 Intracumeral immunity heterogeneity is poorly characterized. Here the authors apply exome sequencing, transcriptome profiling and T-cell repertoire profiling to multiple loci of non-small cell lung cancer patients by upseas and find high spatial immune heterogeneity with local mutational burden correlating with T-cell clonal expansion but not with cytotoxicity. This article was authored by Qingzhu Jiu, Wei Wu, Yu Chi Wang and others.