 Hello friends, welcome to yet another session of oral medicine and radiology series. So today I will be dealing with how to solve oral medicine and radiology question papers. So before we start, I would also like to remind you that this is not the only questions which would be asked for your exam. This would only help you to finish or to finally polish what you have prepared. So you need to basically read the textbook or your notes. This will only help you in addition to actually frame your answers. So let us begin. So I will start with oral radiology. So for oral radiology, I would like to suggest two books, either Whiten Farrow which is considered to be the classic book of choice or the Frenny Karjotkar which is also equally good. So as you can see the initial few questions, that is your long essays from properties of X-rays and production of X-rays, your long essays, short notes and short essays, all these three from chapter 3 and chapter 4 here, both come under radiation physics. So you need to actually frame your answer depending on the weightage of marks. So usually what happens here is, your question will be split and marks will be given for each section of that particular question. So in this case, this has not been given. So you need to think and logically answer the question. So I was talking about your long essays. So here the long essays basically deal with the properties of X-rays, the production of X-rays and the factors that control the X-ray beam. So you can see, both the questions from both these sub chapters are almost similar. So for these, first you need to write about the properties of X-rays. That is almost similar to the properties of your electromagnetic radiation. So that is like its capacity to ionize matter, the interaction with photographic film, how it travels, the speed and all those things you need to mention. That is the properties of X-rays. And then coming to the production of X-rays, so you need to draw a neat labeled diagram of the X-ray tube and explain about the controls and circuits and all those things. And then you need to mention about the radiation types. That is your Bram Stirling radiation and your characteristic radiation which forms the basic interaction that actually initiates the production of X-ray. Coming to the factors that control the X-ray beam, you need to write about the exposure time, the MA that is the milliampere, the KVP or the tube voltage, the filtration collimation and about the inverse square law. So all these things come under the factors controlling the X-ray beam. So you need to briefly explain, you know, when you play around with these particular things that is your KVP setting, your MS setting, what happens to the final image, what happens, all those things you need to briefly explain depending on the marks. Coming to short notes, that is Compton scattering types of interaction of X-rays with matter. So all these are almost the same, that is, it is the first question, that is, the Compton scattering is again a part of the type of interaction of X-rays with matter. So basically there are three types, that is your Compton scattering, Coherence scattering and your photoelectric absorption. So the first question is regarding only just one particular interaction, whereas the second question is about all the three types of. So you need to draw a picture of that particular interaction and explain. So in the first case, you may draw just the Compton scattering and explain about that. You should also mention about, you know, its contribution to the final image, you know, whether it actually diminishes the quality of the image or whether it actually contributes. So you need to mention about that and about the percentage. So since it is the short note, you can actually, you know, omit the diagram part, you can just explain. Whereas if it is a short essay, you can actually write about, a little more about that and even the picture. Then coming to drumster lung radiation, that is again, you know, X-ray production. So you need to just mention that it is a breaking radiation, it forms the basis of X-rays, all those things, you need to explain. So that was your radiation physics, which is a very important chapter. It shouldn't be missed at all. If you're thinking, then you're doing a big foolishness because almost 90% to 95% of all question papers in radiology will have at least one question from this particular chapter and it is the basis of radiology. So it shouldn't be missed at all. So the next important session is radiation biology, usually pretty straightforward questions are asked here. Only few questions will be asked. Long essays are not much asked, but short essays and short notes are asked and it all, it usually comes in the same particular area, these questions. So the first question is about deterministic and stochastic effects of radiation, which is, you know, a direct question. There's a beautiful table which is given in your textbook, differentiating between stochastic and deterministic radiation. So you can just read that and write it out. And then about the management of radiation induced mucusitis. So you need to write about, you know, radiation induced mucusitis, you know, when does it occur? That means, you know, what particular exposure parameter or what particular dose causes mucusitis, you can write about that and then about the management part, that is about, you know, the antifungal therapy and then the care you can give for that. So you can explain about that. And then about the radiation caries, you can write about the various patterns, the three patterns of radiation caries. And then you can write why it is caused, you can tell about the Zerostomia part, all those things. And yeah, there's one more thing, Zerostomia can also be asked from this particular chapter. So it can come under this particular chapter or it can come in all medicine, that is under salivary glands or salivary gland disorders. So you need to write about how to manage radiation caries. And then you can also read a bit about the radiotherapy part, okay. Sometimes a question or so may be asked about radiotherapy and the various, you know, effects of radiation on oral structures, like your mucus, your taste buds, salivary glands, etc. You can read about that too a little bit. So usually, only these questions are asked, but if a question or two comes, you know, on that, you can easily write because it's very simple, pretty straightforward and direct. Coming to the next section, it is about Lara principle. So earlier, another concept called as a Lara principle was in existence, which means as low as reasonably achievable. So this is a new concept, which means as low as diagnostically achievable. So it simply means that you can actually go in for the simplest of modalities, like your IOPS, if your diagnosis can be made with that, instead of going for high end, you know, modalities like your CT or CBCT, so it means that the rest of the question again deals with the radiation protection measures to be adopted by both the radiation personnel or the operator and the patient. So the next question in short essays is about quality assurance and infection control in dental radiology. So for this, you can either refer to your Wyden Farrow or your Frenny Kajodkar. So they have beautifully given this particular chapter as a separate chapter in your Wyden Farrow. So you can actually refer to that. So it deals with, you know, how to replenish the solutions, how to maintain the, you know, how to calibrate the machine, how to maintain the operator in a proper form, all those things have been given briefly. So depending on the inner weightage, you can actually mention about that. Coming to short notes, it deals with again personal protection in dental radiology. So if it means personnel, that means if it is for the operator, again it comes under the radiation protection part or if it means personnel, then it might deal with your thermonuminoscent dosimeters or any other pocket dosimeters. So when I read this, in according to the spelling, I think it could be the protection for operator. So you need to mention about the position distance rule and all the other things like, you know, LED screen, then all the other setups, so that comes under personal protection. The next one, position distance rule also, again comes under protection for the operator and the next one to fourth one. So thermonuminoscent dosimeter or dosimetry, this comes under the section called as dosimetry. So this particular section is included in radiation physics or the first chapter of your white and ferrule, whereas it comes along with protection in your phrenic arjudicle. So along with the explanation of a thermonuminoscent dosimeter, you can also tell that the other personal monitoring devices include your philim badges and pocket dosimeter and all those things. Sometimes questions may be asked about that too. But since this is the most recent dosimeter or this is in widespread usage, usually this question only could be asked. Apart from that, you can also just give a small reading about the various units of dosimetry like your air karma, your rancid rancid, etc. Usually questions won't be asked about that, but if a question like dosimetry could be asked, then you need to explain about that too and you need to know about the various other pocket dosimeters and radiation monitoring devices. Coming to the next session, it's about the protection from radiation. So for this particular section, I would like to recommend you to use phrenic arjudicle because in your white and ferrule, dosimetry and the radiation protection has been briefly given whereas in phrenic arjudicle, a little bit more elaborately they have given. So this would be a better book of choice for this particular chapter. So discuss the radiation hazards in dental radiology and its management. Discuss the methods of radiation safety and protection measures in dental radiology. What is the LADA principle? Discuss in detail the radiation protection measures to be adopted by both the radiation personnel and the patient. These are the long assays asked. Culture assurance and infection control in dental radiology. Thermoluminescent dosimetry, personal protection in dental radiology. Position distance rule, personal protection in dental radiology. So the first three questions I would like to recommend your phrenic arjudicle. So it is a pretty usually commonly asked question which is given here. That is the radiation safety protection measures. So basically it has been divided into protection for the patient, the operator as well as the environment. So you know when I have gone through the previous questions of different universities, I have observed that usually they have asked about the protection for the operator as well as protection for the patient. Whereas less, I mean less questions have been asked about the protection for the environment. But in this case you may actually write about all the three. So you can also include this particular thing that is about the position distance rule, a diagram of that when it is asked about protection for the operator. So protection for the patient, you can write about the judicious use of x-ray films. You know to properly think and then only take an x-ray regarding that particular thing justification, I mean justification. And then you can also write about the various other things that is useful protection. That is the lead screen, the lead apron, the lead thyroid collar and the gonadal shield etc. And then about the pregnant patients who have to be judiciously exposed. So you can write about that. We are coming to the next section on film imaging or film processing. So here the questions asked are about ideal radiographs and faulty radiographs. So ideal radiograph, the definition or the concept of an ideal radiograph should be given with proper explanation about you know the contrast, the density and the other exposure or other parameters and then the opposite of that, that is a faulty radiograph. So you need to explain about the various faulty radiographs. So it is beautifully given in your white and ferro. You can also refer to your Freni Kachur for that. But you know for faulty radiographs the chapter is pretty huge. So you might get a little bit confused too. So you can just stick on with your white and ferro. There is a beautiful table given with the usual common problems in film exposure and development or you know common causes for faulty radiographs. Like your light radiographs, dark radiographs, you know spots, what happens when fogging happens or over exposure, all those reasons have been given. So you can actually write down those. Then the next question that is a long essay is about what is X-ray film processing, describe the composition and function of the processing solutions and discuss the causes of faulty radiographs. These are somewhat two different chapters but interconnected. This comes under film processing. So here you need to mention about the latent image and then what happens when a film is processed and then you need to explain the basic components. You can enumerate and write very briefly on the function of each component in both the developer as well as the fixer solution. And again the sub question in that is about faulty radiographs which I have already discussed. The next questions are about film accessories. The first question in short essay is about composition of X-ray film. So you need to write a bit about the X-ray film. So you can draw a small diagram in labeling the various components of the X-ray film packet and along with that you can write about the basic composition of the X-ray film that is the base, the gelatin, the surface, all those things, the silver halide crystals all those you have to briefly write about that. And coming to X-ray films used in dental radiography you can again write about the various sizes, what films are used for, what particular area, the pedophilms, basically you can classify the films and write briefly about that. Coming to the next one that is filters, when in short nose, intensifying screens, grids, collimators, filters, all these are various dental accessories. So about filters you can actually write about the function of a filter and the amount of filtration which is required according to the KVP, you need to write about that. Then about the intensifying screen you can draw a small diagram of that and the use of that. You need to write why it is used and along with what type of film it is used that is it is used with X-ray film. So you need to write about that too and then coming to the grid you need to write the types of grids and function of a grid and the modifications to the parameters like your exposure time, KVP etc. when you use the grid. Again collimators also you have to write about that, the various types of collimators, the one which we use and which is the most best collimator and all those things you need to write. Coming to filters again I have already discussed about that, grids and its uses that too have discussed. Then regarding processing again the same question has been repeated here, what is latent image? Describe the process of formation of latent image, describe the details, steps involved in manual processing. So here too you need to write about the latent image and what happens to the latent image when it is dipped consecutively in your developer when water then fixer you need to explain about that and then the various errors only during processing which starts here. So you need to write what happens if you put it in a warm solution, a cold solution, what if you put for a long long time, what if you dip initially in the fixer instead of a developer, what if it falls inside and then you try to take it out, what if there is a splash of these solutions all those things you need to write in processing errors. The next section deals about automatic film processing. So you need to write about what is an automatic film processor, what is the difference the basic difference between manual processing and automatic film processing. So here you do not actually have the water component instead it is the rollers that do the duty of the second stage that is the rinsing. So you need to explain about that maybe a little about the errors caused due to automatic film processing. Coming to the next one is about film processing. So here you can write about the manual processing then there is the penny coin test or the penny test which is the test for safe lighting. So you need to explain about that. You need to write what is a safe light, why is that used and then the penny test you have to explain about that. Then coming to the developer solution again it has been explained in the composition of the processing solution. Coming to the next important section that is about intraoral radiographic techniques. So the short assays on object localization techniques and intraoral techniques. So if it is intraoral techniques you need to enumerate what are the different types of intraoral techniques basically your IOPA that is your periapakyl radiograph, your bitwing and the occlusal. So that you have to enumerate and maybe write a brief introduction of each technique. So since it is a short assay you can just write about the basic principles behind each. And for IOPA or the periapakyl radiography you can just tell that it is again subdivided into two that is your long cone technique short cone technique that you have to explain. Coming to your object localization techniques. So here you have to write what is the need of a localization technique. So you have to explain about that the radiograph which we use is the two dimensional one that is not three dimensional like your CT or CBCT hence this is required. And then you need to explain about the various techniques which is used that is your Buckel object roll, your Clarks roll or the slope technique. And then you know use of two different radiograph shorter two different angles that is maybe an occlusal and IOPA or something like that ok. So you need to explain about that and since it is a short assay you can actually draw the diagrams. And for the intraoral techniques too you can draw a diagram for your periapakyl radiographic techniques. Of a bitwing you need an actually draw a diagram but you need to you know tell briefly about why is it used may be a small indication for each. Coming to short note yeah you need to yeah the first question is again bisecting angle technique which is one of the intraoral periapakyl radiographic techniques ok. So you need to write about the principle of bisecting angle technique which is Sissonski's rule of isometry. So you can actually draw the picture and actually in the principle and you know the indications and maybe the disadvantages of the problems or the distortions which are caused due to this particular technique. And you can just you know if you want you can write that there is also another technique which is called as the Longgood technique ok that is it ok. So along with that you can also mention about the film holder used with that modality or that particular technique. Coming to the occlusal radiographs you should tell about the synonym of the other name for occlusal radiographs it is also called as a sandwich radiographs. Sometimes instead of occlusal radiographs they can just write sandwich technique so you need to be knowing that particular term ok. So you need to write the indications for that and you should also write the types of occlusal radiographs that is I mean basically it is maxillary and mandible but other than that there are three different subtypes of occlusal radiography. So since it is short note you need not draw the picture but if it comes as a short essay you need to draw the pictures and write the angles for each one ok yes. So do not forget to mention the indications for each modality or each technique. Coming to bitwing radiography again you need to write about the indications then you need to write what is seen in a bitwing radiograph. So you need to tell that you know the crown portion and little bit of the basically the crown portion of the maxillary and the mandibular teeth are seen you also need to write the different types of bitwing radiographs ok and may be the size of the fillet. So here in occlusal radiography also you have to write the size of the fillet. The angulation used also should be written. Coming to extraval radiographs usually almost similar repeated questions are asked from this particular chapter the first question which is usually asked is submenvertex view or the jug handle view. So you need to basically write what is the indication for that particular modality or technique and then you know how the patient should be positioned, what is the angulation, what are the structures which would be seen or appreciated in that particular view and then what is the modification which is called as a jug handle view. Usually both are almost similar there is only one small modification sorry one small change or a difference between these both views. So you need to write that and what is the indication for that specially that also you need to write. It is all given in the textbook you need to write it just like that ok. And then the next one is transferential projection of the temporal mandibular. So yeah sometimes question can be asked is since it is a short note it has just been asked like transferential projection for temporal mandibular joint. So sometimes if it is a short essay it can be asked as the various techniques of or the various projections for temporal mandibular joint and various projections for sinuses. So you need to know the various types of projection. So this is one among the projections of temporal mandibular there is a transferential view or the McQueen's view. So yeah you need to know the other name for that and basically what is the angle and what or how will you find the structures of the temporal mandibular joint in this particular type of projection and what it is good for or what is the basic indication of this particular view ok you need to mention about that. So if you can give a small picture of this then it is well and good but since it is a short note you may not actually draw a picture it depends on you. Coming to the paranesial view, it is paranesial sinus view so you have to mention about the PNS view or the paranesial sinus view. So apart from this you also have to give the various other, you have to enumerate the various other projections for the sinus and in this view what all sinuses can be appreciated that also has to be given and what is the basic indication and then the position of the patient and the angulation that is the point of entry of the x-ray has to be given. Coming to xilography, xilography is another important question which is frequently asked. If not the complete question, sub-questions can be asked that is nepotological appearances of you know a particular condition can be asked xilographic appearance of a particular pathology can be asked. So you need to be well versed with xilography. This is a very important as well as very easily understood and easily reproducible what do you say topic ok. So basically you need to in this particular section, since it is a short note much should not be written just you know you can write retrograde filling of the salivary gland ducts with radiopic contrast medium and various indications all those things can be written and you know what are the normal appearances of the particular gland that is maybe the parotid and the submandibular can be given. Since it is only a short note or a small question, if it is a bigger question then you need to write about the various pathological appearances and the various modalities and maybe the two modifications of that ok. Coming to the next section which is panoramic radiography, it is a very commonly asked question usually the principle of panoramic radiography and indications of panoramic radiography has been always asked in various question papers through the years I have observed that and this is one particular session which you cannot omit it is almost similar to your radiation physics chapter ok. So here for this question that is the principle of panoramic radiography for this question you need to draw the discs that is the two discs and the fixed center you know there are three pictures you know the rotation all those things here. So that particular picture or the diagram which has to be labelled and drawn here ok and that is only how you can score marks for this though you know it can be summed up as a small line that is reciprocating movements reciprocating movement of the source as well as the film around the fixed center that is the patient though this particular principle can be summed up as this you know the sentence you need to draw this diagram in your answer sheet then only you will be scoring the marks. So that is what every medulator or every examiner wants you to write and then these are the various indications. So you need to write the various indications of an o-page and maybe you can just add on to the advantages if it is a short essay. But in short notes you can just write the indications of an o-page ok. So since it is a very small question you can just write around five indications that is it. Ok so the next section is on digital radiographs usually the question about sensors are commonly asked from this chapter. But since this question is pretty you know indirect or not exactly indirect pretty general you can write a lot about this ok. So basically you need to tell about what is digital imaging you need to differentiate it from the normal radiographic imaging so you just need to tell that it is how different it is from the film and what are the basic components or what are the basic you know principles or steps involved here. So you need to explain about a bit about what is a pixel and a voxel. So you can just explain that you know in film imaging you know the density the contrast all those things are dependent on the various parameters and it is a play of silver halal questions whereas here in digital radiography it is all about pixels. So pixel is the basic component here and then you can write about the various advantages of digital radiography over your normal film imaging. So since it is a pretty general question you can write about that and since it is a short essay you can write about the various types of sensors too you can enumerate on that ok. So if there is a direct question on differentiate between various sensors then you can write about the various three different types of sensors otherwise you can just write about the various indications the advantages over the normal film and what is the basic difference between normal film and the digital method of doing that is the digital sensor ok. Now we are coming to the next section that is significance of lamina dura and differential diagnosis of periapical radulus and seas. The first question that is significance of lamina dura this particular question is actually you know somewhat indirect to the you know second question ok. So it actually means a second question asked in a different way but this particular question is usually asked for PG's or PG it is a PG level question actually. So here we need to explain the normal appearance of a lamina dura and you know the lamina dura in various pathologies ok. So we have to you know write about the significance of lamina dura when the teeth is healthy then you have to write about the conditions when there is thickening of lamina dura or there is thinning of the lamina dura ok. So if there is a breach in the lamina dura then what happens and then you can also write about the various pathologies that is the you know apical period on that is types that is your abscess grand loma and your cyst ok that is when the tooth is under any pathological effect ok you need to write about that too. So that is about your lamina dura so you can draw a beautiful picture of the root surrounded by a PDL space and then the lamina dura and that is when it is in a healthy condition and then the next that is when it is broken and then you have the other pathologies appearing the periapical pathologies appearing so you can draw a picture of all those two and then you can explain about those. So that answers your short assist. Coming to the next section that is dental caddies ok these questions were also pretty much not asked for undergraduate examinations but recently a trend has come these have been asked but it is a very beautiful question as they both these questions are very beautiful pretty straightforward questions from chapters you know dental caddies you have proper full fledged chapter in your textbook and even periodontal disease is a full fledged proper chapter in your radiology textbook. So you need to just enlist you know the various features of dental caddies you know you need to write which modality is the best for what type of caddies that is for example your in the proximal caddies the best modality would be your bite wing ok so you need to stress on that and then you know what are the differential diagnosis what are the other what do you say artifacts which could mimic a caddies or a caddy salation that you need to write about that too and you need to differentiate about that then regarding your periodontic or periodontal disease you need to write about what all the radiographic assessments are there with regard to periodontal diseases like you know you need to measure the condition of the alveolar crest the amount of the bone which is present you know the depth of the pocket whether there are any focal bone losses any calculus regarding any poor contour of the adjacent teeth so all those are the periodontal features which could be assessed there are so many other things too which can be considered in assessment of periodontal disease apart from that you need to write about the limitations of you know imagine imaging modalities in the assessment of periodontal because always you know you see that the periodontal disease or any disease process it actually progresses a little more a little more than what is actually present in your radiology part or the radiographic image so you need to always correlate ok so you need to write about the limitations of the interval or the external images too sorry the interval images too ok so you have to write about the various types of bone defects or bone losses seen and then the various changes which can be seen and you can also write about maybe you know the significance of digital subtraction radiography or you know consecutive radiographs taken at different periods of time ok so you can write that in the other one too that is the assessment of dental carious lesions also you can include that also ok coming to the next question radiographic features of dental carious here same whole of radiography in diagnosis of periodontal disease yes same thing so you need to write all those things which modality has to be used then you can also if you want you could also write a bit about the endoperior relationships also ok so you can you can observe this in your radiology textbook both Franny as well as Wight and Farrow has a separate full-fledged lessons for both these diseases so you can actually refer to that and make a proper short note for that so the next session deals with differential diagnosis so you know apart from Franny and Wight and Farrow I would like to suggest just one more book do not worry it is called as wooden gauze it will be available in your libraries it is a very good book this is the best book for differential diagnosis so see all these questions your long asses dealing with you know differential diagnosis of mixed radiolusin radiopaque lesions as well as multi-ocular radiolusinsis and DD's of periopaque reduciences so all these you know are given properly in your wooden gauze so if you do not have wooden gauze it is ok it is fine only thing is that you need to know what all lesions come under this particular category so for that you need this book so once you can actually list all these entities or you know put down or jot down all these entities then it is easy you can refer to your normal Franny or Wight and Farrow and fill in the rest so for both of these you need to you know refer that particular book enlisted and then write so according to the marks weighted you can actually decide you know how much to write so if it is like for a long assay question you need to enlist or enumerate all those things all those relations and then you need to write a little bit more elaborately on each relation and you know which do you think is which you do you think should be given the most priority and then in descending order it should be given like that both these then coming to your short assay you can actually again enumerate and write the most common ones you can actually omit the rest of you but you need to enlist all these entities what all it comes under this and then you need to write a small bit on all the important ones ok for the longest is you can also mention about the rarities or the conditions which can occur but which are very rare but here in your short assay you need in actually write about the rarities ok the next one short note short notes is on radiological features of Maxwell official bones in hyperparallel order so this you can refer to either your widen fellow or your fanny so you go to the lesson on diseases affecting the bone or the structure of the bone we'll have a beautiful paragraph on the various diseases which affect the bone so you need to learn about that a bit and you can write about you can write about the browns tumor you know the appearance of the lemonade your the bones all those things you'll write it's given properly in your textbooks so since it's for you know it's a very small question that just since it's a short note question we can just write three or four points that's enough coming to Ludwig angina so this is actually coming under inflammatory lesions so you need to mention what is Ludwig's angina you need to tell about the problem or the complication of Ludwig's angina and what is the most disastrous outcome of not treating a Ludwig's angina so that means that so you need to tell about that all these three things you should write in this particular under this particular question coming to the next section on cysts of the jaws the question is discuss the differential diagnosis of mixed radiolution radiopeculations of the jaw so this is one and the same as before then the next one is what is multi ocular radiolucency class 5 multi local of all these the wooden gauze is the best book which is to be followed whereas for you know writing descriptions on each entity you can actually refer your friend your white coming to shortest is differential diagnosis of radiopecular diseases again I can refer to your wooden gauze you can actually classify it into vital and non vital all those things you can do all these questions shortest is can be referred in wooden gauze and the descriptions can be read from your white and fellow or friendly short notes also similarly you can do whereas here the answers need to be very crisp and short you can just write two or three points that's enough coming to benign tumors of the jaws so you have a wonderful section on this in your white and fellow so you can refer your white and fellow for that so in the initial part the longest is actually as I told before it has to be taken from your wooden gauze and then description you have to write from your white and fellow or friendly the shortest is also similar to that coming to malignant diseases of the jaw again similar beautiful descriptions on malignant disorders of the jaws are given in your white and fellow so you can refer your white and fellow for the description of each entity coming to your shortest is multi-locular radilucin C's of job wounds again that you can refer to your wooden gauze and then follow it up with white and fellow coming to the next question that is short notes at inverse ST carcinoma well this can be included in your medicine part because it is a celebrity gland tumor or a celebrity gland carcinoma so you can refer your own medicine textbooks or maybe sheffers or navels for that it's a short note so you just need to write a little bit on that that's all coming to the next part that is disease of the bone manifested in the jaws you have a beautiful lesson in both your funny as well as your wide and fellow which gives proper description of these solutions and you know the first two lesions again as a first two questions again deal with using of the book which I told you earlier that is wooden gauze and the next question classify fibrous disorders of the jaws well I prefer the wide and fellow for this because the descriptions are pretty good so I have actually referred to that for my preparations so you know for this particular question my favorite or my personal devices follow the wide and fellow and since it is a long essay you need to enlist all those fibrous lesions and what are the differential you know points or any pathogromic features for each you need to write about that a little bit elaborate you okay coming to your shorter says again it's similar to what I told you before refer to the wooden gauze and then follow it up with your white and fellow or friend coming to the next one that is short notes more eaten appearance well here it actually refers to osteomyelitis so this again comes under your inflammatory or infective diseases affecting the jaw or the bone so you need to write you need to write which entity causes or presents with this particular appearance and then you need to write a bit on what are the features since it's a short note you can just write three or four points that would be enough coming to the next section that is a trauma to teeth and facial structure so well this hasn't much been asked but however there are certain question papers with a bouncer like question well this is again pretty easy or straightforward if asked at all so first you need to know what all projections or what all modalities can be used for each type of trauma that is for example if I say if a psychometric arch fracture is suspected you need to know what particular projection is to be taken so and you need to write about that so the questions usually asked would be in that genre okay so you need to know about that so you need to learn about the different projections for your TMJ fracture any facial bone fracture maybe for one two or three or maxilla fracture or you know trauma involving the sinus orbit all those things here again the question is radiographic diagnosis of facial trauma so you need you might need to write about which all bones are involved in the facial skeleton and according to that you can just write what all projections are there and since it's a short essay you needn't elaborately write about all the projections but you should enlist all the various projections used okay again you can also write a point or two about the limitations of taking two-dimensional radiographs in trauma so you can you can add on by telling that for a proper localization you might need to take you know two different radiographs at right angles to each other something like that and and then you know for such kind of trauma you can use a CBCT or higher end modality okay so that's it for this particular chapter yeah the next section is a section on general questions you know actually this shouldn't be included under general questions but because oral medicine is pretty vast these pure oral medicine questions have been you know pushed back and this has come under the general questions the first question is on importance of medical history well the earlier the previous editions of Burkett have given proper pukka definitions as well as descriptions on you know the importance of medical history whereas the later on editions do contain this chapter but however the importance has been diminished so you can also refer to your revicarin angle they have also properly mentioned about this particular aspect coming to your NSIDs or non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs you need to enlist all these drugs or you can actually briefly classify them and then give examples and you can just mention a few examples of drugs NSIDs which you commonly use for dental pain okay so this for this you can actually refer to your Burkett or there's a pharmacology chapter or else you can refer to your textbook your pharmacology textbook the party your Padmaja Uday Kumar okay coming to the next one diagnostic importance of saliva well this particular question is usually asked for pgxl but however this has come here so you can actually mention about the components or the composition of saliva you know how much ml is secreted per day so what are the functions of saliva and then you know under disease conditions what all do you expect so you can talk about sadoria you can talk about serostomia you can talk about you know the properties or the salivary condition in diabetes and any other systemic disorders like your any any kidney or renal disease all these things you can give okay and then in cerebral palsy or Pakistanism okay or you know you can even talk about you know the secretion of various drugs through saliva okay the importance of saliva for various diagnostic tests all these you can mention so I think a little bit more has been given in your oral path textbooks than your oral medicine textbooks however your own goal has given a little bit on that but you can always refer to your shapers as well as naval for more data so since it's an essay you can write only so basically you have to write about the composition of normal saliva and the components from that comment on the immunoglobulins and the lysosine the salivary amylase etc okay coming to the short notes well the rational of selection of drugs in painful conditions again this is a proper PG question and I don't know how you can actually limit this to a short note but well since it has been asked for a short note you can write a point or two from your pharmacology section of bucket okay so you can also give few examples of medications used for dental pain and you can just comment on slow pain and fast pain that is a delta for fast pain and C fibers for slow pain and so what you know kind of drugs can be used for each type of pain so you know you can comment on you know the faster onset of action the duration the half half life and all and depending on that you can just comment on that coming to phrase syndrome again this is a proper oral medicine topic it's also called as auricular temporal syndrome so you can talk about the surgery which has caused you know sweating in relation to the parotid region while chewing so this is a proper syndrome just from the oral medicine textbook coming to oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease again this comes under the session of systemic disorders affecting oral cavity so again there's a beautiful lesson given in bucket and your own goal so you may refer to both of these for the oral manifestations we also need to know about the various other disorders or diseases which can present oral manifestation especially those which causes ulcers and vesicles coming to dental consideration in patients suffering from hypertension again it's under the section the same lesson systemic disorders so again you need to write a point or two since it's a short note coming to role of NSIDs in oral medicine again I have discussed about that so since it's a short note you can just write a few examples coming to antiviral therapy of sorry in oral medicine so here you can just mention a few entities which are caused due to virus and the most common drugs which are used like may be a cyclovir, gansiclovir etcetera you can also talk about a little bit about you know HIV and the drugs which are used for that ok so since it's a short note you can write only three or four points anything extra wouldn't fetch you marks so logically you can write that so that's it guys