 More than 2,000 years ago, Hippocrates said if we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and excess, not too little, not too much, we would have found the safest way to health. What does that mean when it comes to water? Water has been described as a neglected, underappreciated, and under-researched subject, but a lot of the papers extolling the need for proper hydration are funded by the bottled water industry. Turns out the often quoted, drink at least eight glasses of water a day has little underpinning scientific evidence. Where did they come up with that then? The recommendation was traced back to this 1921 paper in which the author measured his own pee and sweat and determined we'd lose about 3% of our body weight in water a day, which comes out to be about 8 cups. Consequently, for the longest time, our requirement guidelines for humanity were based on just one person. But now we have evidence suggesting not drinking enough water may be associated with falls and fractures, heat stroke, heart disease, lung disorders, kidney disease, kidney stones, bladder and colon cancer, urinary tract infections, constipation, dry mouth cavities, decreased immune function, and cataract formation. The problem with many of these studies, though, is that low water intake is associated with several unhealthy behaviors, such as low fruit and vegetable intake, more fast food, less shopping at farmer's markets, and think about it. Who drinks lots of water? Those that exercise a lot, so maybe no wonder they have lower disease rates. Only large and expensive randomized trials could settle these questions definitively, but given that water cannot be patented, such trials seem unlikely. Who's going to pay for them? So we're left with studies that link disease with low water intake. But are people sick because they drink less? Or are they drinking less because they're sick? There have been a few large perspective studies in which fluid intake is measured before disease develops. For example, a Harvard study, 48,000 men found that the risk of bladder cancer decreased by 7% for every extra daily cup of fluid one may drink. So a high intake of water, like 8 cups a day, 8 times 7, may reduce the risk of bladder cancer by about 50%, potentially saving thousands of lives. The accompanying editorial commented that strategies to prevent the most prevalent cancers in the West are remarkably straightforward in principle to prevent lung cancer, quit smoking, to prevent breast cancer, maintain ideal body weight, and exercise, to prevent skin cancer stay out of the sun. And now it seems that this seemingly simple way to reduce the risk of bladder cancer is just drink more fluids. This is probably the best evidence we have for a cut-off. 20,000 men and women in the Adventist health study, about half vegetarian, so we're also getting extra water, eating more fruits and vegetables. And those drinking five or more glasses of water a day had about half the risk of dying from heart disease, compared to those who drank two or fewer glasses a day. And like the Harvard study, this protection was after-controlling for other factors such as diet and exercise. So they suggest it was the water itself, perhaps by lowering blood viscosity, meaning blood thickness. So based on all the best evidence to date, authorities from Europe, the US Institute of Medicine, and the World Health Organization, recommend between 2 and 2.7 liters a day of water a day for women. That's 8 to 11 cups a day for women, and 10 to 15 cups a day for men. Now but that's water from all sources, not just beverages. Let me get about a liter from food and the water our body actually makes. And so these translate into a recommendation for women to drink 4 to 7 cups of water a day, and men, 6 to 11, assuming only moderate physical activity at moderate ambient temperatures. We can also get water from all the other drinks we consume, including caffeinated drinks, with the exception of stronger alcoholic drinks like wines and spirits. A beer can leave you with more water than you started with, but wine actively dehydrates you. Note though, in the Cancer and Heart Disease studies I mentioned, the benefits were only found with increased water consumption, not other beverages. So unless you have conditions like heart or kidney failure, women should drink 4 to 7 cups of water a day, and men should drink 6 to 11.