 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Paninian Grammar. In this lecture, we continue to study Ach Sandhi, vowel Sandhi. Ach Sandhi means the Sandhi that takes place in place of an ach or a vowel. This Sandhi could be another vowel or another consonant. There are two broad classifications of ach Sandhi. On the screen, we see mention of the second one, the Visthanika Ekadesha. The first one is Ekasthanika Ekadesha, where you have Ekasthani and Ekadesha, one substituent and one substitute. There are two instances of this type of ach Sandhi, namely Yen Sandhi and also Ayavayaav Sandhi. Yen Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Ekoyanachi and Ayavayaav Sandhi is stated by the Sutra Echo Yavayaavaha. We have studied both these Sutras in detail. We also studied the Udeshya Vidhayabhava in these Sutras and so the number of substituents stated in this Sandhi operation in these two Sutras. We also studied the template examples and then the specific examples illustrating the templates. After having studied the Ekasthanika Ekadesha type of Sandhi, we proceeded to study the Visthanika Ekadesha in which we have Dvisthani and Ekadesha. There are two substituents and one substitute. This is stated by the Adhikara Sutra Ekakh Purva Parayoho 6184 which has got two words Ekaha and Purva Parayoho. Ekaha means one substitute, Purva Parayoho being 6 slash 2 of Purva Parayoho, previous and latter, earlier and latter means in place of previous and latter sound. Put together, this Sutra means one substitute takes place in place of two sounds, previous and latter, that is one substitute in place of two substituents. Diagrammatically, this is explained in this manner where you have A plus B and we can describe this as A that comes immediately before B and B that comes immediately after A. So, they both bracket each other and in the environment of each other, then in place of both of them, one substitute appears as a result of the application of one of the sutras stated in this particular section starting with 6184 onwards. So, we have A plus B as the input and C as the output. A and B, these are the two sthanis or the substituents and C is the Ekha Adesha or one substitute. This was not the case in Ekha Sthanika Ekha Desha where we have A plus B as the input and the output is C plus B. The instances of the Visthanika Ekha Desha are 5. The first one is Gunasandhi, stated by the sutra Adgunaha, 6187. The second one is Vruddhi Sandhi, stated by the sutra Vruddhirechi, 6188. The third one is Pararupa Sandhi, stated by the sutra Engi Pararupam, 6194 onwards. The fourth instance is Savarnadirgha Sandhi, stated by the sutra Akassavarnadirghaha, 6111 and this is what we are studying currently. And finally, Urvarupa Sandhi, stated by the sutra Amipurvaha, 6117 onwards. It is important to visit these fundamentals again and again so as to make them extremely clear. Let us now proceed to study the Savarnadirghha Sandhi. This is stated by the sutra Akassavarnadirghaha, 6111. This sutra we have studied previously. We also studied the concept of Savarna in the previous lecture. We also studied the examples, the template examples and then the specific examples as well. But let us look at Akassavarnadirghaha once again for more clarity. Akassavarnadirghaha has got three words, three padas. The first one is Akaha, which is 5 slash 1 of Ak. Ak is a pratyahara that takes into account the first two pratyahara sutras, namely Ayuna Ruluk, thereby capturing the five vowels stated therein, namely A, I, U and Ruluk. That is Ak. So, Akaha means immediately after Ak, immediately after A, I, U, R, U and Lu. The second word in the sutra is Savarna, 7 slash 1 of Savarna. Savarna is a homogeneous sound. Immediately before a homogeneous sound is the meaning of Savarna. How to decide what is a Savarna sound with reference to another sound? We have already studied this. Tullya se praetnam Savarnam and Nath Jhalav, they define what is a Savarna. And in today's lecture, we are also going to see the exceptions of this definition. Dirghaha is the third word in the sutra, which means a long substitute. The word achi continues, which is 7 slash 1 of ach. Ach means a vowel. Achi means immediately before a vowel or any vowel. Ekapur vaparyoho is the adhikara, which is one substitute in place of two, namely previous and latter substituents. So, having put all these things together, we get the meaning of Akas Savarni dirghaha in the following manner. Immediately before a homogeneous vowel, Savarni achi. And immediately after aq, that is immediately after a, i, u, ru and lu, akaha. In place of both of them, purvaparyoho plays the long vowel as the one substitute. This is the meaning of Akas Savarni dirghaha. And I repeat, immediately before a homogeneous vowel, Savarni achi. And immediately after aq, akaha, that is immediately after a, i, u, ru or lu. In place of both of them, purvaparyoho plays the long vowel as the one substitute, ekaha. We have already seen how Savarni is defined by the sutra tulya se prayatnam savarnam as well as na jhalav. And as I said a minute before, in today's lecture, we shall also study the exception to this definition. We have already studied the examples where a followed by its Savarni as is the input and long a is the output. We also studied the specific examples of the templates like e followed by the varieties of e and the output is long e. Now, in today's lecture, we shall study these templates and their specific examples. They involve u, ru and lu, remaining vowels in the ak pratyahar. Let us take them one by one and study the specific examples. The first one is u plus u, both short as input and 61101 applies and the output generated is long u. So, we have khalu plus ujjhati. Khalu and ujjhati, they are independent words, part of the sentence. The speaker intends to utter these words in close proximity, samhita. So, we have this short u over here at the end of this padha followed by u at the beginning of this padha. They are in close proximity in the samhita mode and so and also this u is Savarni with reference to this short u. This is decided on the basis of the place of articulation as well as the effort of articulation which is similar. So, u is Savarni with this u. So, in place of both these ukaras, 61101 applies and substitutes one long u in place of two. So, we have khalu and ujjhati as the generated output. When we join them together, we get khalu ujjhati as the finished output, khalu ujjhati. This is an example where the ukaras appear in different padhas as part of the sentence. Now, let us take the other example where the ukaras, they are part of one padha notably here a compound. So, laghu plus upaya. This is a compound. So, laghu has got u at the end followed by u at the beginning of the word upaya. Since this is a samasa or compound, samhita is obligatory and so in the samhita mode, 61101 applies and generates the output in this format laghu and paya. This u long replaces both short ukaras and so we get the final output namely laghu paya, laghu paya. Another example of compound is anu plus udita. Anu has got u at the end followed by udita, which has got u at the beginning. Since this is a compound, the samhita is obligatory and therefore, 61101 applies and generates the output in the form of anu and dita. When they are joined together, you get anu dita. Anu dita is stated afterwards. This is also used to convey the idea of translated. Now, anu udita is an example where anu is a proverb or an upasarga and udita has got this u, which is part of the verbal root vada and there is some prasarana that has happened. So, this is part of the verbal root and therefore, samhita is obligatory. Let us proceed further. Now, we have short u plus long u as input and the resultant form is long u, the dirgha. So, we have first two padas, bahu plus urnoti. So, bahu has got this u at the end and urnoti has got the long u at the beginning. The speaker intends to utter both these words in the samhita mode and once that is decided, 61101 applies. This long u is the savarana of this short u and so, 61101 applies and generates the output in the form of bahu, u and rnoti. When we join them together, we get bahurnoti as the output. Similarly, you have khalu plus ur jayati. Once again, an example of the similar kind where you have u at the end of the first padha and long u at the beginning of the second padha and the speaker intends to utter these two words in close proximity, that is samhita mode and so, 61101 applies and generates the output in the form khalu rjayati. When we join them together, we get khalu rjayati. Next, we have an example of a compound. So, we have anu plus uha. This is a compound in which the first word anu has got u at the end and the second word uha has got long u at the beginning. Because this is a compound, samhita is obligatory and therefore now, 61101 applies and generates the output in the form of anu and her. When we join them together, we get anu her. Let us now study the next template which is long u followed by short u, 61101 applies and generates the output in the form long u. So, we have one example of a compound, vadhu plus upayana. Now, you have long u at the end of the first padha followed by short u at the beginning of the second padha which is part of a compound. Since this is a samasa, samhita is obligatory and we have 61101 applying and then generating the output in the form of vadhu and payana. When we join them together, we get vadhu payana. It is important to remember here that long u appearing at the end of forms like guru or dhenu long us which denote dual number does not undergo this or any such sandhi operation. I repeat long u appearing at the end of forms like guru, guru, guru, guravaha, guru is dual form. Similarly dhenu, dhenu, dhenu, dhenavaha. So, these forms and similar forms which denote dual number, so these forms do not undergo this operation or any such sandhi operation. So, long u in these forms retains its own form. It remains by its nature that is prakriti and therefore this will be referred to as prakriti bhava. We shall be studying this prakriti bhava later in this particular course. The prakriti bhava is stated at pratap pragriha achinityam and then the pragriha saudhna is defined by 111. So, the pragriha vavals they remain in their own form and what is a pragriha is stated in the sutra 111 and then the other sutras onwards. In case of such pragriha sounds there is no substitute, no sandhi. We have already studied the sutra pratap pragriha achinityam when we discussed about the substituents namely the vavals and we said that plutas do not get modified. The sutra pratap pragriha achinityam says that plutas do not get modified. They remain in their own prakriti. So, there is prakriti bhava. The same thing appears also with long e and the same thing also happens with long u both denoting the dual number idud eighth drivachanam pragrihyam that is 111 and that is why we do not have other examples of this particular template of this kind. Let us now proceed further and we have long u followed by long u as the input and the output is long u. So, we have a compound chamu plus uh. Chamu has got uh at the end and uh has got uh at the beginning. Since this is a compound 6101 applies and substitutes uh long in place of both long us. So, the output generated is chamu, uh, chamu, uh, chamu, uh. Now, let us proceed to the examples where we have ru vaval as input and the output is the long variety of vaval ru. First example is that of two words in the sentence naitru plus ritchati. Naitru has got ru at the end and ritchati has got ru at the beginning. The speaker intends to utter these two words in the close proximity, samhita mode and therefore now 61101 applies and generates the output where long ru is the substitute which replaces both short rukaras. So, we have nait plus ru and chhati. We join them together and we get naitru chhati. Similarly, we have dhatru plus runa. This is the example of a compound, a samasa. We have dhatru plus runa and 61101 applies and we get the substitute long ru in place of both the rukaras and so we have dhatru and na and the output generated is dhatru na. Then we have ru followed by long ru. It must be admitted that we do not have typical word forms beginning with long ru. So, we have to do with rukara which is typically available. So, we have dhatru plus ru kara where we have ru followed by long ru. They are savaranas and 61101 applies and replaces both of them with the long ru. So, we have karthru and kara that is karthru kara as the output. Then we have long ru plus ru that is short and in place of both of them 61101 applies and the substitute generated is long ru. So, we have through long plus rukara. Through is a verbal root and somebody is imitating the utterance of this verbal root. Now, this imitation because it is an imitation attains the status of prathipatika and then subandha and then it can be an input to this compound. So, if you have to refer to the rukara of through let us say you will have this compound through plus rukara and in this compound now you have long ru following followed by short ru. In this particular case because this is samasa or compound samhita is obligatory 61101 applies and the output generated is thru kara that is through kara. Similar example would be through plus rukara where we have long ru followed by long ru as input and the output generated is long ru. So, through followed by rukara the output generated after the application of 61101 is the ru and kara. So, through kara there is not any other example to illustrate this particular sandhi except this. Now, we go to lu plus lu both short bubbles and the output is long ru because there is a Bhartika which says rulu varnayur mithas savarinam vacham. So, they are savarinas and since lu does not have a long variety the long variety of ru appears as the substitute. So, we have gamlu plus rukara. Gamlu is the mention of the verbal root gamma in the dhatupatha and there is this imitation and because it is an imitation it attains the status of prathipadika and therefore a pada and therefore is an input to a compound and so we have gamlu plus rukara. Now, in this case this lu is savarinam with this lu and therefore 61101 applies and now substitutes the long bubble in place of both these rukaras and here this vartika comes in handy and substitutes long ru in place of both rukaras. So, we get gamru kara kara, gamru kara that is gamru kara lu does not have a long variety. So, long ru is the substitute in accordance with the above statement. Let us now look at one important topic in relation to the concept of savarinam explained in the explanation of aakas savarinadir gaha. We said that in this particular sutra the word achi continues from 6177 ekoyanachi. So, what is the purpose of achi because if you have aak initially, if you have aak followed by a savarinam then obviously it is going to be another vowel. What is the need of achi continuing? This is a very deep question. The answer to this is provided by the tradition. The tradition says that although 1110 that is not jalau negates the homogeneity between vowels and consonants, certain vowels and consonants do retain their homogeneity. This is due to the sequence in which the sutras get applied and this is due to the interpretation of certain sutras following certain sequence of knowledge. So, the knowledge that these sutras assume creates a particular mechanism in which certain vowels and consonants get omitted and they do retain their homogeneity. This process is called dhyanakrama and in this process the homogeneity of long vowels and the consonants does not get negated. This is very important. The homogeneity savarinia of long vowels and consonants does not get negated. So, for example, we have kumari plus shete. So, here we have long e followed by shir. If you look at the place of articulation of e, it is talu. If you look at the effort of articulation of e, it is vivruta. Now if you study the place of articulation of shir, it is talu and the effort of articulation of shir is vivruta. So, in principle, the place of articulation and the effort of articulation of shir and long e is the same. So, if we apply tulyasya prayatnam savarinam, e and shir are savarinas. But one would say that na jhalav would negate the savarinya between e and shir. But the tradition precisely says that this does not happen because na jhalav negates the savarinya of only short e and shir. Why? Because only short e is stated in the pratyahara sutra and na jhalav negates the savarinya of the vowels and consonants stated only in the pratyahara sutra. Those vowels which are not stated in the pratyahara sutra but get represented by the vowels mentioned in the pratyahara sutra, they are not taken into consideration by na jhalav. So, those vowels which are not directly stated in the pratyahara sutras, they do retain their savarinya with the consonants. So, in a nutshell, long e and shir retain the savarinya. So, if they are savarinas and if you do not have the word achi in this sutra, then in place of e and shir, because they are homogeneous sounds, savarina sounds, the resultant substitute would be the dirga that is long e and that would generate an undesired unspoken form. And so in order to avoid this problem, the tradition has continued the word achi and has solved the problem. So, Kumari has got this long e which is savarinya with shir alright, but this shir is not ach. We do not want any savarinya in this place, we want only a savarinya ach over here and shir is not an ach and therefore, 61101 does not apply over here. So, the word achi specifies that the right hand environment should be a vowel, savarinya vowel and this is not the case over here. And therefore, in this particular case, the application of 61101 does not apply because shir is not a vowel even though it is savarinya with long e. To summarize, we studied the remaining template examples of 61101 in this lecture. We also studied the specific examples that fill into these templates. These examples explain the process of sandhi at different levels in between two paddas as part of the sentence. So, sentential sandhi or within a compound or within a upasarga and dhatu. Next, we study the remaining instance of dvithanika ekatesha, namely urvarupa sandhi stated by 61107 in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.