 Polyhydroxyalkanotes, PHAs, are biopolymers produced by microorganisms that have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their unique physical and chemical properties. PHA production can be achieved through either pure or mixed cultures, and both approaches offer advantages and disadvantages. The main challenge for PHA production is the high cost of the feedstock, which must be carefully selected and optimized. Additionally, the downstream processing of PHAs requires further optimization to achieve economically viable products. Despite these challenges, PHA production offers great potential as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based materials. This article was authored by Konstantina Korminze, Jerson Placido, Nikolaos Venetsenias, and others.