 session on muscles of the upper limb. In this session, we will be learning about the muscles of the anterior compartment. In this compartment, there are five superficial muscles and three deep muscles. The five superficial muscles are pronator-teris, flexor-carpy-radialis, palmaris-longus, then flexor-carpy-alnaris, then flexor-digitorum-superficialis, and the corresponding muscle in the deep aspect is flexor-digitorum-propandus, then flexor-polishis-longus is the muscle to the thumb, then there is a muscle for pronation, the name is pronator-cordratus. So, five superficial and three deep muscles, total in all eight muscles, we will be learning in this particular session. So, let's start with the superficial muscles first. The first muscle in the list is pronator-teris. As you all know, any muscle when we study under these headings, so we will cover all these headings for each of the muscle. So, proximal attachment for pronator-teris muscle is, it actually has got two heads of origin. One head of origin is from the medial epicondyle of the humerus that is also referred to a common flexor origin. And another one more head for pronator-teris is the medial margin of the olecranon process of the ulna. We have the two heads of origin and distal attachment is on the lateral aspect of the radius, middle one-third of the lateral surface of the radius, below the attachment of supionator muscle. Then nerve supply of pronator-teris is median nerve and actions of pronator-teris, it will cause pronation of the forearm. One important thing with respect to pronator-teris muscle is the median nerve passes between two heads of pronator-teris muscle. This is one important thing which you should remember. Now, let's start with the Plexor Carpi Radialis muscle. Plexor Carpi Radialis also proximal attachment is from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. If you see all the five muscles, five superficial muscles, they will have proximal attachment from the medial epicondyle of the humerus because it is also referred to as common flexor origin. So, all five superficial muscles will have attachment from the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Then distal attachment for flexor Carpi Radialis is, it is along the base of the second and the third metacarpals. Armour aspect of the base of the second and the third metacarpal is the distal attachment. Now, supply is again median nerve and action of flexor Carpi Radialis is it will cause flexion at the wrist joint acting along with flexor Carpi ulnaris. And it will, it has got one more action that is abduction of the wrist joint. It acts along with extensor Carpi Radialis longest and bravest to cause abduction at the wrist joint. It will cause abduction at the wrist joint as well as it will cause flexion at the wrist joint along with flexor Carpi ulnaris muscle. So, this was about flexor Carpi Radialis muscle. Then pomeris longest muscle again proximal attachment is on the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Then distal attachment is, it is attached here on the flexor retina gulium as well as it continues distally to get attached on to the pomer aponeurosis ok. The apex of the pomer aponeurosis. Now, supply of pomeris longest is again median nerve and action of pomeris longest it is a weak flexor of the wrist joint ok. It is a degenerating muscle at times 10 to 20 percent of the population it is absent. Now, let us cover the flexor Carpi ulnaris muscle. Flexor Carpi ulnaris has also got two heads of origin. One is from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and other is from the medial margin of the oleg renon process ok. It has also got some attachment from the posterior border of the ulna ok. By the deep fascia which is attached on to the posterior border of the ulna then distal attachment of flexor Carpi ulnaris. If we see, it will be seen attached on to the pisiform bone and from the pisiform there are two ligaments pisohamate and pisometacarpal ligament through which it gets attached on to the base of the fifth metacarpal bone ok. The pisiform bone is actually a bone a pisomode bone which develops under the tendon of flexor Carpi ulnaris muscle. Then actions of flexor Carpi ulnaris it will cause flexion at the wrist joint acting along with flexor Carpi radialis and it will cause adduction at the wrist joint acting along with extensor Carpi ulnaris ok. Let us cover the flexor Digitorum Supoficialis muscle. This muscle has also got two heads of origin. One head is referred to as the umero ulnar head arising from the medial epicondyle of the umeris as well as from the medial margin of the olecranon and another head is radial head which arises from the anterior oblique line of the radius. This is the anterior oblique line of the radius. Radial head arises from the anterior oblique line of the radius and if you see the distal attachment, distal attachment goes up to the medial piling ok. Its tendons split at the level of the proximal piling to get attached on to the sides of the medial piling ok. This one is medial piling. This is distal piling, this is proximal piling. It splits at the level of proximal piling but ultimately it gets attached on to the sides of the medial piling. Action of flexor digitorum supoficialis is this. It will cause flexion of the digits along the proximal aspect, proximal inter phalangeal joint as well as it will cause flexion at the wrist joint. This was just a brief overview of all the five muscles. Now we'll see some dissected images of these muscles. So now let's try to identify all the muscles in this dissected image. Here this point as you all know this is the medial epicondyle of the umeris. The medial epicondyle of the umeris also referred to as common flexor origin. Most of the muscles they arise from here. This muscle which we can see here this is the pronated teres muscle running obliquely. It will get attached on to the lateral aspect of the radius. Then this muscle which we can see this is flexor carpi radialis muscle. Then this small tendon which we can see this is the pamaris longus muscle. This muscle which you can see this is the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. Flexor digitorum supoficialis is not seen here. It's seen clearly in this image. This muscle is flexor digitorum supoficialis. So these are the five supoficial muscles on the anterior compartment of forearm. Now let's cover the deep muscles. So there are three deep muscles flexor digitorum profundus. Flexor polysis longus and pronator quadratus. Let's start with flexor digitorum profundus. Proximal attachment of flexor digitorum profundus. It is on the anterior surface as well as medial surface of the ulnar. Most of the anterior surface and medial surface of the ulnar is occupied by flexor digitorum profundus muscle. And distal attachment if we see it goes up to the distal phalings. Okay. Base of the distal phalings of medial four fingers. Okay. Flexor digitorum supoficialis goes only up to the medial phalings of medial four fingers. Digitorum profundus goes up to the distal phalings. Okay. It is an exclusive flexor of the distal inter phalangial joint. Now supply of flexor digitorum profundus muscle is it has got a dual now supply. Medial half is supplied by the ulnar now and lateral half is supplied by the anterior interosseous nerve which is a branch of median nerve. Action as I have told it is a exclusive flexor of the distal inter phalangial joint. Also it can cause flexion of the metagarpophalangial as well as the wrist joint. Okay. Then flexor policies longest muscle. Flexor policies longest here we can see it arises from the anterior aspect of the radius below the anterior oblique line. Distal attachment is it goes up to the base of the distal phalings of the thumb. Okay. Base of distal phalings of the thumb is the distal attachment of flexor policies longest muscle. Action of flexor policies longest it will cause flexion of the distal inter phalangial joint as well as it will cause mild flexion at the wrist joint. Now supplies again anterior interosseous nerve which is a branch of median nerve. Now let's cover the pronator quadratus muscle. pronator quadratus proximal attachment is from the ulnar and distal attachment is on the radius because as we all know in supination and pronation the radius is the bone which moves ulnar is the stable bone. Okay. So usually origins are from the stable bone and insertion is on the bone which moves. Okay. So proximal attachment is on the ulnar distal attachment is on the radius. Now supply is anterior interosseous nerve and action is pronation of the forearm. This was about the three deep muscles. Now let's see some dissected images of these muscles. So in this image the flexor uterine superficially muscles has been cut to expose the flexor digitorum profundus muscle. This muscle which is marked here this is flexor digitorum profundus and this muscle which is marked here this is flexor polycystis longus. Okay. This flexor polycystis longus is flexor digitorum profundus and in this image we can see this is pronator quadratus. Okay. Arising from the ulnar distal attachment is on the radius. Now let's summarize what we have covered in this particular session. So we started off with the five superficial muscles pronator teres flexor carpi radialis palmaries longus flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis. Amongst these five four are superficial flexor digitorum superficialis is slightly in an intermediate plane and in deeper planes there are these three muscles. Okay. So almost all the muscles have got proximal attachment from the medial epicondyle of the humerus that is referred to as common flexor origin pronator teres has got an additional head from medial margin of the olecranon process. Also flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis. They also have attachments on the medial margin of the olecranon. Okay. So these muscles have two heads of origin and distal attachment of pronator teres is on the lateral aspect of the radius for flexor carpi radialis distal attachment is on the base of the second and the third metacarpals. So palmaries longus it goes up to the palmar aponeurosis for flexor carpi ulnaris attachment is on the busy form bone through which it extends onto to the hamate and the base of the fifth metacarpal by piezo hamate and piezo metacarpal ligaments. Then flexor digitorum superficialis goes up to the middle phylinx. Okay. It splits at the level of proximal phylinx gets attached on to the middle phylinx of the medial four fingers. Now supply if you see all muscles are supplied by median nerve except flexor carpi ulnaris. Flexor carpi ulnaris is supplied by ulnar nerve. Then actions of these muscles almost all muscles they will cause flexion at the wrist joint. Additionally, flexor carpi radialis can cause abduction of the wrist joint flexor carpi ulnaris can cause adduction at the wrist joint and flexor digitorum superficialis will cause flexion of the proximal inter phylinx joint. Okay. Then now let's see the deep muscles. We have three deep muscles. Flexor digitorum propandus proximal attachment is on the anterior aspect of the ulnar as well as the medial surface of the ulnar. Distal attachment is it goes up to the distal phylinx of medial four fingers. Action it is an exclusive flexor of the distal inter phylinx joint as well as it can cause flexion of the proximal joints which it crosses. Now supply flexor digitorum propandus is a hybrid muscle which has got dual innervation. The medial half is supplied by the ulnar nerve. The lateral half is supplied by anterior interosseous nerves. Flexor polish is longest proximal attachment is on the radius. Anterior aspect of the radius below the anterior oblique line. Distal attachment is on the distal phylinx of the thumb. Now supplies anterior interosseous nerve action it is it will cause flexion of the thumb. Proneitor quadratus it has attachment on proximal attachment on the ulnar. Distal attachment is on the radius lower one fourth. Now supplies anterior interosseous nerve and action is pronation of the forearm. So, this was all about this particular session. In the subsequent session I will be covering the muscles of the extensor compartment of the forearm. Thank you.