 Today's last session of air let us just go through it peacefully ok. Let us take a look at some synthesis of all the work that has happened ok. We will not get into the nitty-gritty of size distributions and what is the mechanism for removal of gases from atmosphere using rain we will not get into the nitty-gritty just let us take a broad overview. So, I call this the synthesis phase this is the place where students will begin to put things together and accordingly I give them an assignment or a part of an assignment in which they have to then deal with all the thinking that is required for them as somebody who is accountable for the air quality in the city ok. So, this is the synthesis part one of the first things I do in the first lecture I just clean up the entire board and I ask students to come up on the board and start to create some kind of a mind map ok. It is not an individual mind map it is a collective mind map of all the students what do they already know about air pollution and from time to time I will ask certain question in the inquiry which provokes them to think a little more little differently and say oh we had not thought about that and that then triggers some other thoughts for some other students and then they keep. So, by the time we are done with the one hour of lecture the entire board is pretty much filled and we have all kinds of you know we have white chalk of course, but we also have colored chalk. So, then we go ahead and look to see if we can classify some of the information on the board under some categories. So, red chalk is used then to circle all the information that probably could be characterized together and then yellow chalk for something else and green chalk for something else and then everybody given that everybody has a smartphone phone with a camera. So, we take a few good pictures and then just share it with each other. So, that way in some way the record of the work that got done in the class and each one contributes to it. So, I will just I encourage it very strongly not just in this class, but even in other classes even for even for my PhD students research some time to time you know it is like they have been reading so much and there is no clarity as to what is happening how it is going to go. So, then every three months or something of that you say okay look at the mind map that you had developed three months ago and see if there are new branches to be added or you may want to just redraw the entire mind map. So, mind map typically it is a very well tested well documented if you just went to Google and you said mind map you will find lot of material over there there are some templates also available some applications also available if you wanted to develop your own mind map on the PC itself you can do that. Here is an example okay here is an example of a mind map it is just putting together of your thoughts in some kind of a order here is the website for it you welcome to go look at it this is about bio ethanol and then you know the way these people have branches what who where sources production issues others and they have got different colors in different branches this is how they have organized it. I came across somewhere IBM had started using these mind maps as a part of training and they realized that what normally would take 10 days to get done usually got done in a much shorter time because it started using mind maps so I you know very strongly recommend the use of these for your students and they begin to learn how to organize themselves how to organize their thoughts and they could always be a lot of these branches which have questions I mean they really not I know it's there but I don't quite know what it is and that you put a question mark over there and over a period of time you get through the reading and you know figure those out questions our job is to add to the questions in some sense I usually don't answer the questions by now you may have noticed already try not to answer the questions because there's enough material out there which is available and their masters out there who have written up books and written up articles so you know it's best to kind of direct the students to the masters and let and then they have difficulty in understanding and appreciation of what's going on over there then of course they come back and we can discuss and sometimes not sometimes most of the time I'll learn some new things because they looked at it from an angle which I had not looked at okay so mind maps is something which I very highly recommend here's a mind map I'm going to call it a mind map you can call it a pictorial you can call it a flow diagram whatever else you may want to call it but this is for you know pollutants in the I couldn't find I couldn't quite find one which would kind of match up with what we wanted to do or what we've been doing but you know there are you you may look you can look at other places by the way the other restriction I have is I can only show you material that is not copyrighted okay so if you just went to Google and you said mind maps air pollution you'd probably be able to find the mind map that you're looking for and you know have students so you could even have students look up different mind maps and discuss them in class or say you know which of the aspects will be will be be covering which of the aspects will not be covering okay so it's a nice holistic picture of the study and of the work that needs to end the cause and effect and you know what is it that we might need to study then I've been doing a little bit of role-playing with you in having you be accountable for the air quality in your city okay I've called you the collector okay and probably that's a little loose way of saying it but I can talk about it today because we've been together for six lectures now so I can say collector being a collector really I think everybody appreciates and understand that what I'm really saying is somebody who's accountable for that particular city and you could actually say look I'm accountable or you know a response everybody is responsible but I'm accountable for and you can define your accountability and you can begin to find partners you can begin to have conversations to fulfill them that accountability so I'm just saying if you if you were a resource person you were a partner for me in your city then you know what is it that you could create as an accountability so that then we can play together for a longer period of time so for students it might be something that they experiment with that they play with over a period of one semester or six months but you and I actually can take it on as a long-term partnership which could be fulfilled over the next 5-10 years which would actually be beneficial for you for your city in that local area and of course your college gets to participate in it fully so that's as far as role-playing some of it could be real some of it for students especially could be something which they experiment with but role-playing you know it really actually has them discover what is it that they really like to do I if you visiting Mumbai sometime I'm sure this is in other places too but I went with my son yesterday to Kidzenia I don't know how many of you've heard of this place Kidzenia okay it's actually a place for children where they are related to as adults okay and so you can do some fun stuff for which you have to give money and the money is internal money it's called Kidzo's and then after some time you realize you're running out of money so then you have to go work so you have to go be a delivery boy or you have to go to a studio furniture studio to deliver some luggage or you have to be a police person and go hunt for the criminal you know all kinds of interesting things that they do over there so the role playing I think it's important that in the role-playing people begin to discover the nature I never had you know I didn't know till class 12th or maybe even after I got into the BTEC program I didn't quite know what an engineer does really you know my parents were my father was a business person and I never had a chance I had no engineers in my family so I didn't quite know what engineering was all about and you did you got into engineering because you had taken mathematics in class 12th and you happen to pass a few entrance exam so here you are now stuck with engineering okay so somewhere you know around the fourth year of my BTEC that time it used to be a five-year BTEC I realized that you know maybe I made a mistake by coming for engineering so I decided I was going to go into design so I went to NID Ahmedabad for a year and at the end of nine months over there I realized I thought that was my passion okay I thought design was my passion it says still is but you know whether I could convert it into a profession whether I could convert into a career was something which is not clear for me so I went there and I actually realized in nine months over there that it's probably not really what I want what I thought design was all about you know so it's again but this was my choice I actually went by choice and you know I knew what I was getting into and second part was that suddenly realized that I was still depending on my parents for money so I actually it was fine I should get 600 rupees stipend at that time it was sufficient to be able to deal with your mess food and you know some little day-to-day stuff over there but 600 rupees was adequate at that time but then I fell ill at some point and that time I had to ask my father again for money so I was a little embarrassed about that a little shy about that and then in the meantime what happened was I had appeared for an interview with ONGC while I was still on campus so somewhere around nine months after I was at NID I get this letter offer from ONGC and it was one of those jobs where you do 14 days on the rig platform offshore and then 14 days are free so I thought you know this may be a good idea if I continue if I take up a job there and I continue to do my design in those 14 days that was at least the idea from fantasy world I was living in so then that's when I went back to engineering and actually when I started working I realized I'd learned a lot during my BTEC days and that actually I enjoyed engineering okay so sometimes it takes a few years for you to find out what is it that you really enjoy and so these students that we have with us in the class you know anywhere from what 19 to 21 that's the age group they're just turning adults they have no clue what they want in life really I mean you know they have some peer pressure of you know wanting to do some things and but I think it takes at least good five to ten years before you actually find out what is it that you good at what is it that you really enjoy and where the money might be and where is a level of comfort that you have so giving this as an exercise to students for me is just for them to explore to see if this is something that might be of interest to them and sometimes you know it might encourage them to get into politics and believe me you do need some really really good smart people in politics politics is not what it used to be 50 years ago you got to be really savvy and if you think like your analytical mind thinks a particular way then you know I think it might make a difference so that's as far as role-playing is concerned and I'm sharing this with you because I think I wanted to underline the importance of it and if you look at our own selves our own lives and look to see you know what is the role that I'm playing and what is a role that I might invent to play not just because I got pushed into engineering because I had mathematics in class 12 but if I really were to pick up something to do it may not happen overnight by the way okay one of the one of the first things that would come when you decide to do something else is what will happen to life as I know it today I have family to take care of and I have you know other accountability except etc etc it may not happen overnight but some seeds so on now might begin to shape up and you might have to committedly work towards it for the next two three five years before you get to that point and you know I think students if they can begin to appreciate that they'll appreciate what is being taught to them they'll appreciate the kind of struggles they themselves would have to deal with they'll also appreciate you know why is it that you know some of the things that adults to are so nonsensical okay they actually have an appreciation of it's not so nonsensical after all they may be some solid sound reasons why things are working a particular way or not working a particular way okay so there's just appreciation for being human okay so I'm coming back to accountability and I'm going to take your home city okay so whatever you I know you're at a remote center but you would probably another three days from now four days from now you'll back we'll be back in your normal environment so that is your home city that's what I'm referring to as home city it could be hometown home city depending on the size and scale of where you live and it may not necessarily be true that you have air pollution problems okay you might have a very clean but you might have water problems you might have solid base problem you might have you know agricultural burning problem so you know different kinds of things that you would have to deal with the point is to put yourself in a position of saying oh is this something that calls to me is it something that I am that would you know to make it worthwhile for me to get up in the morning and by the way just to give you my it's difficult to wake up my nine-year-old son every morning okay it's difficult especially during vacation it's difficult of course during school days he has to get up so he gets up but you should just know just because you are going to get Jania yesterday he woke me up at quarter to six in the morning okay kid Xenia was four o'clock in the afternoon right but he poked me up at quarter to six in the morning because he was so excited so I think my intent here is that the alarm clocks in your house goes redundant that you will not need an alarm clock because you got something so exciting in life that you wake up for it without an alarm clock okay so that's my intent hidden agenda but that's why I have it I said it okay all right so so I'm just going to highlight again again this is for not for you all right this is not for you at the same time it's for you okay so you and when I say you I actually have a look into each students eyes and make sure that they understand that I am talking to them otherwise invariably they think I'm talking to the person next to them all right so I make sure that they that that one person he or she is in charge is the collector collector collector I in fact do it in multiple colors and in many slides to make sure that you know it actually happens I even have it animated but I can't do the animation here probably need to it's in the unsaid but let me say it anyway you are the collector of your home city okay all right now read the bottom it says when did a mother ever need to attend a t10 kt workshop to take care of children all right so the important thing is are you going to own your child and I'm saying child in the form of in this particular case as an example as a game to play a quality in your city if that is your child I really don't need to train you okay the point is are you going to be the mother or are you going to be the father to that particular child that's my invitation all right all right so let's just take a look at what are the inputs that go into decision-making I don't know if you see this but there's a lot of things which are light in color and I'm going to take one at a time so that the focus of what we're discussing is in dark again I'm doing it and in lieu of the animation here but this is in some sense these are the steps that one would take it's some kind of a mind map of what are the inputs that would go into decision-making about air quality or air quality management in your city okay so let's begin so first of all you begin as a collector as a person accountable you'd be you'd be curious to know what is the current status of air quality what is the current status is it bad is not bad is it in compliance is it healthy unhealthy okay so you would use the criteria pollutants the concentration of the criteria pollutants you would use the national ambient air quality standards to be able to figure out whether the air quality in your city in your town is good or not okay and there is the NAMP network which is national ambient monitoring program and there are some other continuous ambient air quality monitoring systems which are used to be able to give you historical data okay so I'm just going to share with you the historical data for criteria pollutants collected from NAMP stations which is the national ambient monitoring program so at Chandrapur there are six stations which are monitoring for PM 10 sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen okay so you're measuring for those twice a week which means approximately hundred days in a year so you have 100 measurements for these three parameters across the country in your city it is first you know in Chandrapur there are six stations so you can get from these six different locations you can get these measurements so the if you look at the measurements that's what they look like if the slide may not be very clear but you have NOx SO2 RSPM and SPM RSPM is respirable suspended particulate matter which is PM 10 which is used in a high volume sampler where you use a cyclone to remove all particles greater than 10 micrometers and what you left with is the respirable fraction and they also take SPM which is the total okay all the particulate matter which is there even though the even the even the particles greater than 10 micrometers the total suspended matter so what you see over here is four graphs and this is over many many years by the way it is 2004 to 2013 okay that's about 9 to 10 years and these are averages these are averages for the years average so you take 100 data points and you average it for the whole year and it clearly shows that some things are downward trend so this is not very readable probably but this is oxides of sulfur and this is oxides of nitrogen I think these are particulate matter so while NOx and SOx are on the way downward trend okay particulate matter seems to be going high so that's the status of air quality in Chandrapur the red dashed line the red dashed line is showing the compliance limit so that is the standard so anything lower than that standard you're okay the air is safe to breathe it's healthy not a problem but if you go to look at the particulate matter in both cases whether it is respiratory or whether it's total suspended matter in both cases the pollution levels the the level the concentration levels are much higher than what is the compliance standard okay so clearly we have a problem in Chandrapur and the Chandrapur problem is mainly to do with the particulate matter and not so much as the SOx and NOx oh in which case now we have a new understanding of the problem of air quality in Chandrapur what we're saying is NOx and SOx are not an issue okay what is an issue is particulate matter so are there places where particulate matter is coming but NOx is not coming and SOx is not coming okay but logically that's what the answer is what is the source a source which does not produce oxides of sulfur source that does not produce but produces particulate matter that would be interesting to find out okay so that's the logical next step okay so then you go to the sources right so even you look at the second step in inputs into decision-making you look at the different sources so as we had discussed earlier there are point sources and I say over there organized and unorganized sectors okay organized sectors are people who are legally permitted by the pollution control board to you know produce something they're registered they actually have taken permission for that industrial setup and they've been given permission to pollute to a certain level okay don't take this badly they have been given permission to pollute up to a certain level because without that there would be no industry so there would be exceed a certain level of emissions is what the regulation is about okay so and of course again you know the impact of that pollutant whether it is released at 10 meters height or 50 meters height or 300 meters height is going to influence the overall effect that it has in that entire air shed entire region and therefore level to which you can pollute is permitted by the pollution control board that's what would call the organized sector then there is an unorganized sector where somebody just sets up something and you know starts running and you know it's too far away and it doesn't come to notice from you know many months or many years as to what that operation is so that would be considered unorganized sector and invariably that gets discovered when you go you know kilometer by kilometer looking for different sources and looking at any new developments and you have a checklist to see yes I have accounted for this oh this is a new one I haven't accounted for this one the second source is line source the traffic and a lot of the information would come from the RTO for this but at the same time we know there are a lot of vehicles for example that are registered in one region but being run in another region and Chandrapur being a mining area a lot of trucks that are there are may not necessarily be registered in Chandrapur so therefore you have to go for field surveys you actually have to go and count the number of trucks and what time of the day and what kind of trucks what kind of cars what kind of buses so you know it's very important part of the inventory development that you do field surveys the last one is area sources which is again given by field surveys also by census data so for example in a particular region you have a lot of population and all population over there it's a slum they are using coal now Chandrapur has a lot of coal Chandrapur has mining okay there's a lot of coal available coal is not sold in Chandrapur by the way for burning in chulas for burning in cookstuffs it's just available okay it's just available either cheaply available or freely available so people use that people who cannot afford to get LPG cylinders or even kerosene this is available so they just use it so census data could tell you the size of the population that is using solid fuels by the way again within Chandrapur area they use coal but you if you step out 50 kilometers outside Chandrapur coal disappears certainly there's no coal again people are using wood for as biomass for their solid fuel they don't have kerosene they don't have LPG but they use wood because wood is freely available over there so it varies depending on where you are but again if you were to focus in Chandrapur we know for sure that a large population is using coal cookstuffs and coal cookstuffs the interesting thing about coal cookstuffs is when you light it in the beginning okay for about 15-20 minutes it is just a grand source of smoke okay on and on and on and on and on and on the smoke keeps going on at some point in time when it catches fire when it is actually ignited at that point in time then the smoke begins to diminish quite a bit you it's almost goes non-existent and then you take the cookstuff into the kitchen and that's when you do the cooking so when you're cooking it's not so bad when it's inside the room it's not so bad it's not good but it's not so bad but before that you know the 15-20 minutes when you were lighting up the cookstuff all of Chandrapur is being treated to this lovely smoke okay very specific to this particular city so I'm sure there are different things like that which are specific to your hometown and only you'll be able to say what are the issues there which by the way I always remember my professor when I had just come back to India I spent here for I was here for about nine months and then I went back for the summer to do my some research with my PhD advisor and so my head of the department you know really nice gentleman he called me and he says he's from the Middle East so he says hey Sethi how long have you been in India so I said I've been in there for about nine months so he says are there things in India that still disturb you so I said yeah he says good good do something about it very quickly otherwise you'll get used to it okay so it's a I remember him because you know you right it's actually after some time that's what it is Chandrapur everybody that's what it is you know of course in the morning you get up you've got to see Chulas in fact if suddenly Chulas were missing you'll think you know where am I am I really in Chandrapur or not okay so you might have to look at your city with new eyes when you're doing this you know people walk in and out people drive around they used to it it's like that's what our city looks like that's what's been like from the time that I was growing up this is my city you know and then suddenly somebody comes from outside and says what's going on in the city why are they burning this over here why are they doing this way why didn't they put water here it's like oh okay oh okay I can do that oh okay I can do that okay so it's like it's like a crazy thing that you know you don't get to see some of the things that one has been doing oneself so you might have to relook at your city and the sources of air pollution and new light okay what else anything else about that no I think that's it that's all about sources but for students I actually have them list down the sources okay sometimes I just think it's the industry out there but actually it's not and just so that I can complete this matter here or maybe I'll come to it a little later all right so okay you already gone through this now it's not once you know what the point sources are line sources are you need to know where they are okay so the location is important so you get a map okay this is a pretty crude map you can do some really fancy Google map Google Earth kind of maps okay and but the important thing is for one to be able to identify where the main sources of air pollution are where is the main industry where are the coal mines what are the key traffic junctions what are the key expressways over there the highways over there and relative to all of this where are the six NAM stations the monitoring stations you have these monitoring six man nominal six monitoring station six NAM stations so you don't need to know where they are located so that you can begin to get a sense of how much of an influence of a particular industry would be observed by would be experienced by one of the one of the monitoring stations okay so just some very basic intuitive information based on the data that you have for the last 10 years the location and how close it is to the industry that itself can begin to reveal a picture a larger picture okay the arrow over there I think indicates the prominent wind direction prominent wind direction so if you if all the industry is here and all the population is over also over here and if most of the wind it takes away the pollutants then people in Chandrapur may not necessarily be affected so this is an interesting story okay see central pollution control board has come up with an index called sepi it's a comprehensive environmental pollution index it takes into account air water as well as solid soil it turns out that Chandrapur was the fourth most polluted city in India fourth okay number four so there are three other places more polluted than Chandrapur but Chandrapur had this honor of being the fourth most polluted and Maharashtra Pollution control board was serious about this whole issue so they actually started to address this with industry and said listen you really need to pull up your socks you know and get your act together and deal with this because this is not acceptable so apparently the industry did invest almost 400 500 crores of money to upgrade the systems and develop better pollution control systems and that went on for about two years later when they re did when they did the ranking again Chandrapur after spending about 400 500 crores had moved from fourth most polluted to now second most polluted from being fourth most polluted after spending 400 crores they now at second most polluted so that's when it was like okay we really don't know what's going on over here and that's when Neri Mumbai and IIT Bombay we were invited to start looking at this whole issue and it turned out that while the industry is polluting the influence that the industrial air emissions have on the city is very little what is affecting the city was mainly two things one was the cold cookstuffs so whether it is summer time whether it is winter time whether it's monsoon time people cook even during monsoon people cook right so doesn't matter which month of the year they'd always be in the morning a thick layer of smoke on all of Chandrapur and in the evening again a thick layer of smoke all over Chandrapur okay and this smoke is not being emitted at 300 meter level 200 meter level 100 meter level height it is being emitted at where you and I are standing so the maximum exposure that anybody would have to this particular to you and me okay so that's what and that's where the monitoring stations are that's where the samplers are you know so they are looking at so irrespective of which month the amount of pollutant at our level at the breathing level is the same so that is one source of pollution the other source of pollution turned out is actually dust the roads have a full of dust the cement industry while they might be emitting something at a height of the chimney say 100 meters or so I don't know the exact height of the chimney but say 100 meters of the emitting at that level after control system so they're not really emitting very much whatever the emitting is in compliance let's assume it send a compliance okay they're emitting a certain amount over there that is now that a height is probably going to go a few kilometers and that's by that time it's gotten diluted by vertical mixing and dispersion etc etc by the time it gets there it is fairly diluted okay now right from the factory as you step out the roads for every kilometer at least one kilometer on all sides a verature whichever way the road goes to it's got this thick layer of dust which is almost 90% pure cement so anytime a truck passes by or anytime there is a some cement falls off and over the period of time that entire area has gotten covered with the thick layer of cement which anytime a truck passes by or a car passes by the wheels just resuspend all the dust okay so when you have sampling devices they don't know where this dust is coming from they don't know whether it's coming from the chimney or whether it's coming from the road and because road isn't close proximity basically it's going to collect most of it and say hey this place is polluted and then everybody will say okay okay do you know the chimneys over there so to be able to therefore say what is the source of the pollutant and then be able to do so if we know if we know now maybe I'm going a little ahead of myself as providing solutions but since it's here let's talk about it if it is coal cookstuffs okay what is the way out are you would you be able to develop a better coal cookstuff in fact one of my PhD students is working on that right now to look to see whether we can develop a cookstuff that is not combustion based which is gasifier based okay so we're studying to see whether we can scale a gasifier to that level apparently there are some designs available but you know be it's sometimes proprietary and sometimes not enough scientific work has been done on it that we can go ahead and directly apply the design part is missing in case we wanted to get you know improve cookstuffs yeah you could do that but then this is other thought okay the other thought was can we give free electricity to everybody now it's a little out of box thinking little out of box thinking but can we give free electricity to everybody now let's us do a back of the envelope calculation and it turns out that I think the power plant in Chandrapur is of the order of about two thousand three hundred forty megawatt somewhere there I think my memory might be failing you but somewhere there two thousand three hundred plus and they're getting a new plant which is going to get commissioned which will add I think probably another thousand megawatts but let's just talk about the old one so the two thousand three hundred megawatt the amount of coal that is used on a daily basis if you did a calculation and you found out what percentage of that coal is actually being used for cooking purposes you know what is the cooking in cookstuffs contributing to the it turns out that less than point one percent of the coal that is being used in the power plant less than point one percent is being used by for cookstuffs so the thought then is it's just point I mean if you look at the way they meter the way they you know monitor how much power is being produced in the power plant point one probably is not even there in the resolution of the metering okay they probably are looking at one percent or something like that so it's less than the resolution level of the coal that much coal just gets thrown and nobody even cares about it is that level so can we give free electricity to everybody so that was you know something we left we couldn't quite deal with it because it now becomes a policy issue and we are we do have an m tech student who was working on that a little bit looking at different models by which you can substitute of course the first question that comes up with people will start see stealing electricity people will start hmm they'll be misusing etc etc but you know what if you really did a cost estimate of how much would it take for you to control the pollution in air pollution in the city how much would it take for you to take care of people who can get bad health because of air pollution if you put all that cost together you know it might be cheaper to just give free electricity even with the stealing and even with the theft whatever okay somebody interested in it probably should take it up as a project for study I'll just leave it at that okay all right so this is basically saying where are all the locations of the sources etc and then of course you develop an inventory they how much sulphur dioxide how much NOx how much CO how much PM and then we discuss this that using emission factors you can get an inventory at a 500 meter by 500 meter level which is half a kilometer by half a kilometer okay that's pretty good you would get some kind of inventory so you know what is the source of pollution so if socks is not a problem and NOx is not a problem and CO is not a problem don't go to the sources they're okay you don't have to do anything with them okay but where does the PM come from and if the PM is coming from a source which is not the same sources over here then hey that's what you need to focus on okay all right all right of course the third input that comes in then is the meteorology you know your sources well you know your line sources well you know your point sources well you know your area sources well you also know the point sources the height area sources you know the length and width line sources you know the length you know all those things those information is available through field surveys and sensors and RTO and all those data then you come to meteorology right and in the meteorology then you'd have to look at you have to acquire it okay some places have their own meteorological stations most industry do and one of the things I'm going to point to is that just having an instrument is not enough having an understanding how to use that instrument is very critical and it's very critical I'll point to it in this Chandrapur case that there's this one met station which is giving wind speed wind direction and that data is being used for modeling all the work in Chandrapur we just found out that the data the way that met station is placed is placed against a wall in such a way that it does not really represent the wind conditions of that area okay so all the work that would have gone into modeling is suddenly not applicable because garbage in garbage out if you put in the wrong information on meteorology you'll get you cannot get correct results okay so one of the things that we are also working on right now it's in the domain of our research is what if we did not use weather stations for wind direction wind speed data what if we use satellite data what if we used the you know the models the global circulation models that they using for weather prediction okay they're pretty good now I mean they can actually predict weather up to the next four hours or six hours okay so in that case they should be able to tell us the wind speed and wind direction pretty accurately right but it's just that the weather meteorology is seems to be in a different domain but no it is absolutely applicable for air quality work so we're trying to build at that interface and strengthen that interface so that we become less dependent on ground measurements ground measurements will always be there will always required but how do you take a 10 meter measurement which is done at all airports for example in Mumbai for example we use the Santa Cruz airport data so a measurement that was made at 10 meters height how do you extrapolate it in terms of wind speed or wind direction to something which is 10 kilometers away and the emissions are at you know 250 meter height I mean how do you extrapolate that you know I is your extrapolation really valid okay maybe till 25 30 years ago we could not have answered this question but given the satellites given the advancements that we have in computational ability given the access we have to global circulation models etc etc I think the time you know has come for us to do some leap frogging and we don't have to go through the hardship and of and the uncertainty of all these other steps so you know that's something that we are looking at so but for now you know we can acquire the meteorological data we want to make sure that the quality of the quality of the meteorological data is also valid and that it makes sense so we if you look at you know this is Chandrapur this box over here is Chandrapur it's a 40 kilometer by 40 kilometer area the star is where the only is the meteorological station from which data are used okay it's at the power plant however the Indian meteorological department IMD stations are in the neighboring areas there are nine one two three four five six seven eight and where's a ninth one oh it's hidden over here ninth one okay so there are nine of them in the vicinity but nothing at Chandrapur okay and the closest one is maybe about you know Gachiroli, Yavatmal and Nagpur okay so this is I think about 180 170 kilometers so this would be about 100 kilometers maybe this will be about 110 kilometers or so okay so that's those are the closest meteorological so if I were to take data from here at a 10 meter height data here at 10 meter height data here at 10 meter height and then extrapolated for what's going on in Chandrapur I'm not too comfortable okay I'm not too comfortable I'd much rather set up a med station data here but I have to be able to then compare it to see how does it compare with the neighboring stations okay and this is not a very hilly area you see a little bit of hilly area here little here hilly area little here hilly area but otherwise it's a pretty flat land so you know you can expect that the wind direction wind speed may not change too greatly in this flat land alright so what we when we say acquire the meteorological data you actually have to register into the IMD you have to pay a certain amount of money and then they give you six months or something for which they can give you continue to give you data because you're a registered data user okay so these are the three stations that we got the data from Nagpur, Gachiroli and Yavatmal and so I'm just going to show you the wind roses everybody remember the wind roses wind roses something that gives you the direction the speed and the frequency of the wind in a particular location okay so these are the wind roses for these four locations by the way this is an annual wind rose which means it represents the average of the wind movement in terms of direction in terms of speed and in terms of the frequency okay so these three if you notice these are all IMD stations all of them look pretty similar okay whereas this one that we have at the power plant seems to have a mind of its own okay so which actually had us doubt the quality of data coming from this place and the mind you I've said a little earlier that these data this information was being used to model for all of Chandrapur area so if you putting in some wrong information then we assured that you know the results that you're going to get are not going to be correct so that's what our first indication was that something is off something which is 100 kilometers away still seems to have a similar pattern but something which is right in the middle of that triangle so to say for some reason is not matching up so something's got to be off so we found that right next to that big red star which is the power plant we actually have two smaller stars which were not such big plants but one of them is a cements plant which is an Ambuja cements plant and the other one is Lloyd metals okay so those are the two locations so we said okay they have mythological data as well and they have some wind roses that we can make from their data so let's just compare okay so that's what we did next so a is definitely the power plant B and C are the other two one is the Ambuja cement and the other one is Lloyd metal okay so this is the one which we are trying to check this one did not match with Yavatmal Gaciroli and Dagpur okay so we're trying to see whether the other two which are in the vicinity do they match up so apparently no they don't okay so these two clearly don't match up with this one at all now if you look at these two then quite again they're similar and are not so different from the three IMD station so clearly this one is off okay however just to be fair these are from three different time periods for the whole year but for different years so for us to be able to actually see whether this one matches or not we have to take it for the same year okay so that's a part of the work that we're doing right now as we speak so for true comparison met data are required from A B and C for the years for these years so that's what we've been that's what we've been working on so the next step usually also when we're doing environmental impact analysis one of the things that is done is that you take the proposal for a new industry and you need to take permission okay to install it as a part of one of the steps in taking the acceptance or taking the approval is you actually have to establish what kind of an impact this new industry would have on the region so at that point in time they actually go ahead and do the modeling work and we talked about this a little bit when we said the Gaussian flow model there are some commercial software available there is some open source software that's available so you actually do the modeling to say okay these are all the key sources that I have already these are all the line sources that I have already these are all the land or area sources that I have already this is the metrology that I have for this location depending on different months you'll have different metrology so if you want it at a daily resolution then you probably need daily meteorological data but otherwise if you did on a monthly basis or if you did on a night basis and a day basis you can do all kinds of things with the model okay those options are available but you do this assessment to look to see what might be the worst case scenario typically winter time in India is the worst case scenario because the air is cooler mixing is not taking place most of the contaminants tend to stay with the ground and therefore the pollution levels are highest so you need to be able to estimate what is the influence by the way the other thing you can do in the model is you can turn different sources off you can turn them on you can turn them off so based on you know which one is on and which one is off you can actually say how much pollution is being contributed to by a particular source okay so those are some of the things that you can do with the model I'm not going to get into model it's not in the scope of teaching the student teaching this to the students but as a part of your accountability as someone who's taking care of air quality management in your city you'll know you should know that modeling would be a very important component of the work that you do okay it's otherwise extremely difficult to be able to you just even doing simple calculations can help you know you can make a rough back of the envelope calculation etc can help but really it's very complicated and you really need to use a model again just to be careful that when you're using a model garbage in means garbage out you got to really choose and pick your data that you giving as an input for your model so that you can get reasonable results if you are not sure about the quality of the data then you need to be able to spell that out and say look this is the level of confidence I have with the results over here okay it's very difficult to go with any kind of conviction when it comes down to these models especially if you know that your data the quality of your data are a little iffy okay so that's so much for model you know what what you can do with the model by the way this when we talked about it this model is in a sense dispersion model so you know the sources you know the wind speeds wind direction and frequency and you need to say okay how much we affect which part of the area etc etc there are other models where what you do is you actually go and collect the samples okay you collect the samples you can collect a sample for PM 10 you can go and collect a sample for PM 2.5 and then you do the chemistry on it and based on the chemistry if you do enough samples you may you'll be able to say look this is likely to be coming 10% from vehicles and 20% from the power plant and the remaining 60% or so may be coming from dust okay that's another way of going about it that's working backwards it's called source apportionment and it's been used quite routinely and it's very useful so that's another kind of modeling that is done again way beyond the scope of what is expected in this course but in the background and know students will ask these questions and it's important to be able to then have some resource available that you can share with them I've already talked about this when you use a dispersion model to estimate the pollution isoplets you can do daily sees the law annual averages you can paint different pictures you can say business as usual everything was going the way it is already what would happen however if you made some intervention so for example if you removed all the dust from the road if you eliminated the entire road and traffic from that particular section then that's not getting added in the model as a source how much of an influence would it have on the overall air quality in the city okay so you can pick and choose the options that you might have for inter intervention okay you may also be able to say which sources are affecting larger population so if you know that a particular region is going to get affected more and that's the one which has highest amount of population then don't put your stack over here don't place don't locate your industry here find another location so that the population does not get exposed okay that's the way you would do deal with it okay now you know let's get a little bit into the investigative mode okay like Sherlock Holmes like a detective okay we're talking about measurements which are routine measurements but we're also interested in looking at some diagnostics what is really the problem over here what is actually happening over here and just some general questions may not be able to answer so you need to specifically design a set of questions or a set of measurements so that you can do the diagnostics okay let me just share some of the things we've been doing so I think I've already mentioned this to you that some of the work that we're doing at Chandrapur is in collaboration with Needy so Dr. Rakesh Kumar and myself and Professor Rashmi Patil and we have three other colleagues from Washington University Professor Jay Turner Professor Rudy Huzar and Professor Pratim Biswas Professor Pratim Biswas is my PhD advisor so you know they're also on the experts team they're also advising us on some of the issues and how we need to deal with it so there's a lot of learning that is happening across the international boundaries okay in fact some of the work some other time I'll talk to you about data fed maybe another time we'll give you a seminar on data fed and how you can use that it's a great tool you can use it to be able to look at air quality issues in different parts of the world okay we'll talk about that some other time let's see this alright this is now we're getting to diagnostics so I'm saying okay this is the total amount of pollution that I measured over here let's say this is 350 micrograms for meter cube of particulate matter PM 10 350 micrograms for meter which is way above the compliance requirement of 100 okay so we say based on my model based on my model I put in all the key industrial sources and my model is saying that this yellow part is coming from the industry but you know a lot of times we doubt whether industry is really reporting the correct numbers okay there's a little bit of suspicion always there okay so okay let's say whatever okay let's say they are underreporting let's say they're underreporting so they're underreporting by 50% okay so then what I did this orange part okay orange part is like let's say if the sources of the industry were doubled if they were doubled then we've accounted for now about 40% of the overall vehicles okay they account for let's say another 20% of self oh there could be some errors in measurements also so maybe 5% for that but you still have a good 25 30% and including this 10% about 45% so you still have about 40 to 50% that is not accounted for so where is it coming from so then you go back again to the model and you look to see whether you really included everything and it turns out that most of the time when we are doing modeling and we are looking at line sources we are looking at the engine exhaust we're looking at the exhaust which is coming off the tail pipe and you know how much is coming out from the tail pipe for every kilometer traveled for a diesel truck so you can multiply the number of kilometers multiplied by the number of trucks okay and you'll get the total amount of smoke that has come out from diesel engine emissions that's what we take for line source what we don't take for a line source is all the dust that gets resuspended every time a truck passes by on that cement on that road which is near the cement factory so hey we never accounted for that so therefore you will continue to say that industry is the main polluter is that's not the case here a good 40% may be coming from cookstuffs nobody's taken into account cookstuffs even today we don't have an emission factor for a cookstuff the only emission factor we have a for a cookstuff and there's a lot of studies that have been done cookstuffs I'm sure you must have talked about and heard about and thought about improved cookstuffs better chulas more and better improved chulas better better super deluxe improved chulas you must have come across all of those okay if you go to you know web Google and you just say cooks improved cookstuffs and I don't know how many thousands of you know hits you'll get but show me one place where they have actually taken or quantified the amount of black smoke that comes out from a coal chula which is being burnt doesn't matter in Chandrapur anywhere in the world show it to me they'll only give you the emission factor when it is actually the combustion has started and you have taken it indoor to do the cooking okay so those 15 minutes of this black smoke that has been spewed out no accounting for that has been done no no where is it included in the inventory okay so now suddenly now that needs to be taken into account and you to need to be able to say look a good 30% is coming from there so if I were to do some any kind of accounting if I want to consider some other options can I give free electricity because this 30% people will not stop to cook they need to eat okay you have to give them either something more convenient or it'll it'll actually be people's health and you know Chandrapur all of Chandrapur when I was a kid right that time diesel locomotives were just getting introduced so I still remember we still have these coal steam engines which used to use coal and so anytime you went to the railway station you could smell coal burning okay you could actually add so mentally somewhere you know smell has a very interesting way of being stuck in your head for me the smell that smell was associated with railway station and the moment I read Chandrapur all of Chandrapur no matter where you are in Chandrapur it smells like that railway station of my childhood and I stayed there for a few days and you know every day I would experience a mild headache and I just thought maybe it is the stress or too much of traveling or whatever whatever and then but you know stress being in IT campus is not less stressful you know you're working all the time in fact sometimes even more than what you would be doing in the field so it was not stress actually realized that the carbon monoxide levels in Chandrapur are quite high okay and people are breathing it day in and day out and they don't even know that they're breathing high levels of carbon monoxide so a headache is something that is something to they don't even know that they have a headache okay that's that's that's how bad it gets okay so it's important therefore to kind of look at the whole thing with new eyes and look to see where is it that you raise so the you know 300 400 crores that was spent give me that money now I'll probably be able to do even if you put it somewhere as a you know as an endowment the interest that would get generated on it would be able to serve the cooking needs by electricity for that entire population of Chandrapur for decades to come okay come on you know you really need to think out of the box and deal with it it's just somebody's got to bring the will I just saw the last slide which I think professor Chandil had used right he said something about if you ask the scientist how much more carbon dioxide needs to be added or can be added they'll say none that answers very clear okay so then the question is it's now left to the economists it's not left to the economies okay that's what you have to deal with so locally what needs to be done somebody needs to bring this forth again we were discussing this for Chandrapur we were discussing it with the member secretary of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board and he gave a very nice example he said somewhere in Chattisgarh one collector has actually taken it on and worked with the corporate people they have a lot of funds available for corporate social responsibility and he's collected I don't know some 300 400 crores of money funds and he's just transforming that entire city okay so I'm just letting you know that when something like that begins to happen in your city and the environment needs to be taken care of your voice should be the first one to be heard okay I'm inviting you I'm requesting you that you should be the first one to get up and don't be worried about how much you know even I don't know or everything in the world I really don't know but I know enough people who know and so I can always reach out to them and ask them for help so I'm inviting you to stand in a place that where you will be the resource person in your hometown in your home city when it comes down to environment and you should start asking some of these questions other people will not ask these questions so you I can hold to account you I can hold responsible you I can invite and request and cajole and you know I have an agenda with you okay you know that by now okay all right good let me move on to the next slide now you know Chandrapur one of the diagnostic studies that we dealt with was in monsoon time it was a good time to isolate the combustion source from the dust emissions all the dust in Chandrapur by virtue of the rains had deposited right when it was wet so anytime a truck would pass by or a car would pass by even in those cement filled roads there's no dust being entrained whereas the smoke from the Chula and the smoke from the diesel vehicles continue okay and one of the things this is and this is where the beauty of that entire size distribution comes in I'm so sorry I couldn't bring that slide with me today I'll send it to you we actually went and did some size distribution measurements in Chandrapur on a particular day normal summer day and we got two peaks we got one peak for PM 2.5 and we got another peak for PM 10 as expected that the following day it rained okay the day it rained we did the sampling again and the second peak which is the course mode the larger one just disappeared we were only left with the peak which is coming from combustion sources okay so it was very clear very black and white that the issue of pollution of particulate matter in Chandrapur to a large extent is from two sources again from cold cookstuffs and from the dust so if the dust got eliminated only the pollution coming from the smoke from the chulas and from the diesel trucks and vehicles was kind of left okay now both are PM 10 by the way both are PM 10 this one is PM 2.5 it's a smaller fraction of this larger PM 10 okay however this is coming from the re- suspended dust this one is coming from smoke and we could actually distinguish that a little bit more work is required so that we can really nail it down we're now doing the chemistry on these two okay the chemistry of this will by and large appear right it'll show up to be SiO2 mainly or cement because you know dust is getting the dust that's on the road right it's going to be cement and this one is likely to be more carbonaceous in nature and we are looking to see whether we can do some further analysis to look at elemental carbon organic carbon some of the other details okay all right so we've talked about this domestic coal burning is an issue can we get a better coal chula by the way domestic use of coal is illegal but you can't stop people from cooking if coal is available and they have to cook they will use it sometimes people said only the poor people are using coal because they can't afford LPG that's not true even people who have LPGs in their in the kitchens coal is available I told you right it's freely available so they don't use LPG for heating of water so they have an outside cookstuff which is using coal to heat up the water that is used for washing during winters which is used up for washing or which is used so it's got nothing to do with it says coal is freely available so people are using it okay free electricity I already mentioned 36,000 tons of coal per day 36,000 tons of coal per day being used in the power plant okay so a very small fraction of that is used for cooking so if you can do that free electricity thing somebody take it up with me and then we'll deal with it we met with the collector I keep talking about the collector we actually went and met with the collector and we said you know we want to on a normal day we want to shut down all traffic let's say we do some sampling on one Sunday and on the following Sunday in the same season we actually have a no traffic day so from 6 in the morning to about lunchtime no traffic all roads are bare nothing nobody nobody's doing anything and we do sampling to see how much of a contribution would traffic have to the pollution okay better road cleaning these are some of the other things by the way there's a lot of coal depots also in Chandrapur and the collector you know told us that they had actually issued notices under section 133, 141 and 188 I don't know what these mean but okay some people in law actually understand what these mean and apparently these are for public nuisance so if your coal handling is causing public nuisance then you supposed to shut it down and I don't know which one it is but one is for public nuisance and the other one is for repeated public nuisance okay not just public nuisance but repeated public nuisance and I think one of those actually has you put behind bars so okay that's the nature of the work in terms of banning the let's take a look at you know I was talking about this no traffic day it's actually you create an episode it's an episodic event Diwali is an episodic event rains are an episodic event but you know in doing this episodic event I want to introduce you to the world of satellite data okay it's an exciting area of work now it's one instrument in that satellite which is the same instrument is measuring all over the globe okay so these are satellites which are in a polar orbit okay they're going round and round from one pole to the other in circles and they keep shifting and so once in a day they would pass over India and at that point in time they will capture the quality of air in that entire column between the sensor in the satellite and the ground okay the surface of the earth the entire air mass is then evaluated for quality okay again very detailed I'm not going to get into it but I do want to share with you because this is an area which some people may get excited about either doing their masters or their PhD and sometimes students are always looking for some exciting few new so the moment you say NASA the moment you say ISRO you know it kind of lights up people's eyes to say hey that could be interesting work okay so this I just want to introduce this to you we have been working with the NRL labs in Gadanki which is near Tirupati doctor Harish Gadhvi is our partner over there and we recently have launched India ISRO has launched a geostationary satellite which actually is positioned it's not orbiting over the poles it is actually stationary and it is geosynchronous so it rotates at the same speed as earth so it's always looking at India okay so with that instead of once a day we get you can get collect data at the rate of once in 30 minutes so every 30 minutes you can get a snapshot of what's going in all parts of India and whether there is any movement of smoke or very any movement of pollutant mass from one part of the country to another part of the country okay so those are some of the exciting developments that are happening let me just show you this episodic event in terms of the episodic event we this this I told you there's this huge power plant and in the summer of 2010 okay in the summer of 2010 there was a power plant shutdown because water was scarce and they need water okay water was scarce so they actually had to take a shutdown for three months not a small time for a power plant okay of that size three months there was a shutdown so what we did was we said oh okay that's what happened that's good news for us because it's an episode it's a rare episode but it's an episode so we said okay let's take a look at the satellite data for those three months but not just for 2010 we want to compare it with the same months in 2009 and the year 2011 okay so that will tell us whether the particular source which is the main source in Chandrapur how is it affecting the air quality okay so we went for a 10 kilometer by 10 kilometer resolution and we looked at the aerosol optical depth which means you're looking at particulate matter these are the satellite images colorful look at those lovely colors now let's just actually go the next step and look at what those colors mean so I just want to tell you that this black frame is the 40 kilometer by 40 kilometer area of Chandrapur okay so each of those boxes have that 40 kilometer 40 kilometer square there's this little box over here also it is the Vani area which is also under study for different reasons so these are the three months April May and June these are three years 2009 2010 2011 this is the year this is the year where the plant was shut down so if I were to compare April for the year before and April for the year after clearly the pollution levels are very high compared to the shutdown year similarly for May similarly for June so it is very clearly saying that that particular power plant has a huge influence in that region okay so you wanted a power plant shutdown we shut down the power plant not knowingly not deliberately but you know some operational requirements shut down this is you get to see you get to see this same instrument same instrument a year ago same instrument a year later so there's no issue of quality of the data quality is assured because it's the same instrument okay this year it's a little difficult to interpret more red means more pollution I think just that let's us leave it at that okay alright the next thing we did was this is for particulate matter but then we also looked at the NO2 density okay the concentration of NO2 now the good thing about NO2 is that it is short-lived as a molecule it doesn't live as NO2 for very long it reacts with other components other molecules in the atmosphere in the lifetime of NO2 is very small so if you see it there that means it must have come from there because it can't travel by the time it travels it would have disappeared so if you see it there at that moment that means it is coming from there that may not be the case for particulate matter depending on the wind depending on the height you could actually have particles coming from across another continent and coming at a height of let's say three kilometers up there okay that is going to get counted in that column which is not the case for NO2 because NO2 is right there right then you measuring so the source of pollution is right there so that's a good thing about NO2 once again if you look this particular year the NO2 levels for much lesser compared to the year before and compared to the year later for the same months okay this is excellent this is actually good diagnostics however it is still at a you know for the previous slide that I showed you for this one it is at a 10 kilometer by 10 kilometer resolution and for this one it is at a 25 kilometer by 25 kilometer resolution okay that's like not so good resolution so the effort right now is that we looking at going for one kilometer by one kilometer or five kilometer by five kilometer by five kilometer is already available actually three kilometer by three kilometer also might be available one of the PhD students is working on that one of the other PhD students right now is working on these are all from the polar polar satellites one of the students right now is working on geostationary to look to see how we could possibly take the information that's available from ISRO for air quality work okay so this is great okay satellite work I'm not going to talk too much about the action items because I think we've already discussed some of those action items if the road dust is what is contributing then take care of the road dust if it is you know cold cook stirs that are the problem then take care of the cookstuffs if it is the chimneys emitting at a high level then take care of that as problems so actions are pretty obvious once the diagnostics are handled okay but you know if you find out as a collector of your city as the person accountable for your city that listen you know whether it's not whether it is socks whether it is particular matter my city is clean I'm fine I'm done okay which is great congratulations that's been a fabulous but you should just know that sooner or later as the development is happening and as the years are going by as the population is increasing your city might actually reach a point where now it will be out of compliance so therefore it is important to look at future projections in a time frame of five years maybe 10 years maybe 50 years when I say 50 years I just sent a paper this morning by professor Sukhat main where actually what he's done is his he's not focusing on air quality he's dealing with energy needs in India okay and he's saying over the next 55 years or so which is the year that he has is 2070 says the population of the world population of India also would have stabilized by the time we get to the year 2070 which is about 55 years from now so we're talking about sustainability right what do we need to do today what do we need to understand today such that by 2070 when the population would have stabilized that we have our systems and our understanding and our structures in place such that we can actually begin to bring that kind of a reality in 55 years I'm going to be here for much of the 25 years I promise you I'll be around okay so you know let's at least promise for the next 20 odd years we'll be playing together and then we shall see it probably then by that time have passed on to other people all right so future projections again the satellite data are very good in being able to look at synoptic view in terms of time so here for example I'm showing you some images of Maharashtra for the year 2005 to the year 2010 so this was happening in 2005 2006 this is happening now clearly there's been an increase in the NO2 levels okay this is the Chandrapur area by the way different times of the year this is winter this is pre monsoon this is post monsoon okay so clearly you know we got some issues over here so Chandrapur is definitely this area this is Chandrapur area clearly but a little south of Chandrapur a little south of Chandrapur somewhere in Andhra I think there is another power plant and we need to identify it because notice okay there's a large amount of that particular redness over here which is increased not particularly in the Chandrapur area but it is a little more on the south of that okay so something's going on and therefore it is something without a boundary so you can't say Maharashtra boundary and you know Andhra boundary you just can't do that you know you can't even do that for countries anymore what's happening in India and you know north of India is going to affect Pakistan or what's happening in Bangladesh is going to affect India you know so there's no boundaries around there with air so therefore you have to always be able to look at a synoptic view and see you know where things are happening and how and you know air is something which is all over the globe this is some regulation structures etc etc I'm not going to spend too much time on the only thing I want to leave you with over here is we've talked about these things emission factors compliance requirement best available control technology economic incentives okay some students might get interested in this etc they have these trading permits and this we're still trying to get our act together it's done but quite successfully in the US and now it's coming in because of the carbon dioxide the footprint the you know carbon credits etc etc they want to monitor how much emission is being coming so that you can get accordingly if you if you curtail a certain amount of emissions then you get you know some credit for it etc so trading permits is the way I do it in the class is I say okay this person he's a good person he set up his industry last year and he's used it the best available control technology and he's emitting only 50% of what he's allowed to permit so actually he has 50% credit here's another person is a bad person not really because he was born bad was but because he inherited his industry from his grandfather who set it up in 1958 okay and that was set up in 1958 and today they are you know if they were to replace the available replace their systems with the best available control technologies they're so expensive that they go out of business so this person is polluting more than he should and this person is polluting less than he should can I get these two people together and do some because this person's investment in better available control technology may be able to offset this person's inability to pay for it so there's you know there's some kind of a win-win situations that are brought there are people who have controversial a lot of times but still people are trying out these different models to be able to bring win-win situations that's the end I think I have some a little more okay can't be end so quickly one second okay all right so having passed on the torch to you so to say my job here is done I'm not saying I'm going away anywhere I'm around okay I'm around and I promise that I'll be around for as long as I can be of service to you for sure for the next few days and then two weeks after the training program is over and after that you know I'll leave it open to you to kind of reach out and bring that partnership because at some point in time I'll have to keep you know I'll have to I can't keep saying you've got to be on the mission you'll have to choose to be on the mission or not okay so I leave it to you it's an invitation and you're anytime invited to come and join the mission okay and I have a few more slides which are available which I thought you might be able to use somewhere in your teaching so I'll just share them with you but you should just know that my job is done okay this is just some icing on the cake and let's have some fun okay for the next few slides all right so here we go you might need this when somebody's talking about global warming this is the solar spectrum this is the earth spectrum this is the different wavelengths at which different gases absorb different wavelengths so this over here is transparent to most of the greenhouse gases this is not transparent to the greenhouse gases therefore energy tends to get trapped on the in the earth's atmosphere okay you can use that by the way I always give the URL so you more than welcome to go a lot of this stuff is on wikipedia okay you should just you know a lot of times like professor of heart attack was saying we doing this flip classroom kind of a situation let's student give them an assignment go let them do the homework before they come for the class so when they come for the class then they can just ask questions this is a simple back of the envelope calculation to understand what is the influence of global warming on the planet if there was no greenhouse gases if there's no greenhouse gases at all then the temperature of earth would have been minus 18 degree Celsius this is a very straightforward calculation that you can do it's taken from masters and give you the reference for that okay very simple all you're doing is you're looking at the total amount of energy coming from the Sun 1 minus alpha where alpha is the albedo which is the amount which gets reflected back so about 31 percent of the radiation that comes from the Sun gets reflected back doesn't participate no change just gets reflected back so you left with only a small fraction which is about 0.7 0.69 about 70 percent that you multiply with the projected area of the earth which is pi r squared okay that's at one temperature at which the earth is receiving the radiation and then if you treat earth as a black body as a sphere which is radiating at a certain temperature because it is at a certain temperature what temperature that is we don't know that's what needs to be calculated okay but this time the area is 4 pi r square because it's the entire surface area not just the projected area it's radiating from all over the spherical area when you equate these two it turns out that the temperature of equilibrium of the earth if there was a radiation balance turns out to be minus 18 degree Celsius okay whereas the fact of the matter is that the average temperature is about 15 degree Celsius on the planet average temperature on planet is 15 degrees which makes it a livable so that additional 33 degrees is coming from greenhouse gases okay that's the amount of heat it's like a blanket on the planet earth which is keeping it a little warm okay that's that's the that's the delicate balance that we have with the greenhouse gases and in terms of the overall it's the amount of heat that is becoming available or retail it's like if you would take every meter square of the area and put a 155 watt bulb on it as to provide the heat that's the level of heat which is being provided by the greenhouse effect on the planet okay another good example that I use is we talk about men are from Mars and women are from Venus or something like that I believe right okay so Mars and Venus we're going to compare because our two nearest neighbors so if you compare you know this is the amount of energy being received by earth per square meter this is the amount being received by Venus this is the amount being received by Mars okay and the temperature on Mars is kind of less it's a little cold on Mars so somebody once said that if there was certain kind of bacteria some bacteria known if you introduce these bacteria on to Mars it will generate enough greenhouse gases that it will warm up in and in 200 years it will become livable for human beings pretty good huh we could actually within 200 years we can actually have Mars become livable in terms of the temperature at least now going by the same thing but you know I'm going to switch the entire you know what do they call it corollary right corollary by corollary however some in some bacteria on the planet okay some bacteria on the planet are generating enough carbon dioxide on the planet that would make the planet unlivable for human beings on earth okay so with that kind of attempt to dramatize that a little bit so that students can actually begin to appreciate that while we're talking about making Mars livable earth the way we know it we're not be livable because of the activity that human beings have okay alright not all greenhouse gases have equal potential for global warming so carbon dioxide if you were to take it as one unit then methane for example is 21 times more potent or 56 times more potent depending on which model you use and what is the fate of that molecule okay molecule will remain in the atmosphere for certain number of certain amount of time so depending on what the model is giving as an input it'll give you different results but clearly different gases depending on which model you're using would have different global warming potential okay so those are some of the things that need to be talked about energy this is the last thing I think you know I have something else over there but last thing that I want to share with you human beings a hundred watt machines so when I was born my mother told me that I was actually born with a label like you have equipment and any equipment will tell you how many watts it is so for example an iron is about 1100 watts mixer could be about 1200 watts okay a bulb a tube light could be 40 watts a CFL lamp nowadays is much lesser but when I was born I was born with the label that said 100 watts so I am ladies and gentlemen a 100 watt machine you should find out you should find out from your mother what was the label on your arm when you were born okay so a 100 watt bulb is one person that means driving a car I don't know how many people that means making a milkshake I know it's about 12 people every time you have a milkshake or you have lassi if you're fond of lassi and you take that mixer and you say in the mixer right so for those 15 20 seconds you have 12 people ladies and gentlemen who are working for you to make good milkshake or good lassi for you okay so it's important for you to be able to look at it from the energy perspective and the footprint that we have as human beings last thing I just want to share with you some of the exercises that I do so some of these things I've already shared with you Bhopal Gas leak is a tragedy it's a movie that I show in my I give as homework actually there's another short film I'll give you access to that at least the link for that there's the Yale report which I'll give you information these two papers I've already posted on Moodle these two I will post on the Moodle then there's a video by Sri Jai Ram Ramesh which I have students see in as a part of the homework and then I asked them some questions on the movie one of them is what are the key issue of environmental protection governance of for India that Sri Jai Ram Ramesh highlighted in his interactive session with IIT Bombay thank you very much I appreciate your patience and I look forward to your partnership we will continue to talk I'll come every day to come and say hello to you and we will be in touch so thank you very much and have a lovely evening good night