 With that, we have a few minutes for discussion, so what I suggest is that we take the questions and then I'll ask my colleagues to answer the questions they'd like to address. So let's start with Masoud, yeah. Thank you very much, Michel. First of all, let me just say the terrific panel, and I really want to thank all of you for your interventions. I hope we can make the slides available that were used by Professor Flano as well. I have one question for you, and it picks up from your last comment, Michel, which is, how well do you think we are prepared for the next pandemic if it were to strike us in the next 12 months? One thing about COVID is that we developed a vaccine that works within a year faster than at any hit time in history. No guarantee that we will be able to do it for the next pandemic, and the mortality rate was quite low, less than 5%. And that again, no guarantee that the next pandemic will have a low mortality rate. So you just identified, Christian, what is needed? And the question I have for all of you is how much progress have we made globally and regionally to be prepared if the next pandemic were to hit us within the next 18 months? Thank you, Mr. Witt. That will also be discussed in the next session. Monsieur Marc-Ton? Yes, two quick questions. Does the panel draw any lesson from the difference in policies, even in Western Europe, for example, the difference between Sweden and France, for example, no lockdown, at least during the first weeks or even month in Sweden? And going beyond Europe, a complete different policy in Australia, for example. So these vast differences in the Western world, what sort of lesson would you draw from that? Second question is on the refusal of vaccination. The refusal of vaccination can be regional problems in Africa, but also problems in some parts of French overseas territories. And now some sort of sequential refusal of vaccination, for example, the low level of vaccination in France presently for the new repeats of the vaccination that are required and not actually carried particularly by the elderly. So what's the answer to some sort of fatigue as to vaccination? Thank you. Yes, next to you. Thanks, Christian, for sharing valuable information. My question is, how artificial intelligence will help in checking COVID-19 in future? Thank you very much. Thank you. And there are two more questions, and then we'll stop it now. Mr. Dushu, so three questions. Please be brief. Good morning. Thank you very much. While I agree, I mean, we are a think tank that does a lot of work on virus and the growth of it for about 20 years. So the question is more on why we accept the premise of zoonotic diseases. I just wondered your insights, especially Christian, on the gain for function where these researchers are outsourced to labs outside. And the strong belief that we have, and some intelligence and information we have, that the Wuhan was not an accident because we had a discussion with the Wuhan medical office soon after the virus, that it may have been an accident that came out of the lab. So how do you, at a global level, prevent this? Because if you do that, the way to stop it and the cure will be extremely difficult. Thank you. You know that Israel had been, in a way, a laboratory for developing the Pfizer immunity. In a matter of fact, we became to be like a laboratory for all the world. In Israel, it was not compulsory to take the vaccination, but of course it was possible to do it fast because in Israel there is a special construction of the health system. People belong to one of the branches. We have three or four companies which deal with health and every person, every family belongs to one of them. So it was very easy to arrive to most of the people and it works. Now, one of the questions that I have about this, about this immunization and this COVID is there are a lot of people who are spreading up in Israel and all over the world that it is you don't have to be vaccinated, that's wrong, that have a lot of all kind of, all kind of, all kind of, in my opinion, rubbish. And it is really a lot of people accept their opinion and refuse to be vaccinated. The fact is that when we cancel the closure in Israel, so we were in a very bad situation because people who had been vaccinated were okay, but the people who had been vaccinated would come also to the centers and etc. and make people to be, again, having the, what do you think about the possibility to make it compulsory? Last question, second question is, do you think that then in the future the mRNA vaccinations would work also for other, other, other problems in the world? Like cancer and etc. Thank you very much for this futuristic outlook and yes, Israel is a sort of living clinical trial cohort on COVID-19 and the data from Israel is the most precious at population level. Monsieur Dossou, very briefly, please. Because we are going to be late, we are going to take five minutes for the answers. Thank you, Mr. President. It is almost a personal consultation, taking advantage of the quality of this panel. But the medical secret... No, no, no, it's public, it's a pandemic. I am fully autogenic. I have already taken the vaccine four times and I was eligible for the fifth time two months ago. And then we said, no, it's not a concern, don't take it, so I hesitated. So my concrete question, then I went directly by talking about the fifth vaccine. The fifth time, that's it. Thank you, thank you very much. Thank you very much and thank you. I'd like either Antoine or Christian to address this because that relates to your point, Antoine, of either continuing waves or continuing ongoing circulation of what we now call a soup of variants. And as we face that, and as we know that immunity is waning in people aged, let's say over 70, within four to five months, and that was shown in Israel with the last booster, what does that imply in terms of continuous boosters? Let's start with this question and then ask... Let's have Antoine and Christian react. Then I'd like to turn to Juliette, Idé and Maha for just the final points. Well, for the question of the vaccine, clearly we have today a vaccine that is not dangerous, which is very well tolerated. In particular, for elderly people, it doesn't even make any reaction, it makes no reaction. And so I'd like to give a new reminder. For anyone who hasn't had a reminder in the past six months, it seems to me to be of good politics. There is no higher level of evidence today on the scientific side because the manufacturers run behind the variants all the time and don't have the time to put in place formal clinical trials as powerful as those that had been done at the beginning. But we can today reasonably recommend a vaccine dose to anyone eligible for a vaccine that hasn't had a dose in six months. And then, sorry, go ahead. President? No, just to follow up on this on a more general basis. And this goes with the question in Israel. We have RNA-based vaccines. They are being adjusted to other viruses, possibly on cancer, but this is another story. The problem of these vaccines is that they do not generate a strong cellular immune response. So this is why there is still very much ongoing research on other vaccines for the future, which would provide longer lasting memory. But for the time being, we have this. It can be adjusted very rapidly to a new situation. And this is very valuable. But you must just take in consideration that there is, at the same time, a huge effort of novel vaccines. And I just take this opportunity for the question on artificial intelligence. This is very interesting because artificial intelligence is being tested on the data sharing, for example, long COVID, which is very multifactorial, very much beneficiary of this. But artificial intelligence can only be effective if you nurture it with good data and with accurate data. And then it always comes back to local and regional capacities. Otherwise, you are working on nothing. And one of the things that is currently being discussed is establishing at regional level across the world different hubs that would master some of the basic technologies, mRNA. And Juliet, you mentioned the hub in South Africa. But also, adenovirus-based vaccines also hold inactivated vaccines, because let's not remember. Within one year, 2020, we saw the mRNA vaccines from the US and European industry. We saw the Chinese cinepharm based on inactivated vaccines. We saw the adenovirus vaccines AstraZeneca and the Sputnik. We saw a Cuban vaccine. We saw an Indian vaccine. So within a year, the world, based on existing technological platforms, could innovate and bring effective vaccines. I'm not entering the discussion here of the relative efficacy. But thank you, Antoine, for making the point. And I'd like to make this clear because several people ask that question. Two doses of cinepharm plus one dose of Pfizer or three doses of cinepharm are equivalent to three doses of Pfizer, as far as we know, at population level. Maybe a last turn of hearing the questions. Maybe, Maha, would you say something? Thank you. Clearly very important questions. And again, I reinforce the need for the strongest surveillance systems in every country. The next virus that may be predisposing to a pandemic could be in any country. And investment in surveillance systems and looking into the zoonotic side. So very much a one health support countries need to invest in developing a strong one health system. Thank you. Thank you. Ide? OK. No, we can't hear you. I'm afraid. OK. We can have a microphone for Mr. Chiaot. Juliette. I want to go back to something Christian said almost in passing about the relationship of humans and wild animals. Not just wild animals, but also the environment and our nutritional changes, the distortion of our nutritional changes. Increasingly, I do believe that there are huge impacts of focusing on our microbiomes through an increase in our plant-based intake within dietary in our diets. And minimizing, if you will, distortion and destruction of our environments, wherein we then become exposed to wild animals with viruses that have been causing many of the pandemics we have been subject to over the past few decades. And I think that's only going to increase until we recognize that man has to be a little bit more circumspect in his relationship with the environment. Thank you. Ide? Yeah. Addressing the question, how we should do to future x disease. As I said, I want to emphasize the most important is awareness of public. Yes, because it is unknown violence. People don't know the detail. But they should understand, they should know how to deal these things. As a model to point out, due to the SARS happen in Asia several years ago, that gives some awareness to the public in Eastern Asia. They know something very seriously. That's the point. Even we don't know the detail in future, but the public should know how to deal with this unknown violence. Thank you. Please join me in thanking our panelists for the very good session. And see you in a minute. Thank you.