 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss downward social mobility. It's interesting to see that social mobility is not always upward, it's not that social mobility in the process of stratification is always to the direction that we are always aspiring to. There are certain circumstances and situations in which we often face downward social mobility. So downward social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from high social position to the lower social position. So this can be caused by various factors such as loss of job or employment, economic recession, personal health issues, or social and cultural discrimination. So the possibilities of downward social mobility are always present in the washers. You can take an example of the Pakistani washers in which we see that the possible threats of downward social mobility are caused by economic recession, poverty, our existing health situation, because health in Pakistan is not considered a priority. Similarly, there are many social policies because of which accidents occur. For example, if we look at road safety, then due to poor road safety, in Pakistan, many people are deprived every year and due to this disability, their downward social mobility is also caused. Then there are many social and cultural discriminatory factors because of which the possibilities of downward social mobility are increased. For example, if people of a different ethnicity go to a geographic area and want to do their business or work, then maybe the people there resist it. Along with this, if we look at people of a specific sect who want to work or do business at some place, then maybe the majority sects can resist it. There are many such possibilities because of which downward social mobility is created. Downward social mobility can have significant negative impact and consequences on individuals and their families, including a decrease in income and social status and increasing stress level and mental health issues. So, the direct relationship of downward social mobility is caused by your financial status. So, it is considered always threatening for your survival. So, the food for thought for you is to see what are the possibilities of downward social mobility and what strategies people adopt to mitigate those possibilities.