 Before starting my talk, let me first congratulate the organizers of Fosacea 2016 for having conducted a wonderful event in this Singapore. So my topic is open source software and hardware for radiation physics. This is something out of the box of this event. Most of the people might be loving this physics. If you know the physics, then you will be understanding the nature. Yes. If you know the nature, then you will be developing many technologies in order to make our life more comfort. And among that comfort, we will be thinking that if the communication system becomes more dominant on us, then life will become very easy. And that is what we are doing here. And when we are wandering in the Singapore, we can see that 99% of the people will be busy in their mobile phones. Yes or no? Yes. They are always busy in their mobile phones. Now what makes them to keep up in their mobile phones only is again leading to the information that you are trying to convey the information to the other people by staying at one corner. And what is the media that is taking the information from one side to the other side? That also you need to know each. That is nothing but a radiation only. Is it not? So the radiations will be there, surrounding to us. And those radiations, we will be using it in proper order so that you can take down the information from one side to the other side. Now the radiations are coming of friendly to us. But at the same time if the amount of radiations is more than lot of hazardous will be there, that care also has to be taken by us. So in my talk, I will be covering these many talks, these many things. What about the radiations and what are the types of radioactivity that we are seeing surrounding to us. Then it is a kind of information that we will be using open source hardware and open source software in order to understand what kind of radiations are surrounding to us. Then what are the quantification of the sources and what type of sources are available that leads to the radiations that also I will be explaining. And what is the limitation of the exposure? How much radiation that you can take it while you are using the technologies, particularly the electronic gadgets. Then what kind of development has been done in our lab that is a radiation detection technique by setting up the energy spectrum into particularly in order to measure the type of the radiation and the energy of the radiation. And those types of radiations that we will be dealing in our lab is alpha particle, beta particle and the gamma particle which are coming from the particulates. These are particular radiations we can call it. So it is slightly different from our wave electromagnetic radiations. These are particulate radiations that is what I am going to explain here. Now way back in the history if you go back, then the radiations which are coming outside from the radioactive source have been first observed by a scientist back to where I am. Then the properties of the radioactive activity has been well studied by a scientist Rutherford by classifying it the alpha and beta particles. Then Madame Curie has spent a lot of time and she has completely dedicated her life to the radioactive sources only and because of this, because of working in the radioactive team, she has lost her life also. And because of her life, at the cost of her life, now today we are leading in better technology. So she is the person who made us aware about the radiations. Then the other scientist Ranjan who discovered the x-ray and Paul Oric Willard has discovered the gamma rays. So these are the electromagnetic radiations we are dealing with. Now you can see that when you are talking about the radiations, we will be having two types of radiations. One is ionizing radiations, another one is non-ionizing radiations. So most of the times we will be dealing with non-ionization radiation in technology but we should not forget about the ionizing radiations also and most of the time these ionizing radiations we will be using to generate huge amount of energy that is required for us. So usually the ionizing radiations we will be getting from a radioactive decay and when the atom or the particle is stable, it will not emit the radiation in order to become that stable it will start emitting the radiation then it will become a stable. So you will be having alpha-beta gamma radiations and there that side you can see that non-ionizing radiations has electromagnetic radiation. Now these are the typical units or the measurements that we will be doing when we are dealing with the radioactive sources of radiations. So usually the radiations will be measured in terms of back worlds in the earlier days then the merry-cury has given a different unit that is 3.7 into 10 to the power 10 disintegration per second. Then we will be having exposure unit which can be taken as one Rion-gen or it can be taken as absorption dose also or it is also called as radiation dose or Rion-gen absorbed dose. A biological people or biological equivalent dose will be considered as a REM that is Rion-gen equivalent band. So these are the typical units that we will be using to measure the amount of radiations that we will be observing because of using the technology. Well these are the sources from where we are getting the radiation and these radiations we will be using for our technology. Most of the radiations are coming from the cosmic rays and these cosmic rays are considered to be coming from sun and if you believe that, if you think that one day, even the sun is taking a holiday then no technology will be there. So it is a grace of a sun that we are having the radiations and we will be using technology for us. Well different sources also I have mentioned it from which we will be getting the radiations. Now this is the limitations that we need to consider it. Our entire body can sustain by taking radiation of almost 5 REM per year if you are above 18 years. If you are below 18 years then 0.5 REM per year is the limitation for the body and our eyes are very sensitive to the radiations. So our eyes will have a limitation that it can take up to 15 REM per year for below 18 it will be around 1.5 REM per year. The extremities, skin, organ are considered to be more strengthful and those parts of the body can take maximum of 50 REM per year below 18 and for the baby or for the children it will be almost 5 REM per year. So this is the limitations that has been quoted by NCRP publication and it has to be followed by any company which is preparing the gadgets, electronic gadgets. Now you see the effects of the dose range. The moment when you are taking the radiations from the surrounding what is the limitations if you are having the radiation magnitude between 0 to 25 nothing to worry about it. But if the radiation limit exits beyond 25 to 50 the minor temporary blood changes will take place. That causes to the hazardous. If the radiation exits 50 to 100 then possibly nausea and omitting kind of things will take place and if it goes beyond 140 to 300 then it increases severity of above and dahera kind of things malaise or loss of appetite you won't feel to have anything if you are having this much of dose range. Now if you go beyond 300 to 400 then again that will be considered as most dangerous and it may lead to death also. 500 obviously the person will immediately die. Now when you are using a mobile phone even the mobile phone will receive the radiation and you can find out how much amount of radiation is coming to your body through that mobile phone just by typing lightning that is star hash 07 hash. You can try it and if your mobile phone receiving the radiation above 1.6 watt per kg then it is dangerous you should not use the mobile phone. If it is lesser than that then yes you can use easily the mobile phone. If you want you can try that one this code and you see what is the limitations of the radiation that your body or that your phone is receiving. Star hash 07 hash. Now in order to measure the radiations for what kind of instruments we will be using it. If you go to buy commercially the instruments as well as the software the expense will be very very high it may cost around $2500 to somewhere else $25000. But if you dig down this one it comes in $40 like that. So this device actually my colleague Praveen has explained in the last two days how that small kit that small experimental kit lab kit can be used in order to perform various kind of experiments in the lab particularly for the UG students and the same kit can be used even to measure the amount of radiations surrounding to us and that kit has been developed by a scientist in the Inter-University Centre New Delhi named Dr. Ajit Kumar and that small kit is being distributed most of the time in the schools so that the students will be able to perform various kind of interesting experiments to understand the nature with that if provided they can use this kit in order to measure the radiation source. How we can use that kit in order to use in order to find out the radiations. So that kit itself does not find the radiations you need to use certain accessories with that instrument with that kit so that you can able to measure the radiations. So the most important part to measure the radiation is the detectors. Now in simple way we can say that there are sensors also sensors or detectors will be considered as almost same so you will be having different types of radiation detectors depending on the type of radiations you can use the detectors. Now you can see that you will be having gas printed chamber considered as a GM tube or you can use a solid state materials in the form of silicon or all those things you can measure the radiations like alpha-beta and you can use even fluorescence materials in order to measure uncharged particles also so these are the typical material where we can use this as sensors or detectors in order to measure the amount of radiations quality of radiations or the energy of the radiations well this is a GM radiation counter how it has been done using that pocket science lab you can see that we can apply a small amount of voltage and whatever amount of voltage generated in the detector can be sensed to using that pocket science kit and you can see that if you apply and the beauty of this kit is what happens in the sense that the kit has a possibility has option to to give a 5 volt pulses and that 5 volt pulses can be can be increased by applying a step up or transformer and huge amount of voltage can be given to the detector so that whatever the particles are coming inside if it is ionizing the medium then it creates electron and holes and by creating electron and holes we can just find out what is the magnitude of the voltage generated in the material due to passage of a radiation and that generated electron hole holes can be converted into current and you can measure easily as a computer and you can find out various parameters associated with that radiation this is the typical program has been written in Python Python is considered to be a very simple programming and it consists very less numbers and most of the time scientists will be using Python in order to have any kind of characterization or any kind of analysis of the results this is the other program Python program only where we can use it in order to find out the total amount of disintegration coming from the material next this is the diagram shows that how we can use this kit in order to measure alpha and beta particles so in order to measure that alpha and beta particles as we know that the alpha and beta particles are considered to be ionizing radiations when these particles are entering into silicon then again because of passage of these particles it again creates electron holes and you can convert in terms of current and that current can be sensed in the instrument this is meant for alpha and beta particle measurement now various materials are there and you can use the various materials in order to check the concentration of the radiations are typical these are the materials you can see that there are plastic materials there are crystalline materials there are fluorescence materials in order to measure the magnitude and the energy of the radiations so this is the development that has been done in our lab so we have taken a fluorescence material that is a sodium iodide crystal and the pivot form the movement of the gamma rays is hitting to that crystal it starts emitting a photon and that photon is multiplied so that later that large number of photons can create photoelectrons and those photoelectrons can generate and current and that current can be measured so this is the typical diagram the typical block diagram in order to measure the radiations this is the encapsulated diagram that we have given it so the column shape you can see that is the sodium iodide crystal pivot crystal and the cost of that crystal is very cheap because it is a synthesizing house so it is a good quality crystal and you can use the same crystal in order to measure the gamma radiations well these are the typical what you call the specification of the spectrometer that we have used this is the diagram this is the graph where we can easily measure particularly this diagram this particular diagram is shown how the gamma rays can be detected using the public science all of it only you can see that we have taken two calibrated source that is a cobalt 60 and the cesium 137 and the first graph that is figure 6 we have shown it how differentiate the two peaks resulting into two energies of the gamma rays getting emitted by cobalt that is one first one is at 1.173 mega electron volt and another one is another peak is coming around 1.3 mega electron volt and there is a separate splitting of the energies also there so which means that we can very easily and very accurately the energy of the particle can be measured apart from that one you can see that there is an area enclosed at the curve and based on by finding the area enclosed at the curve we can find out what is the total amount of radiation of particular type is present in the particular location that also can be obtained and same thing has been confirmed by the other graph you can see that by taking the cesium which gives a peak around 661 kilo electron volt and that also has been seen very nicely so the resolution is almost 65 keV from this detector so which means that I want to say that whatever the instrumentation analytical to that we have used is really cost effective and it can be easily used by any students who is pursuing his PG courses of those things and later he can be used his knowledge in order to develop the technology with this I conclude it if you are having any kind of questions on the radiation related things then I will grab it to answer it Thank you that we have time we can take some questions What is the cost of the hardware? What is the cost of the hardware? Most of hardware is if you take down pocket science lab it comes to be around 40 dollars and if you take down this crystal and electronic technology all those things that will cost around 50 dollars total it will be around less than 100 dollars Do you guys think about that number that we can dial to see kind of like the radiation level of signal device Is it something which is and like is it something which is and like static which the device is set up No, the radiation will be maybe of any energy technology there is no some kind of windows some kind of windows and it can span any other thing and if the radiation uses a lot of energy capture it and we will get an idea what kind of energy of that radiation is coming And this is this is exposed how if someone dials this number in their phone what happens? You are talking about the phone? Yeah You have to dial it and you can just say because the manufacturer they first check it how much dose it is receiving So this is something which is rechecked by the manufacturer Yes, exactly It is not live it is like static No, no, no your phone will not check it live It is a specification given by Do you know is there any margin whatever like what is the like it is specification because they won't mention it but what recently if you google it you can see that this iPhone 6 it results really low amount of radiation it is coming around 5.01 and we are having the limitation up to 5.6 that's why the high technological workforce there is a very less amount of radiation and it can hold all the applications up Okay, and the nature of these radiations like what exactly are these these are microwave microwave radiations okay these are not that hard but if you continuously get exposed then in the course of time there will be a changes in the world