 Hello, everybody. Andrea Trosky here with Dental L Tutoring. Sorry for the mess. We had just moved and we're still unpacking But now this is telling me that I need to move some of the boxes kind of out of the way. So that's the next step But yeah, so what I would like to talk to you guys about today in this lovely video will be about Radiography and processing errors specifically. So I would like to show you guys a book It's an older one But honestly, it's the best one that I've seen yet because for x-rays The processing errors do not change. The only difference is when this book was I guess published Digital x-rays weren't really a thing. So this is talking about more Processing errors when you're looking at the developer the fixer It talks about the panoraks, but not so much Digital x-rays, but the good thing is and the honest thing is for digital x-rays There aren't a lot of processing errors because you can change things like if the film's too light you can make the film Darker if the film's too dark you can make it lighter. So things are so much easier now But I'm the reason why I'm showing you guys This book is because people always ask me if there's certain text books that I think you should purchase and you and usually I say you don't have to purchase anything because if you Sign up for my program I can help you guys and you do not have to open up a textbook again But if you want to study from a textbook this one's awesome They probably even have a newer version now, but this is the best one that I've seen because I'll show you guys because see how can I show you guys with my webcam? It shows you all well, that's a bad example, but there's tons of Images, okay, so tons of images look at that and the thing that I like about it, too It's simple to read and it's a thin book. So like this I remember when I took my board exam I studied this whole book in two days and I learned everything that I had to know about processing errors So I do teach a class on this in my Board exam prep Academy course, but if you haven't signed up for that yet you should but if you haven't signed up for it yet Let's just talk about it a little bit and Let me ask you guys some questions. So I'm going to actually just just open up a few pages Oh before I forget you see these lovely images You guys need to know that for the board exam dental hygiene students and dental assisting students You guys have to know these So if you need help with these I can help you inside the course But what I want to do is I just kind of want to ask you guys some basic questions and kind of go from there And I want to show you guys some images, too So that's why I'm kind of looking through my book Because I didn't pick up any online yet. So that's just why I kind of want to go through my book here So I'm going to cover up the answer even though it might be hard for you guys to see anyway But what are these arrows pointing to? I'm trying to move it so you guys can all see what are those arrows pointing to and I have that photo specifically because it it is always on the exam And it's not something that a lot of students study for because it's kind of hard, right? But what do you guys think that is and I'm not even going to help you with any answers? Just if you need to stop the video think about it But what do you guys think that is and if you're having a hard time with this one? It means that you need to study more radiography It's good to know too because when you're in the office Waiting for a check by the dentist for like 10 minutes What I like to do is if I took the x-rays on the patient I will actually point out certain landmarks to them in case they're curious. I'll go. Oh, hey Look at your Sinuses here. You have low sinuses. Did you know that? You know, they just love that and that's a lot better than just kind of sitting there twiddling your thumbs while you're waiting for a check So, okay, I'll show you guys that again. What do you guys think this is? That is the Milo. Am I saying that right the sorry the mental Ridge, I was about to say the Milo hyoid Ridge, but that's something else. It's the mental Ridge So mental think mandible mental for amen Mental means chin if that makes sense. So this is the mental Ridge. Okay, so this is your chin pretty much and See how the arrows are pointing to the white area here. So what is that white area called? It's radiopeak Radiolucent is black Radiopeak is white. So even having a look here. I mean think outside the box So I am helping all of you with some critical thinking here think outside the box. So even if you didn't know the answer Look at the teeth that are in the x-ray think okay. Those look like the Insizers, okay, so would that be the maxillary incisors or the mandibular incisors? They're pretty small looking so that's telling you it's on the mandible So then think okay, so if that's the mandibular incisors, okay? So it'd be over here. So what landmarks are over here? So back and help you guys think of it too, so if you if you need help with that Let me know so speaking of the mandible. I want to show you guys another one that a lot of students get wrong as well Let me just cover up the answer here So I'm looking at this image here. Okay, so this one right here Can everybody see that? Can everybody see the arrows are pointing to the middle area right here and First I'd like to ask you is this radiopeak or radiolucent? So this is radiolucent because it's black right? Right in the middle there So think of what I said to you guys before Even if you don't know the answer Where in the mouth does this look to you to me? It looks like the incisors because the teeth are small and you can kind of even see that at the The cusp of the canine here, so that tells you that that's the mandibular incisors So then you have to think well what radiolucent area would be near the mandibular incisors So what do you guys think if you're not sure stop the video and think about it? But what they are is the nutrient canals So canals Help things pass through if that makes sense and you need them for nerves for blood vessels for everything to pass through They are radiolucent not radiopeak So the reason why they are likely showing you this picture is because for a new dental assistant or dental hygienist they may look at that and go oh what the heck is that like lying there like oh my god You know well, you know what that's normal. That's normal So it does help to know the normal anatomy too so you can tell when something's not normal So so this is all the normal anatomy so far, but it does help to know the Normal anatomy before you know the processing errors because then how do you know if things look off? If you do not know how things look normally, right? So let me just change to kind of a different picture here Let's do kind of an easy one. Oh weird and somebody's calling me from New York Somebody selling something obviously, but let me do kind of an easy one for you guys So this isn't a landmark, but this is something that you will see in the x-ray, okay? So in this in this x-ray here So depending on if you're like a first semester student or you're taking the board exam You may or may not know this in this some answer If you are a first semester student, you are probably thinking I don't know what that is But if you're almost taking the board exam, you need to know this So what do you guys see in this x-ray like just right away like what do you guys see and I'm going to tell you because it's pretty obvious. It is calculus. So you see those like We like to call them the calculus spurs so you see those areas right sorry here and It's kind of hard to do this Here because I'm like looking at at it as if I'm looking in a mirror, but you see those like notches there Those are calculus spurs. You guys need to know what that looks like In the bottom it kind of shows it a little bit too, but it's a little harder to see and you guys probably Can't see it in your webcam. I wish I had a pen, but you guys see the little spur right there It's kind of hard to see Because it's so little but right there. That's a calculus spur as well Okay, so is everybody okay with that one so far And I'll show you guys another one where the calculus looks a little bit smoother But you can tell it's calculus because the tooth isn't normally like that, right? So right in between the teeth right here. Can everybody see that? So calculus is radiopaque not radio lucid but radiopaque Let's do a few other ones because I'm having fun. Okay. I want to kind of show you guys an obvious one again, too So when you see this x-ray right here, what do you guys see a? Lot of things should be like whoa like you should be looking at that x-ray and thinking oh my god What's happening to that tooth, right? So let's say your patient says That they have a sore tooth you take APA So you take a peri apical and and you see that oh My goodness you should get the dentist in right away because that patient has a cavity a huge one right here See that like large Radio lucid area That's a cavity and abscess is ray down here. So when you see another Radio lucid area at the apices of your teeth. So at the apex of the root That's an abscess I'm sorry guys So the cavity is into the nerve of the teeth because you can see the nerve The radio lucid sort of canals right here and the pulp So it's into the nerve. So that patient needs a root canal like there's a lot happening And it's pretty large that they might not even be able to perform the root canal They may have to take the tooth out because the thing about a root canal is there is such a thing as being too late for a root canal Okay, so is everybody good with that so far? Now I want to show you guys some processing errors and not just any processing errors I want to show you the ones that typically appear on the board exam. This is fun. I like this Okay Let me just cover up the answer. What do you guys feel? This x-ray is right here See that Artifact I'm just I'm trying to cover up the answer right here. So what do you guys think? That is What do you guys think? This one you got to know so stop the video if you're not sure so what do you guys think that is? Do you think it's a fingernail? Do you think it's? X-rays that we're touching each other. Do you think it's static? Like what are you guys thinking like think a Possible answers here. So the answer is static. So this is static But then I want you also to think okay. Well, how does that happen? How does static happen? So this x-ray? Oh, sorry. So this x-ray right here. So how does that happen? That happens from opening up the film too fast. So for a digital x-ray that wouldn't happen, but for like a normal x-ray where you have the Package you have the foil all of that So static happens if you just simply open it up too fast because the foil Sort of rubs against the x-ray and the package and if you open it like super-duper fast That's what happens So I don't I do not only want you to know the errors But to also know what causes it and then how to fix them So for static if it's caused by the film being open too fast, how would you fix it? Open the film up slowly. That's all it is easy, right? Right easy Okay, I want to show you guys another one. That's kind of similar here Okay So the x-ray beside it. Okay. Oh Sorry you guys kind of hard to see actually I have to move it down like this Okay, this one's kind of hard to see so if you guys can't see it. That's okay, but this x-ray right here What do you guys think? I'm trying to move it so so you guys can see it's kind of hard to see though, right? Well, yeah, it's kind of hard to see it's a lot easier to see in the textbook That is a fingerprint. So if you see what looks like a fingerprint on the film, it's a fingerprint How does that happen by touching the film because as you know as you're as you're opening it up You you need to handle it carefully, right? You have to hold it by the outside edges Because if you don't then your fingerprint will get on it and then oh, there's a fingerprint. So you don't want that, right? Okay, I wanted to kind of show you guys Kind of like a trickier one So we'll do one more It's not funny. I'm trying to look for I'm sorry you guys I Know this is a good one. So this is a panorax. Okay, so look at the top panorax here Now if you're a new student, you may not really know what you're looking at So I'll tell you so the front anterior teeth on the top are large like they shouldn't look this large There is that a little bit easier. So they shouldn't look this large. Why would that happen? Does anybody know? Could it be the patient's chin is too high the patient's chin is too low. Could it be they're sitting too close? Um To the panorax machine or could it be they're too far back, you know, think of things like that So what would cause it? So I'm sorry you guys. I need some water, but it's downstairs So after the video I'll get some life So if these teeth here look too large and sort of out of proportion to the rest of the teeth It's because the patient was sitting too far back now if the patient was sitting too far forward These teeth would look too small. So how do you fix that? You make sure they are in the center and they're biting into the bite block of the panoramic machine because if their front teeth aren't Sitting in that notch of the bite block and they're too far forward, right? If if if I if what am I trying to say if again If the teeth aren't sitting in the bite block then they could also be too far back So make sure that the front teeth are Closing in oh sorry are like this You know in the notch of the bite block because that helps to keep the patient still it helps to show you where their you know head should be and That way when the panoramic machine is turned on and goes around the head It will not you know Hit them or hit them this way, right? So it's important. Okay guys So if you guys want to learn more about radiography and processing errors You should be a member inside the board exam prep Academy because we talked about all of that In fact, we have a new session coming up on such a thing because I I I had a student ask me To teach it to them again yesterday or the day before so why not right? Because you can never learn too much. So if you guys have questions, let me know and I'll see you guys in the next video