 The study investigates the use of gold nanorods, GNRs, as radio sensitizers for sensitization at clinically relevant MVX-ray energies. The results show that GNRs enhanced the radio sensitivity of A375 melanoma cells, mainly through increasing DNA double-strand breaks and inducing a higher proportion of cells within the G2-m phase. This article was authored by Wenkai Su, Ting Luo, Bo Pang, and others.