 Well my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic is due process of law, a basic requirement. We are living in a state, we are living in a country, we are subject to constitution, we are subject to laws. In other words, we are bound to be governed as per the rule of law of the land. Now question arises, what is due process of law? This phrase is a very important phrase and this is an American concept. This means in accordance with law. Civilization cannot exist without this concept. What is civilization, my dear students? Civilized means to do the work of life in such a way that they like everyone, they call it civilization, that is beneficial for everyone. So what would I like to do? Disturb an arbitrary place? Dispotic attitude? Should I become a monarch? No, I will make sure that due process of law is in everything. In this, two laws play a very vital role, a substantive and a procedural. The substantive law tells us that if someone does this work, then what is the punishment? The procedural law tells us how to make this punishment. So due process of law means such a process that allows law. Naturally, if there is no due process of law in society, then civilization will not exist. And civilization revolves around peace and social justice. This concept focuses that every citizen must be dealt in accordance with law and not on the basis of whims and caprice of the executive authority. Organs of state, team, legislature, executive or judiciary. If you look at the bottom of the slide, there is a reference for case law. In that, it is said that the state functionaries, the executives, will not use their whims and caprice. In fact, they will do all the work due to the process of law. That is, in accordance with law. Dear students, on this slide, you are seeing that a word that is bold or underlined has precedents. It has been mentioned in various precedents that executive authority has to exercise powers in accordance with law. And as per the spirit of the Article 4 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973, and public functionaries should act in accordance with law and not in derogation thereof. This is very clear. Law also talks the same and precedents also talk the same. Now question arises, what is this precedent? My dear students, according to Black's law dictionary, precedent is making of law by a court in recognizing and applying new rules while administering justice. Legislature makes laws. Apart from this, courts also make laws. When laws of legislature are ambiguous and there is an interpretation of law, or there is a situation where a new situation emerges in front of the courts then there is a constitution on which the Justice Sahiban puts the responsibility that they are the custodian of the constitution. And then the gaps in the legislation should be fulfilled by giving ratios, that is, principles through the precedents. There is binding authority in the precedents. It is also called authority. And it enjoys the status of law. Here you are seeing that the binding authority of the precedent is based on the principle of stare decisis. The life of the precedent is stare decisis. It means stand by the things decided. That the principles made by the courts are now bound to follow the principles of society. My dear students, earlier we have discussed that no state will take action that is detrimental to life, liberty, property, etc. In the bottom of this slide, there is a philosopher, Oliver, who says about the process of law that due process of law is a bullet. Whatever disagreement there may be as to the scope of the phrase the due process of law, there can be no doubt that it embraces the fundamental conception of a fair trial with opportunity to be heard. That the person who has an allegation or is accused, has to be treated only under the process of due process of law. Any arbitrary power, despotic power will not be used on that. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much.