal oxide or metal sulphide still your job may not be full done, but you know sometime this is still can be a good approach. For example, silver oxide not every metal oxide you can heat it at a very low temperature or you know 50 to 100 degree C you cannot break it for that I will come to that Ellingham diagram where you can heat the metal and thereby you can get it, but usually something like silver oxide you can heat it and get it also sodium azide from there you can get sodium in pure form other processes are there such as Mons process and Vyanarkal process which is also mainly dependent on thermal decomposition, but here you have to take care of the chemistry as well. What we are talking about is there is a mixture of at least 3, 4 compounds or 10 compounds from there if you react those mixture of compounds with something like hydrogen not every metal will be converted to corresponding metal oxide will be correspond converted to corresponding metal and water, but only few of them will be converted to metal and correspond you know water right. So, from a mixture of a lot of compounds you will be able to reduce some of the metal oxide with hydrogen at a given temperature and thereby you will have a mixture of reduced metal few of the reduced metal and few of the metal oxide which is remained unreactive under that condition. You take that mixture react with carbon monoxide for example in this process Mons process selectively only few metal will react with carbon monoxide and thereby for example this nickel will be reacting to give nickel tetracharbonyl, this nickel tetracharbonyl being gas you will be able to collect it in a different container and then you heat it at 230 degree C selectively you can get nickel in pure form. So, what we have learned just that it is a generalized approach it is not just a Mons process what we are trying to see is we will select a reaction that reaction will be somewhat selected for 1, 2 or 3 metal it will not going to be useful at least under this reaction condition let us say 200 degree C not every metal oxide will react with hydrogen. Therefore, only out of let us say 10 metal oxide present only 1 or 2 metal oxide will be converted to their corresponding metallic form. Now, still you are left with a mixture of metals what you do with it you then try to do yet another selective reaction such as you react it with carbonene you do that reaction or carbon monoxide you do that reaction at a temperature for example only 1 of the metal will react with that carbonene or carbon monoxide only 1 metal will react under this condition thereby only selectively from a mixture of lot of solid you selectively get let us say in this case nickel carbonene which is gas not every metal carbonene are coming out selectively only 1 metal carbonene is compound is coming out it is gas you collect it and then you heat it at 230 degree C. So, basically what it is telling you is you need to know the chemistry if you want to apply your knowledge chemistry knowledge then the things are going to be much more simpler it is not complex anymore just one technique may not be good enough you have to use a series of techniques, but slowly what will happen is let us say you are having only 1 percent of nickel if you keep on doing this thing like mechanical separation electromagnetic separation and then thermal process slowly that 1 percent material will be accumulated and overall from let us say 1 kg of ore you can get 1 gram of pure nickel which is a lot for you I mean it is going to be a lot imagine instead of 1 gram of nickel 1 gram of gold now it is making sense more sense if instead of 1 kg of ore you have 100 kg of ore you get 1 kg of gold that is going to be much more you know attractive method. So, this is a generalized approach right same approach is you know applicable for Kroll's process where we see that titanium oxide is converted selectively to titanium chloride by reacting with charcoal and chlorine gas and this titanium tetrachloride again has to react with calcium or magnesium mixture to get back to the titanium it is not like we are directly going to the reduced form of the metal from the oxidized we can go up to reduced form of the metal oxidize it back and then reduce it again or go to the reduced form do some other reaction and then somehow figure out a technique to selectively identify or isolate that compound and then do the thermal decomposition or some other technique. So, it is going to be always going to be a mixture of approaches you have to have different approach you cannot have a generalized approach as you can see let us say a ore available in Mumbai will I mean certain mixture from for nickel separation let us say will be different that is available in let us say Rajasthan it is going to be different right. So, you have to know what are the elements present in your ore and thereby you have to choose what are the techniques you are going to use ok. Anyway let us let us go on another approach which is stands very attractive is that of a you know use of one metal to get another metal it is a sacrificial method you sacrifice one metal to get another metal of course, your that another metal has to be very very important or you know precious you cannot sacrifice gold to get one gram of iron right. So, it is other way around if it is true then of course, you are going to use it. So, what determines which metal you are going to sacrifice and this is what is all about these electrochemical syringe what it tells you the one which is at the bottom let us say gold silver copper these are going to get reduced very easily. So, you take a oxidized form of those metal that is going to get reduced very easily let us say if you have the metal oxide or sulphide of this element you will be able to reduce those element pretty easily their reduction potential is very high. Reduction potential high means they will be going to the reduced form that is what exactly you are looking for you want to have the reduced form of these precious metals right. So, what you do in order to do that you take let us say anything from top of this syringe and use those of the reduced form of these metal and oxidized form of the metal at the lower part and you just do a oxidation reduction chemistry. For example, let us say you take let us say iron just iron with let us say silver. So, iron will be oxidized to iron T plus 2 plus and silver plus will get reduced to silver that is all you are going to do right. For example, over here you take copper is above silver copper is just above silver. So, you take copper is in metal form metallic copper. So, copper to copper oxidation is more favorable what is more favorable in this case is silver plus to silver reduction because reduction potential is very is high for silver compared to copper. Now, so silver plus will get reduced to silver. So, silver nitrate where silver is in 1 plus will get reduced to silver 0 and copper which is in reduced form will get oxidized to copper 2 plus. So, this gives you the basis what you are going to choose or which metal you are going to choose ok. So, anything that is below or that is existing at the lower part of this electrochemical series that is what you will use in its oxidized form ok to get the corresponding metal in pure form or in reduced form. The one which is going to be sacrificed is the one on the top clear. Anything with almost any metal combination you can take let us say for example, with gold and lithium you can take right technically. Anything that is above anything that is below you can take any combination of these things and in principle you should have an opportunity to do that. But of course, you have to think about cost and safety which one you are going to choose of course, you have to choose judiciously which is available in large quantity not that very expensive you are going to choose for such reduction. So, electrochemical series gives you an idea what reaction is favorable what is not. Sometime that is what I was trying to tell you in the last class. So, it seems like this this to this does not go, but this to this go that is basically because you have to look at the potential right. Anyway another technique which is very effective is the electrolytic reduction. What is that? It is nothing you just take a electrochemical cell where you have a cathode and anode ok. In this case you are not using a sacrificial reducing agent the reducing agent is your electron. So, you take let us say gold solution gold you know whatever gold let us say gold chloride AAU 3 plus. Now that gold you want to get that gold in cathode because gold is cationic form is in cationic form that is going to be at cathode and going to get reduced from gold 3 plus to gold or silver plus to silver or lithium plus to lithium right. So, those reducing agents are provided or reducing equivalents are provided by electron. Of course, it is not that very you know popular method not everything you are going to get in this way when you have no option when you have no option left then you are going to turn to this electro catalytic reduction. For example, you want to synthesize lithium right lithium plus to lithium as you have seen in the previous one this is a electro positive metal it is tried to stay in plus form electro positive it does not want to get reduced right. So, you need some very strong reducing agent the strongest possible reducing agent perhaps could be this electron. There is almost no sacrificial reagent available chemical available that can chemically reduced lithium plus to lithium. So, this is when you need to use electrolytic reduction ok. So, of course, it is a very good method it is applicable all across the board any metal in plus form in oxidized form you can reduce, but it is very very expensive. It is excellent method it gives you pure metal that is for sure, but it is going to be very very expensive. So, you need to use it only at a advanced stage when you have the one or two metal possible not lot of mixture of things are possible because mixture of things going to complicate your life it is an expensive process you do not want to use a mixture of I mean just you do not want to take ore and want to apply cathode and I mean electrochemical reduction you do you are not going to do that electrolytic reduction. When things are in very pure form then only you are thinking to do it or when you do not have any other option to do it then you are going to do it ok. So, I think I have covered so far or we have covered so far mechanical separation magnetic separation thermal decomposition these are very kind of easy and then displacement of one element by other and also electrolytic reduction right.