 Now, the second thing is what is the scale that is what the GIS is, GIS is available in three platforms, one is the desktop another is web then it is a web browser. Now what do we do with that, what type of implications which we have to give. Now in the agriculture what we want to do is we want to talk about the form level. This is of an interest for a farmer or for the people in that place. So his interest is about managing the his interest is only about the crop yield management, then usage of different fertilizers and pesticides, then crop rotation and estimation of soil loss soil loss which goes along with the fertilizers that is what his interest is whereas if you combine all the farmlands into together then it becomes an area that area could be a village level. That is what I call it as area level, so here I am interested in what are the different storage structure which is available in the villages, the different network systems that brings water into the lake or the reservoir and the network which takes water out of the places. Now his is also equally important is the groundwater availability which is being used as a supplementary water supply during the cropping period. So now his interest is what is the demand which I have got, how much is the shortages which I am likely to get, how much water groundwater I should do even if it is not available what should I do. That means he will be the water stress will affect the cropping pattern as well as to some extent if the rainfall is less, water storage is less then he gets into the system on this area or the village goes into the drought area and heat vulnerability needs to be assessed. So how many years there is a drought in that particular village, so what they were doing it, how do we improve it or is there a possibility that they can stop agriculture or go for some other type of activity that is all it will be decided by this type of things. Now from the villages then you go on to the regional level or a zonal level, see here what we are interested is we are interested in the variation between as you as we all have seen it, so the rain it rains in one place but it does not rain in the other place within 100 meters, 200 meters or 500 meters. So what does it indicate is the weather pattern is controlled by the atmospheric characteristics or the cloud pattern which is moving around that area, so that is why there is a variation in the rainfall as well as how do we use that resource, that information, the cloud pattern information for the resources management that is the issue which we may have to do that is and also prioritization of management, see management prioritization is nothing but it is a water as well as the pesticides and things like that. So policy decisions now for a region assume that it is a tassel or it is a district there are about 300 or more than 20 villages are there, each village has got its own problems, it owns problem and it has to be sorted out and which is immediate which is not immediate so that you will be able to prioritize, prioritize in the sense I will take up this activity in this particular village then for towards the water resources management as well as for the prioritization of watersheds. Then you try to give a ranking of the villages where you prioritize and then start working similarly you develop a policy to do these, this is what the scale of activities in the agriculture practices. Now what is the scale? What is the scale? Scale is the relationship between the relationship between the relationship between the distances on the map as well as on the surface. Because if you see a point here one point and another point now it is may be about 2 centimeters or 2 centimeters so this centimeter if it is going to be 1 is to 1000 scale which we normally represented that means it is 2000 centimeters on the ground. If it is going to be 1 is to 50000 then it becomes 1 kilometer so this is what we do that. Measure it if it is accurately presented it on the map then the distance what you would observe on the ground will be twice what we have shown it here. This is what the scale is. Why the scale factor comes into picture in GIS is there are this form level information or a village level information it comes somewhere around 1 is to 5000 whereas area level village level or regional level it goes to 10000 scale whereas in the other area then we have 25000 scale. So all these scales either this has to be blown up or this has to be brought down as a single scale so that everything we see is related to each other in terms of distance and other activities. In addition to that scale another problem is the map projections see map projection is nothing but the globe is like a ball so when you want to make it as a paper or in a xy coordinate see this much of portion needs to be adjusted so that equal area is presented on the map. So that is why equal area projection sometimes we try to use it up and the at the same time what we may have to do is we may have to confirm shape should be preserved this type of shape should be preserved then the direction is nothing but this is the north and south this is the northern direction though direction should be preserved and distance between one place to another place it should be distance between one place to another place that is also need to be preserved that is all to be done before you project it on a map or if they are there from a different projection cylindrical, conical and transverse oblique whatever whatever you see it here if it is there then it has to be brought to a single thing so that there is not overdoing from one map to another map. So normally the universal transverse mercader coordinate systems that is been used in a better way or it is used in the map making in addition to the map can I use only map I do not know how to read the map then there are other methods of input one thing is the map should be converted from a paper maps to a computer side. So that is what we call it as a digitization in the digitization what do you do is when you give a map everything comes out in the pixel scale then it has to be digitized that means operator has to click and that means he has to create so many point so that all these points can be joined together either it to represent a line or to represent a area of its own. So that is one way of doing it another way is the geographic you can take information directly from the images from the orbital satellite images what it does it scans the entire earth surface with a sensor that will be corrected with ground control point so that this equal area net and other related projection areas are taken into consideration. Now another one is the satellite data is available from the around 900 kilometers above the surface but whereas you can use aerial photographs or air bone aerial surveys can be done that means the camera or a sensor is mounted on the aircraft and it is being flown across that particular area so that either it senses it senses or it takes a picture that picture can be directly taken on to the system and digitization can be done. In addition to this nowadays what is happening is UAV is nothing but unmanned aerial vehicle that means it has got a sense it has got its own sensors inside so that it will be there will not be any piloted man operated system and it will be controlled from the ground and it will be able to do the same thing as the satellites do or the aircraft do that only difference is the elevation from the surface can vary whatever you want to vary it out whereas another one drones, drones are nothing but a remotely controlled robots. So these robots what you can do is you can have a closer look at the surfaces and it will be operator at the ground so he will be able to adjust able to adjust the height as well as its vision properties. The another one is there is a laser scanning leader, leader can leader is nothing but it is the leaders also can be used this digitization is carried out directly from the images so that we do not have to first trace out and what are the patterns and the patterns are again converted into so other activities. So this is the advantages in the person thing so now what we are capturing data capturing what happen is either in the form of a paper or in the pet form PET films it can be done and many of them what you get is the races data. Now let us see what is the lesser data for the later date. Now we have one is a maps another is a field survey if you are interested in updating your activities what do you try to do is you pay and then get your field survey is done and that information from the total stations it can be directly brought into the GAI system so that it will be better for us to merge it with that. Another done is the cameras digital scanners and leaders these are all the things which are available which we are talking about so the advantages and disadvantages between the camera images. Camera images normally it comes with the film and the film has got its own problems whereas the digital scanners they are better off because it is in a digital mode so you can always always you will be able to transfer from one end to another end and the leaders they have got a low level activities low level picturizing or a low level scanner capability so that is also being used. In the cameras digital and aerial photographs the aircraft is also done and aircrafts can be 10,000 scale or it could be helicopters. Helicopters are also nowadays being used depending upon the mission which you want to do that is also done. Now what are the definitions which we are talking about is there are data is represented in two ways one is a raster and another is a vector the raster is a point which you are able to see that on a diagram whereas if it is connected in one dimension then it becomes a line then if it is there if there is going to be a shape like this then it is called as a polygon. So this is what the raster images which are there and these five they are stored in the GIS as the shape files. The vector has got the it is there in the shape files whereas the raster images raster images or it is nothing but a grid cell whereas the vector one is a point line and continuous points and either it is single or it is a one dimension or it is a multiple dimensions that is what the vector files raster files are there then what is happening is your field which you are able to see it. So it will be seen as a raster file and where the size of the pixel size of the pixel is nothing but if you are able to see it like this if it is going to be one meter by one meter on the ground so that is what we call it as a raster data. So this has got so here there are certain advantages and disadvantages in the raster images which will see it at a later date. So now the polygons which is there as a multi-dimensional thing and it is in the GIS you can create a polygon and the polygon attributes attributes are nothing but the information you want to attach it. So you will be able to see like this this is the road and this is the building and this building can be addressed like this. So any information can be addressed in the form of a table and towards the vector data. So this is the one good advantage where you can use it in the agriculture practices. So it will be if it is in the agriculture practices what happens is you draw a polygon and the polygon you will be able to say what is the ID number of the plot and who owns it ownership and what type of information soil land everything you can whatever you wanted to see whatever is available on the Sattbara so that can be added into the system. So this is the advantage over here. Now advantages and disadvantages are vector data can be easily registered and you will be able to see rescale it and you can able to reproject it. See this is the advantages when you are having information coming from two different method of surveying okay so and also it has got a it occupies smaller storages and sharing with them is easier. In the smaller storages what has what is happening in the smaller storages you will be able to say multiple images in the same way. So when compared to the disaster. Now what is the manipulation? Manipulation in the sense using the coordinate system different scales different scales may be they may be adjusted against each other. Suppose I have got a smaller map and it can it is there part of the bigger map so then I will be able to adjust too many maps like this and then everything will be either with reference to your coordinates with reference to your coordinates you will be able to accommodate you will be able to either zoom in and then zoom out of the things. So transformation which you include whatever we are talking about is the projection changes can be possible data aggregation is possible and also weeding out unnecessary data which is there in the previous data form that can be removed in this area. This is what the database management software which is available in the system does it.