 Good morning, good afternoon, and good evening to all of you. I'm Dittu Bharadwaj and I'm the Principal Research and the Team Leader with the Climate Change Group at IAED. And I'm welcoming you on behalf of IAED and ICAD, which where we are jointly working under an initiative called All Act, and I'll talk slightly a little bit more about it later on. I am also welcoming you on behalf of UN Climate Change High-Level Champions Group, which has supported us in organizing this event. And just to provide you a quick overview of where we are coming for, especially in terms of the background about how this research took place, as I'm going to share my slide as well, is we have been working on an initiative called All Act, which is Alliance for Locally-Led Transformative Action on Loss and Damage. And this initiative, we are focusing on trying to find practical solutions for loss and damage, where we consider that the most insightful experts on tackling loss and damage are the ones who are already on the front line, trying to manage it, confront it and helping or supporting the recovery from these impacts. But as we do this in partnership with them, we are also trying to uncover how these communities or grassroots NGOs or women's organizations are already helping address some of these impacts of loss and damage, what are the gaps in some of these responses and how those gaps can be bridged by support through social protection program or other development interventions from the government. We are also looking at how they can best be delivered and how they can best be financed so that finance reaches to them not after an event, but before that, so that they can preemptively prepare themselves so that they can make a better cope and recover from them. In our own effort so far, we have tried to unpack some of the both economic as well as non-economic loss and damage, particularly related to the mobility pattern because in our previous research across 12 different geographies, which we conducted in partnership with a lot of local NGOs and local grassroots organizations, we found that forced displacement and distressed migration was something which was common across these geographies and irrespective of different types of climatic impacts that they were suffering. And also, it just didn't, you know, these impacts were not just limited to these displacement and migration. It then led to a series of cascading impacts leading to human rights violation and other health impacts. So what we will be covering in today's webinar is to introduce a toolkit or methodology that we have developed, which we are calling comprehensive climate impact quantification technique or CSIC. And the reason why we came out with this methodology is because in our past work over the last three, four years, we came out with a lot of case studies supported by the local experts. But we also know that some of these case studies, they're like, while they do bring out the issues, but they're not, they're not effective enough to bring about the changes in the policy and programming that we really want. And for that, the policy makers need to understand where exactly these impacts are happening, what's the level of scale of impact, who's getting impacted and so on. So it is important for us to figure out or help them understand what are the range of these impacts, both economic as well as non-economic. So we'll be introducing this methodology to you. We'll also be sharing the finding of a paper where we've tried to quantify the loss and damage being faced by women in an area which is being battling with drought, debt and migration, where we have actually used this toolkit and to share the findings of that. And then finally, we'll move into a panel discussion to understand or unpack the range of practical ways in which these loss and damage that the communities are suffering at the frontline can be addressed. So with that, I'm just going to quickly take you through this methodology. So this methodology has four steps to it. And I'm just going to quickly take you through it because we'll be releasing the complete toolkit as well as tutorials around it towards the first week of April. So please be on the lookout for that. But the four stages that we typically follow in this methodology is to first conduct shared learning dialogues with the community members. And for many of you who may be aware of participatory rural appraisal techniques, we kind of blend those PRA techniques along with shared learning dialogue in order to do like transit work, do seasonal calendars, try to understand that those like who, because we also know that loss and damage is impacts are not straightforward. It is not like the entire community in a village would be suffering the same level of loss and damage that we've seen from our past experience and from the case studies, that the same same climatic impact affects different community groups within an area differently. And therefore it is important to find out who's getting impacted towards scale, and what are the vulnerabilities that make them more that make these risks more profound for them. So that's the first stage which helps us unpack the range of issues but also identify the different vulnerable groups. And after that we move into a process where we start understanding the underlying vulnerabilities of each of those groups in the form of predisposing, precipitating and protective factor. And why this is important because we, you know, when climate is acting as a precipitating factor, to many of those underlying demographic, social, economic factors, it is important to understand how each of those factors impact those different groups differently. And why we also wanted to cover the protective factor because it is the lack of some of these protective factor in the form of social protection program or safety net program that either increases or enhances a community's ability to deal with these impact much more effectively or reduces the ability to withstand those impacts. So, you know, that's why we have combined these three factors together. The third stage of this research was, or this methodology, is to quantify then the range of economic as well as non-economic loss and damage based on index-based valuation. And I'll explain it how we have done this under this study. And then final is the solutions pathway because we need to do this in a participatory manner with all the stakeholders involved, right from the community up to the policymakers level. So the fourth stage is equally important because it's not just good to understand the issues, it's also important to understand the solutions for them so that we can act and find a way in which we, even though some of these loss and damage we keep saying are irreversible, but being irreversible does not mean we don't act on them. We need to be even more proactive in acting on them and trying to address this in whichever way possible. So with that, I'm going to move on to sharing the findings of our research. And my colleague, Mete, is going to paste the link to the complete document in the chat box. So you can look at these findings in more detail there. But the title of our research paper is Women Paying the Cost of Climate Crisis with Their Worms. It seems dramatic, but in fact, if you look at the findings of this research, you will see how women are really battling drought, debt and migration and how it is really impacting them in a life altering ways just because we have not been able to address them at the stage at which it is occurring. And that's leading to a cascading impact or range of other tertiary or second-year tertiary impacts. So the study area which we covered was Dharoor and Ambajogai in the district in Maharashtra in India. And again, I'll just say like we carried out our shared learning dialogue in these two regions. And what it really helped us do is to understand that when we conduct the second and the third stage of our study, we knew that we have to cover two groups of households there because we found that the impact of this climate change was quite different on two different diverse groups within the community. So therefore, we had to cover in our study both migrating as well as non-migrating households. And then we tried to understand the underlying vulnerabilities or the factors that push communities to undertake distressed migration. And for that, we followed again, as I mentioned earlier, a predisposing, precipitating and protective factor approach. And I'm not going to share all the findings, but just some of the key headlines here. So if you look at, you know, some of these predisposing factor around demographic profile, you'll see that the migrating household has many much more higher percentage of illiterate individuals. There's lack of higher education, which means that they'll be, they'll have limited ability to pursue alternate livelihood option when they're natural resource-based livelihood gets impacted by climate change. Now, so you can see the level of illiteracy compared to the national illiteracy average, which is around 30%. But if you compare the non-migrating households, even there, the illiteracy percentage is quite high, but not the same as compared to the migrating households. Similarly, in terms of the access to amenities, again, you'll see that the access of migrant households to some of these basic amenities like pipe to water pit latrines is quite less and open defecation is still quite prevalent in this society. This is important slide because if you'll see here, the migrating households are the ones which have low and majority of them also are landless and their land holding is majority of them have less than one acre of land holding and most of that land is unirrigated compared to the average land holding of non-migrating households, which is 1.45 acres and around one third of their land is has assured irrigation facilities. Again, if you look at the average monthly income, you'll see that the migrating households average income is almost half that of non-migrating households. And this slide again is important because here we're talking about the protective factor and this factor becomes important because when these households are exposed to a climatic crisis, it is access to some of these social safety net which provides them livelihood security, food security or coverage of health and education or even financial safety net in the form of insurance. You'll see, even in the case of non-migrating households, it is not that great, but still it is less compared to that of like in the case of migrating household, it is much less compared to the non-migrating household and their range of other issues as well because this access is available to them only as long as they are in the native village. When they are migrating to the destination sites, then their access to these safety net gets reduced further or virtually none. Now, we have like we've seen the some of the predisposing factor in terms of the access to basic amenities, land holding, the basic average income and so on. And then their access to protective factors. But how does, what is the, how's climate change acting as a stress multiplier? So we looked at the average rainfall over the last 30 years or so and we saw that there's a significant rainfall deficiency in the last 10 years compared to those of the earlier years. So and what we found as, found that the basic, the overall quantity of rainfall was decreasing over the years, but also the frequency and the intensity of these drought impacts had increased in the last 10 years compared to that of the previous 20 years. And what impact does it have on their migration pattern? If you see that the percentage of migrating households 30 years ago was around 5.4 to percent, which has now increased to around 55 or 56 percent. So clearly there's a very strong correlation between the increasing intensity and frequency of drought or rainfall deficit, if we can say, and its impact on the migration, migration profile. But that's not the same in case of, you know, of all the households, as we have seen in the previous slides, there's a sizable population within the villages, which are not migrating. And they're not migrating because of their better predisposing factor because they have better land facility, they have bigger land holding, they have assured irrigation facilities and so on. So that, so that has a bearing on whether they are undertaking distrust migration or not undertaking distrust migration. And then we also try to analyze the reason for migration, which is very clear. If you see the top three reasons for migration is drought, the access to lack of access to safety net, and the lack of education or skills to pursue other likelihood options when they are exposed to climatic crisis. Then, you know, so, you know, we talked about women losing their room to climatic crisis. So how does that really take place? So in this slide, I just try to show what is that cycle of climate migration and then debt bondage that then leads them to pursuing that life altering decision that leads to a hysterectomy in these women. So firstly, if you see that drought and that typically pushes the households to look for alternate livelihood options. And typically at the start of the sugar cane harvesting season, the sugar mills, they approach mukadams. Mukadams are the middlemen or the labor contractor. These labor contractors, when they come to know how much labor they would be needing for sugar cane harvesting, they then go to some of these nearby districts, which are impacted by and quite often they are very water scarce region as well. And then they hire these labor in the form of juries or pairs. So it is typically they are hired as husband-wife pairs where husband is engaged in harvesting the cane, whereas women are women engage in tying them in bundle, carrying them on their head and then loading them in the trucks that then take them to the sugar mills. So once mukadam gives them an advance money, these pairs or juries or husband-wife pairs, they move to the sugar cane field and traveling for about 24-48 hours. They where they stay in in these locations are like really makeshift arrangement with no toilet, no other basic amenities available to them. And many of times they also migrate along with their children. Now you have to understand that the sugar cane industry is like why this penal mechanism that pushes women to undertake his rectum is like the way sugar mill or the sugar industry works is they have to complete this entire operation of sugar cane harvesting to its loading, to its reaching the sugar mill in the minimum possible time so that the water content or the moisture content of the sugar cane is not lost and there is more sugar recovery. But what does it mean is that when women are carrying those and each of those bundles weigh around 40 to 50 kg, as in the amount of weight that these women carry and many a times because of these physical strain, the menstrual cycle of these women get prolonged much beyond like five to seven typical days that women experience menstrual cycle. They get prolonged sometimes to even months long and then they keep losing their blood and many of them suffer anemia. But every time they take toilet break they are penalized or they are fined by makadams and that fine is sometimes four times what they earn in a normal day's work. And each time this fine is imposed on them it means that the advance that they have taken at the beginning of the season that does not get that covered and therefore they are in this perpetual cycle of debt bondage with them. Now so we try to measure what is the loss and damage that these women are typically suffering and for that as I said we are using an index based calculation and for that we've used six quadrants or six elements. One is you know it might appear a bit technical to a lot of you but the way we have explained that in our paper we have tried to be relevant to many of the grassroots NGOs so that they understand some of these factors more effectively. So we have covered tangible, intangible, intrinsic and functional as well as temporal and spatial domains. Now very quickly tangible is something that you can measure or see. Intangible is something that you cannot see or feel but it has a profound impact on an individual or a household or at the at the community level. Intrinsic is something which is inherent and inherent as functional is something which is more practical and impact somebody's or an individual's functioning, a day-to-day functioning and in case of we brought in two additional factors of spatial and temporal because we know that these impact don't just occur at the place where climatic impacts are felt but it also in case of these migrant workers it also occurs at the destination site. We cover temporal dimension because we know that these are not one-time impact but these impact which have happened in the past and they will continue to occur in the future as well. So that's why it was important for us to cover all these six dimensions of climatic impact. Now as I said we have used a lot of index-based valuation so first of all we covered this tangible functional loss and damage index where we covered the loss of crop index, treasury index, water scarcity index and if you see the indicators below them we further broke them down into subindices so that we could then quantify and also monetize some of these impacts because and these impacts cover both economic as well as non-economic loss and damage. Now again I'm not going to take you through all the the valuation but I'm just going to cover some of the headline impacts and some of them for example the crop loss because of the latest drought. Now you will see that this crop loss which is economic loss is more profound in the case of non-migrants compared to migrants because you have to go back to the predisposing factor where we said that the the migrant communities majority of them are landless they don't have land so the economic loss is more profound in the case of non-migrants which who hold land who have land holdings but if you compare that with the number of days of employment loss because of the latest drought you will see that this impact is more profound than the case of migrant workers because they lose their wage employment whether it is in the source village or in and that's why they have pushed to undertake distressed migration. Now if you quantify some of these average number of employment days loss because of the latest drought you will again see that it is quite substantially it's quite substantially high in the case of migrant communities compared to the non-migrant groups. Now we also said that we covered the water drudgery index that is the additional distance that the women and girls have to to walk and I've not covered all the indicators and data here you'll find them in the paper but just look at the amount of the amount of amount of money that these households both migrants and non-migrant groups have to spend on treating illnesses because of which is caused due to water related drudgery. Now this is the the debt so we also cover as I mentioned in the showed in my slides earlier we also covered the debt index and if you can see the group two is the non-migrant group and the group one the the second bar chart is relates to the migrant group and you can see it's like 120 for all these figures are in Indian rupees but if you see it's 124,000 compared to 45,000 which is like three times higher than that of non-migrants and majority like half of that debt is owed to the Mukaddam's or the sugarcane middleman and that's what leads them to debt bondage. Now in detainees again you'll see in the in the drought period compared to non-drought period again is much higher in the case of migrant workers compared to the non-migrant workers so as I said like for each of those tangible and functional so I showed to you I showed the the indexes that we covered initially I've showed some of the data around that and you know in the end of each of those tangible each of those functional those assessments we then calculated or tried to quantify the differential impact of both economic and non-economic loss and damage on both the migrant as well as non-migrant group. Now again you can see here like in the case of group one it is much higher compared to group two even though group two did suffer some of the economic loss and damage so therefore you see a bit of impact there. Again here we have tried to cover the different dimension of economic and non-economic loss and damage in terms of human rights index forced labor index and gynecological problem index. Again you know just for the sake of quantifying we have further broken down them down into sub-indices for example provision of safety equipment forced to undertake harmful and dangerous tasks paid additional wage during day off or deduction of leave of absence but here you'll see that for group two and group one we have done it differently in the case of group one which is the migrant group we have tried to cover it both for the source as well as destination sites. Again human rights violation index again I'm not going to take you through all of them but just see the the kind of human rights violation which occurs for example lack of privacy during bathing stress passed by strangers exposure to insect attack or exposure to heat sun or sexual verbal or physical abuse by employers and so on. Then we we try to unpack some of the gynecological problem indexes so for example prolonged a heavy irregular menstrual bleeding severe menstrual pain and and so on and then we try to quantify so that was quantification and then we try to monetize some of these impacts and you can see like the marked difference between the cost of treating illnesses because of the work environment how like in the case of non migrant group it is like close to 20 and which is several times higher in the case of migrant workers which is around 5000 33. Again we you know overall index if you look at intangible functional loss and damage index it's like 80 compared to that of 15 then another index is around loss and loss of organ index and expense due to organ loss index here again I'm not again going to take you through all the but some of the key factors if you can see the age at which this hysterectomy was performed you can see like close to 35% of these women undertook hysterectomy at the at age less than 30 and around 30% took it undertook those this operation at the age less than 35. Now here it is important to mention that the that the average age at which hysterectomy is performed in India is 42 years and the average percentage of women undertaking hysterectomy is 3.2% so you can like and in the case of our study area this the average percentage of women undertaking hysterectomy was 55% so there's a marked difference in in if you compare that with the with the national averages then the cost of free undertaking hysterectomy again you can see is much much higher in the case of migrant compared to non migrant because majority of the hysterectomy for the for these migrant workers was performed by them in in in private hospitals compared to the government hospital because purely by the fact that they are moving they don't have access to government facilities as compared to the non migrant families then what is the impact of these hysterectomy like women undertake hysterectomy because they think that they undertaking hysterectomy will get them rid of their menstrual cycle and then they'll not be facing the the penalties which is imposed by those mukaddams but what happens as a result is they then start experiencing menopausal symptoms you know you can see some of those women at the age of 25-30 years and and menopausal symptoms is not very simple it is like it changes their hormonal balance they start experiencing joint pain type of symptoms that a 45-50 year old woman who's undertaken hysterectomy or undergoing menopause would experience and they are experiencing it at that age and I'm not like you can see on the slide if you can read them some of them are are like pain, pelvic discomfort, obesity, heart disease, involuntary loss of urine so these impacts are quite profound on them and if you see the and and it's not just that they are also these women are facing a lot of accident during the in the workplace and and because of these accidents they are also have to spend money in treating them and we have just quantified some of the cost of treating those ill the accident injury. Now because of we also try to quantify the productive income loss because of permanent disability because of the accidents during workplace again we here we have made some assumptions which is mentioned in the slide there which is we have assumed that the productive age of a person is 58 years and the physically active or normal person earns around 60 000 rupees per year. Here we have quantified the overall index values you know profoundly high for the migrant compared to non-migrant and this final index is where we are trying to assess the the health effects of hysterectomy and the mental health problem index you can see the the the the the indicators that we have used now amount so it is not just the one-time effect of hysterectomy once they have hysterectomy and if you see some of the case studies we have covered in the paper you will see that you know it then hysterectomy is just the start of their problems they they continue to face joint pain and and the host of other medical problem because of hysterectomy because typically after hysterectomy these women are supposed to take rest for at least one and a half to two months but they go to go back to work straight after the operation which means that they barely get a time to recover and and that then creates medical complications for them later on so i've just we've just quantified the amount of money that they spend on treating the health effects of hysterectomy and the amount of income that they are losing because of these health effect again we have tried to quantify it you can clearly see it's 214 000 compared to around 70 000 that for non-migrants and then what are the mental health problem that it creates it creates and and this is based on what those women explained to us they have a they have a feeling of guilt or worthlessness suicidal thoughts sense of isolation loss of interest in life persistent sadness feeling hopeless so these are the kind of impacts that they explained that they were experiencing because of this and then we also tried to quantify what was the income loss because of these mental health problems for these two groups of families and this is the final index value now overall after we quantified all the different functional tangible intangible and and and other aspects of loss and damage we try to finally quantify all of the economic and non-economic loss and damage on the left you will see the the total loss and damage that is being suffered by the migrant families the income on an average is around 94 000 but the total loss and damage is around 155 000 now if you compare that with the non-economic or non-migrant it is around the income is around 151 000 and they're suffering around 80 000 loss and damage now what this shows is that the non-migrants will never come out of this vicious cycle of migration debt and this human rights violation and and all the non-economic and economic loss and damage being suffered by them now I'll just like and before I hand over to Tom for the panel discussion I just had few points here to mention and and I'll leave you with some thoughts is this research personally was not easy for us we we like me and my colleague if I like Kartikeyan Nagarajan was and and Iradil Gaukar and Arundati all of us we worked in the field for about 10 months and it had a profound impact not on me but on all of my team members because when they came back from the field they felt they were suffering from mental health I was when I was writing this paper I probably cried two three times because I just couldn't reconcile with the fact that so many women and girls young girls age of 14 15 they are getting married off so that they can work as pair and in these sugarcane fields so their their future is almost written at that age and and there is no way they can come out of it we as you know we as research institutions we felt that we have some responsibility towards this and that's why we initially we had thought we'll do this this this research based on case studies and that's when we thought that we can't just let some of these invisible impacts just go being unquantified because if you don't quantify them then policy makers don't understand the impact of these their inaction on on supporting these women and girls and and and therefore there'll be no protective measures for them and many of these impacts occur because you know if you look at India there is MG NRGIS program the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Program which could have provided them wage employment much higher at a much higher rate than what they earned in their sugarcane mills but just because of operational issues just because they couldn't get access to to these programs they they had they were forced to undertake migration and and and it's not just migration i'll just leave you with one of the case studies example we covered the case study of one of the women who said that she had just because the the penal the penalty the penalty for losing every day of wage was so high that within five days of her of her delivering her daughter she had to go back to the field and start working and while she kept the baby on the side because she was feeding the baby a tractor ran over the baby and it was it was not just there she didn't even get one day to mourn over the child and she had to come back to work again so i'll just leave you with this thought because it is many of these issues are not unsurmountable the good news is we have solutions for them but we we and in our paper we have explained how the newly created loss and damage fund board can address many of these issues not just in the case of of these women but many other communities which are suffering similar invisible non-economic loss and damage in a range of context we from our own side we are trying to quantify in a range of context and we will be sharing the details of those by first week of April so please be on the lookout and see our website whether it is loss of biodiversity loss of cultural heritage loss of quality of life and so on but i'll leave you with this thought and i'll pass on to my colleague Dr. Tom Mitchell who is the executive director of IID and he's also a very strong protagonist of looking at practical solutions for loss and damage so you are in good hands going forward with this panel discussion over to you Tom. Ruti thank you so much look i think i've known about this study for several months now and i've equally had very small insights into the toll that has taken on the team but i think i'd like to just echo what you said this is a kind of hugely shocking and a highly complex set of issues and one that does give a particular emotional response i think that's that's clear and you can't help but think you know you've already pointed to many ways that there could be protective measures to help support the women that you've been you've been describing but they're not working so let's make sure we can focus our attention on doing all we can to alleviate these sufferings with very practical solutions that you've highlighted and i think in that sense i want to pay you know huge tribute and respect to the team that you've had working in the field and producing this research which i think will have significant implications and hopefully will lead to a situation where we can support the lives of the women and certainly improve things but we have a wonderful set of panelists today who will be reacting to the research and will be sharing their own thoughts and giving a sense of what their organizations are doing on this topic of climate change and health as well. What i'm not going to do necessarily is spend a lot of time to introduce the panelists separately and we will do that in the chat so if you want to know more details about the biographies of any individual panelists please do go to the chat and we will have a first round of responses to what what panelists have heard from Riti and then we will turn it open to the floor so you have the Q&A function that Georgina highlighted at the start please do gather your questions or insights there and we will do our best to find the time to cover as many of them as possible. So without further ado let me turn to our first panelist Arundhati Patil who has been certainly part of the research and can speak very much to the experience that she had. Arundhati can you share some specific stories or experiences from the woman in Bede that illustrate the direct impact of the drought induced the climate induced drought and debt on their decisions to undergo hysterectomy over to you. Yeah sure thank you very much. Good afternoon esteemed panel members and I would like to extend a special welcome to Ritu Bharadwaj who has presented the study findings that form the backbone of the organization today. Your insights are invaluable as going to get through this complex issue. I represent Manaswini Mahilaprakalpa a women oriented arm of Manoluk a grassroots empowerment organizations. Since 1984 it has been dedicated to combating violence and discrimination against women operating independently to campaign this cause. Now let's dive in and learn about how climate change affects women's health in Bede of Maharashtra. Bede often synonymous with its arid landscape and drought prone terrain. The region stands out as the district that contributes the largest labor force to sugarcane field of Maharashtra as well as Andhra Pradesh. Within the Bede district area like Bede, Dharur, Majalgaw, Vadvani and many hamlets of the Banjara community witness significant migration during each sugarcane harvesting season. Government statistics reveal that more than five lakh individuals migrate from Bede alone for four to six months during the sugarcane harvesting period. Among these migrants women bear the brunt of labor task often engaged in various roles within the industry. Manaswini women's project has been dedicated to addressing the challenges faced by sugarcane laborers particularly women and their children from its inception. In the early 19th the agriculture landscape was much different with migration rate ranging from 10 to 25 percent in villages. Our organization provided vital assistance in the form of well-digging community infrastructure and agriculture resources such as seeds and fertilizers. However, over time we observed a disturbing trend of recurring drought and unpaid rainfall in our region. Significant impacting agriculture productivity with agriculture being the primary source of income and no alternative industrial opportunities available, the livelihood of our communities were severely affected. This reliance on agriculture for substance led to situations where more than 90 percent of rural women depend on agriculture wages. Following the year 2000 the erratic rainfall pattern worsened leading to drought conditions every alternate year further exhumating the challenges faced by our communities. As a result many families found themselves unable to sustain themselves solely through local agriculture and turned to seasonal migration to sugar industries in western Maharashtra and Karnataka. Today a significant portion of families from rain-fed villages ranging from 60 to 80 percent engage in migration to sugarcane fields. The role of women in the migration process is particularly noteworthy in sugarcane cutting a task that requires that involvement of married couple at ground level labor contractor typically from groups comprising 10 to 16 couples entering into year-long contract with advance payment. This shift in lifehood pattern underscores the critical importance of understanding the interconnectedness of environmental factors, economic realities and gender dynamics in shaping the lives of vulnerable communities. Sugarcane cutting is an incredible demanding task. The families of cane cutters often find themselves residing in makeshift accommodations on the sugarcane farm which often minimal infrastructure. These accommodations typically consist of tains or huts constructed from whatever material are available there. Women in these families bear the responsibility of managing household courts with limited resources. In addition to cooking, washing and cleaning they also actively participate in the manual labor of cutting and bundling sugarcane alongside with their partners. This labor intensive work often entails carrying heavy bundles of cane on their head to transport them to the vehicle. Unfortunately, these working conditions take a toll on their health. Many women experience health issues such as heavy bleeding, vaginal infections and body ache due to the strenuous nature of work. Moreover, accidents such as falling from vehicles or snake bites are distressing common occurrence in their daily lives. Tragically, incidents of sexual harassment are prevalent among sugarcane laborers although they are rarely reported or addressed. Having closely worked with these women, I have witnessed firsthand their struggles and heard their cries for help. Regretly, they often find themselves without any assistance or support in their time of need. This work isn't bound by time constraints. They only just ranging from 300 rupees to 364 rupees per ton of sugarcane cut. Consequently, they cannot afford to lose even a single day's work due to health issues. Sadly, they lack access to medical facilities and financial security despite their hard work. Women in particular face the brunt of these challenges earning major wages compared to their efforts. Moreover, contractors typically provide advanced payment into men only, leaving women sugarcane laborers in a precise final position. Faced with such dire circumstances, women contemplate drastic measures as a solution to their financial and health woes. Tragically, many women even consider undergoing hysterectomies to elevate their hardship. It's crucial to recognize that these extreme decisions are often a result of compounded challenges they face, exactly by factors such as drought. Without the pressures induced by drought, such drastic measures would not be necessary. In response to these challenges, our organization takes protective steps to address the plight of migrants. We organize and mobilize these women, empowering them with awareness and knowledge about their rights. Additionally, we provide crucial legal aid service to assist them in navigating through complex legal matters. Recognizing the financial hardship they face, we offer financial assistance to elevate their immediate needs. Furthermore, we engage in policy advocacy efforts to push for systematic change that safeguard the right and well-being of migrant women. Through these multifaceted efforts, we strive to provide comprehensive support to migrant women, empowering them to assert their rights and improve their living conditions by fostering a supportive environment and advocating by systematic change. We aim to mitigate the need for drastic measures such as undergoing hysterectomies. In conclusion, I extend my heartfelt gratitude to IIEG for shedding light on this critical issue and bringing it to the attention to the international community. Your efforts in amplifying the voices of vulnerable women in need are invaluable in driving meaningful changes. Thank you so much, Erin Dutty. Really insightful and also elaborating further on the experiences that you have. Thank you to you too for the partnership that we have. Without you, it wouldn't be possible to gather the insights that we've been able to gather in this research. So, sincere thanks. Let me move on to introduce Madeline Thompson from The Welcome Trust. Madeline, I'm keen to understand from you what I suppose your reaction to this research and the findings that you've heard, but also if you could give us some insights into how you see health research helping to shape the kind of response to loss and damage on the climate change side, that would be fabulous. Over to you, Madeline. Yeah, thank you. I mean, I think like anybody who's been hearing that presentation, I mean it's a devastating report on the condition of women and the impacts of climate and other factors in their lives and how climate change is really played out on the bodies of women is extraordinary and compelling in terms of how our response should focus on the needs of women, particularly vulnerable women in these types of situations. And unfortunately, it's, you know, they're not alone. There are many contexts that you can think about where women are on the frontline of climate change because of these extremely high vulnerabilities. So, but congratulations to Rita and the team for putting together such a clear and not just clearly articulated, but really data informed research because that is needed. And one of the things I don't know if the audience are familiar with welcome, but welcome is is one of the largest global health and medical research foundations are core businesses research. And we have been historically very much a biomedical kind of high end research funder. But a couple of years ago, we had a new strategy that was built. And while we still do discovery research, we were very much behind the response to COVID, etc. We now have a very integrated organization that maintains discovery research, but has three challenge areas. And those challenge areas include mental health, which is an area that has been really poorly invested in over many years. It includes infectious disease, which we have a very strong track record in globally. And it now includes a climate and health program, which has been functioning for the last two years. And the way we support researchers is obviously through funding. We like to see ourselves as more than a funder. We have a large influencing team that can get involved in helping to shape the policy environment, helping to shape the funding environment, etc. But primarily for researchers, we provide resources so that they can go and do the really important research that is needed. And in the climate and health program, one of our earliest funding calls was to look at biological vulnerability to extreme heat in maternal and child health. And drought and heat go together hand in hand, usually the hottest years and the driest years. And again, what we see is that not only is the women's health and heat very poorly researched relative to other areas, I mean, there's a lot of research that's been done for the military. There's a lot of research that have been done for elite athletes, but very little research that has been done that will support women's health issues. So we funded nine research teams to look at the impact of extreme heat on maternal and child health. And then particular things like delayed labor, early preterm birth, etc. Why this is happening and trying to get a better understanding on how those women could be supported going forward. That call is now up and running, but we have another one that's in development that I think relates as well, because you've highlighted not only is this a physical health issue, but it's a really important mental health issue. And we are in the process of developing a call on the impacts of heat on mental health. And this builds on a current engagement with a global dialogue that's been happening over the last year, learning about the experiences of different communities at the interface of climate change and mental health. And again, this presentation I think is very relevant to that. Trying to understand what are the biological but also social and psychological drivers of mental health issues. And then again, what should our response be? So I think first of all, it's an extremely important piece of research that and I the other piece I think I wanted to pick up actually was Ritu's comment on the mental health impact on the researchers themselves. And I think that that is a challenge that we have to take on, you know, in many situations, but particularly around climate change, that there is a significant impact in terms of looking at situations that feel desperate and unsolvable. And the only if you like compensation that we can hope for is that we can be part of the solution that we can drive resources towards those solutions. And by making the impacts of climate change on the health of women in these particular contexts and very much doing that with the communities that support those women and identifying the policy opportunities, that is a way that we can see the value of the work that is being done. It's not research for research sake, it's actually research to change what is going on. And I think I'll stop there. Thank you. Madeline, thank you. And equally, a big thanks to you and the Wellcome Trust for I think for being courageous in supporting bodies of work and research that haven't been looked at so much before. I know that that takes time, effort and influence and so on, but hugely valuable to be able to look at these under researched areas and great to have you with us. Thank you. Let me just also now turn to Jasmine Connor from Anti-Slavery International. Jasmine, great to have you with us too. And my question for you, I suppose similar to that of Madeline, you of course work on the intersection of modern slavery and climate change and migration and so on. I think we hear in this particular case example in some ways a perfect storm of a whole bunch of really tough factors coming together and having an impact on women. How do you see the kind of policy response of being able to tackle such tricky situations where you've got all of these factors weaving together? Firstly, thanks very much for inviting me. And you know, secondly, I concur with everyone's comments that this is the most shocking, egregious example of oppression, you know, multiple oppressions, you know, slavery, climate change, the sort of challenge of forced unplanned migration playing out on women's bodies. I just kind of want to take a moment to just acknowledge the courageous research that IED have done and to acknowledge the humanity in the lives that are behind that, behind those big pictures each and every individual woman and women kind and all sorts of organizations that are working on women's rights need to be understanding this and listening to this because I don't think the policy solution can be one or two organizations. It's going to need anti-slavery activists, it's going to need feminist activists, it's going to need climate change activists, it's going to need everyone to come together to find the kind of solutions that we need. So I hope that this goes far and wide right across civil society and into the hearts of governments. I think in terms of the policy solutions, I think the first thing I would probably say is that the policy solutions when it comes to slavery are woefully inadequate. And so you're sort of starting this from a very much a back foot. And when you take India as an example, 11 million people in India are already in some form of modern slavery. And globally, women account for over half of those in modern slavery already. So out of the sort of 50 million in slavery globally, around 26 million are women. And that actually includes forced marriage. And I think it's really important to again, on sort of day before International Women's Day, to just state how those intersecting types of slavery play out on women across the world. And I think the other bit to add in there is that migrants are three times more likely to find themselves enforced labor. So I think putting all of that there, I think there's got to be a recognition that as we are bringing together and looking at the right kind of solutions to protect people from slavery, that needs to be layered into the right solutions to protect people in the context of climate change, which is effectively having a multiplier effect on existing vulnerabilities. And so from our perspective on slavery, that that's what we're very much focused on. I think the point that I will make on that is that one of the other significant drivers of slavery that we need to consider is that really globally, it's disenfranchised groups that are the most vulnerable. That is the one common factor. And obviously, when you look at women, that breaks down into women and all those intersectionalities, whether it's caste, whether it's class, whether it's education, whether it's migrant status. And so you put all of that together and it becomes very, very challenging. I think when we are therefore looking at the sort of protective factors, we need to recognise that actually, as it is at the moment, according to Walk Free, only three countries have got social protectants that are considered enough to address modern slavery. And so we need to be working and looking at that in a really tailored and targeted way because it's not happening within the context of social protection already. Those social protections aren't geared up to protect those that are vulnerable to modern slavery. I think the other thing is to recognise that there needs to be a package of solutions. We can't talk about this work without asking ourselves why the sort of sugarcane production and whatever other factories, whatever other agricultural sectors around the world aren't set up in a way that is preventing forced labour in the first place. Because when you then put migration on to that and drive up vulnerability, forced labour becomes inevitable. And so I do think that this has to go hand in hand in terms of ensuring that forced labour is addressed as people are on the move. It's got to be addressed writ large. And I think adding into that understanding that those guarantees for people on the move need to include the legal guarantees. Because I think when you layer in migrant status and discrimination of migrants and migrants being able to access decent work, very often the sort of irregular migrant status creates a barrier to access. So I mean, there's a sort of some initial thoughts, but over and above all of this, I would say that the only way we're going to get the right solutions is to have the right people consulted. And I think the fundamental challenge is that those that are most vulnerable are already disenfranchised and do not have a seat at the table. I'm not able to often have their voices heard. And I think that's critically important. And then all of this, of course, has to feed into national adaptation plans. It's got to feed into nationally determined contributions. And we need to be focusing on it in the context of COP, in the context of putting these powerful drivers and multiplying impacts of climate change together with what is already a crisis point in terms of 50 million people globally in slavery and recognising that if we do not do that, we are looking at quite a challenging future. But there are solutions. There are good practices and we can hold governments and we can hold employers as well to account for ensuring that these these these issues do not reach the sorts of horrific continuation of the horrific levels that they're already at. Thank you. Jasmine, thank you very much for your kind of thoughtful reflections and couldn't agree more than that. There's a lot of things that we can be doing, but we've also got the impacts of climate change continuing to escalate that adds adds fuel to the fire further. So we need to kind of double those efforts, too. But in some ways, there's a fabulous segue to our next panelist as well, because you mentioned the importance of legal protections and looking at the role of the justice system and so on, including at an international scale for dealing with the impacts of climate change. And we've got Stefan Raubenheimer, a human rights lawyer who's been turning an increasing focus to using legal measures and the justice system to tackle the impacts of climate change. And I wonder, Steph, whether you could equally give your reaction to what you've heard, but also help us understand what role legal tools and the justice system might be able to help us with here in terms of coming up with some of the solutions or or or, you know, equally giving out some of the penalties that need to be given out in reference to the damages that have been caused. Over to you, Steph, thanks to other panelists for being with us. Thank you, Tom. Thank you, Ritu. And thank you, Arindati, for what is I think probably one of the most extraordinary pieces of research that I've heard in recent times and also, of course, one of the most heart-ranging pieces of research. But you're asking me to put the the cold hat of the lawyer on and and look into this phenomenon that you have uncovered with such rigor, by the way, that and ask the question, can the law help with redress? And if so, in what way? And let me also just quickly say, of course, that I'm no expert in the domestic law of the country we're dealing with. And I'm not giving legal advice here, but I'm speculating as to what we could do on a practical level, if the law could be useful. Of course, perhaps a good way to start is to say, when these kinds of things happen, the law really asks what is the most proximate cause of the damage that has been done in this case to women. And in this case, it is damage that is both able to be translated into money and damage, which is more of the psychological and non-financial kind. And in that regard, you know, we have a long international tradition of class actions. I did some class actions myself as a young lawyer in South Africa, where groups of women were disadvantaged terribly, in one case, by police burning down their houses and complete loss of their effects. And there we were able to bring thousands of women to court and to claim back those losses from the Minister of Police because of the proximate cause. Now, in this particular case, it strikes me that the most proximate cause are the owners and employers of the industry that hires them under these terms and conditions without accepting any regulation, which you would expect in a civilized country in respect of women who have certain disadvantages. They are the child bearers, they need more time or whatever you'd like to say, there is a need for women to work under a slightly or more extensively different set of rights and obligations as men do. And this seems to be completely not the case here. This has been pointed out by Jasmine slavery quite simply. There are no rules, you have to work at a terrible pace and if you don't do what you're supposed to be doing, you pay and you fall into debt and so the cycle gets worse and worse. So the next proximate cause is whether one could take that industry to court. And of course, here there are possibilities, but I'm no domestic law expert. And certainly I would think that the vast proportion of the loss suffered by these women is more directly attributable to that industry. And that industry is probably part of a very large sugar value chain in the world. So in the same way that we sometimes take supermarkets in France to court for trees that are chopped down in the Amazon, we can consider doing the same. So there are multiple opportunities along that value chain for, if not redress, at least legal pressure on the first most proximate cause of this damage. The second most proximate cause is of course the fact that the government does not regulate this industry. In South Africa, my country, at least there is the basic conditions of employment act. And we would see, if we did see something of this extent and impact, that it would be swarmed over by lawyers who would make use of legislation to at least stop or deal with the failure by government to step in and make sure that the basic social and human rights of women in this particular case are protected. And this is a constitutional regulatory concern that one should do some research to match your extraordinary research and see whether that is a step that can be taken. I'm being asked then to look at the third most proximate cause and that is the exacerbator, the accelerator which in this case is drought. And in that regard, so this is now the climate element, I'd say that we should explore two avenues, the one being the avenue of litigation and law and the other one being what I would call a development finance policy avenue which has a legal element to it. Let me just deal with the first. We've done quite a lot of research into whether people or classes of people who are suffering as a result of a climate impact can take their losses to a court for redress. I want to preface by saying this is an extraordinarily complex area, a very new area of law, an area of law that needs a lot more work and a lot more understanding. To give you an idea, there is one case in the whole world at the moment where an individual is taking in this case his loss to a court in another country against a company in that other country. So this is a Peruvian taking a case in Germany against a German utility for a nominal amount of money, $15,000 for a loss and he is trying to show that the act of that German company amongst all the emitters in the world is contributing to this glacial melt and the threat to his income in the little Peruvian village in Andes. One would have to do the same thing here. You would have to take this class of people with the research that Ritu and her team have done, the quantum of loss and you would have to go across the border and into the right court in the right country and with the right collection of defendants attempt to achieve your loss through a litigation case. However, and I won't be long Ritu and Tom, this is extremely difficult. We did this very recently for in the suburb of Quasula Natal in South Africa. There was a big storm event and the loss was $300 million rands rather to communities who lost houses and all sorts of things. Did the work to see what that quantum was, but then we needed to find out who to take to court and remember we are then looking at all the emitters in the world. And we also had to look at whether climate change that is human induced anthropogenic climate change was a very large part of the signal that gave rise to that weather event. So in this particular case, how much is climate change a signal to the increase in the drought? Now it's likely that it's a very big signal. Unfortunately, in the Durban case, it was a very small signal, only 14%. So you can imagine if I lost $1,000 in Durban and I took all the emitters in the world to court, I would only get $140 back. And taking all the emitters in the world to court is impossible. So I would take only say 10 of the largest companies and only 50% of the world's emissions. And then I would only get half of 14%. And so it was abandoned as a case. And we must be very realistic. Even in cases like this, and I asked the question in the chat, how many women are affected by this? Is it hundreds of thousands? I don't know. But we must be realistic about the difficulties of cases of that nature. Another approach that I thought, and this is my last comment, Tom, that might be of interest if the legal route related to climate change now not related to the rights-based domestic approach, if the legal route is complex and compromised by numbers and money and so on, is there not a route through international law, through the International Court of Justice, to put pressure on the fund that is currently in negotiation to deal with this kind of case and also to put pressure on the whole development finance system. Because after all, we are talking about one of the advanced economies in the developing world that should be doing much better at this than it is clearly doing. And the cost of that regulation, the cost of the technologies of growing something better than sugarcane in an increasing drought, the transformation of that agrarian system is something that could be driven by development finance that is specifically geared towards an adaptation of this social condition that is after all so horrible to see. So these are four routes that we could consider taking with all with merits and demerits, pros and cons, and certainly worth researching and exploring in greater detail. I hope that's helpful. Thank you, Tom. Thank you very much, Steph. I think you've certainly helped to elaborate to us all the challenges of using legal routes to recourse, particularly on the climate change, trigger aspects, and I fully appreciate the complexities there. I suppose I'm tempted to kind of react to several things that people have said. I won't in the interest of time, and I'm very conscious that we're coming towards the end of the session and we still have panelists to go. Last and not least, Marcia, it's delighted to have you join us. And I'm really interested then from you are engaging in international debates and sessions and negotiations all around the world. I just wonder from your perspective and from the climate champions perspective, how do you see research like this influencing the kind of evolution of the way our global response to loss and damage is shaping up? Thank you very much, Tom. And also, Ritu Erunati, a researcher's team, and still fellows, panelists for this critical discussion and invitation. First, I do want to share as well how strongly it struck me to understand the connections, the compound challenges that such research helps to clarify and elevate. And as well, the critical, let's say, need that we have to elevate the reality of the migrant rural women's suffering, the physical and mental health. So I agree from the beginning that with the previous panelist, the intersectionality and systemic changes that this research is exposing. Maybe to share the work of the climate champions in regards of the climate action agenda that they are driving, allow me to explain briefly who are, you know, what is the mandate of the UN high level champions, who are they and how do they operate and we support them. So to accelerate the delivery of the Paris Agreement and connect the work of governments with the many voluntary and collaborative actions of non-state actors, non-state actors being cities, regions, businesses, financiers, civil society organization, local communities, including women, indigenous groups, et cetera. The nations decide to appoint two high level champions. And this year, we have Rasana Mubarak and Negar Apartharai for COP28 and COP29. So the climate champions recognize there are urgencies in regards of their responses that we need to have as in their agenda of catalyzing non-state actors, no? The more climate change intensifies, the wider the gender gap grows. We recognize the vulnerability, the urgent need to enhance capacities, respond to increase the resilience of women. Recently, COP28, there were processes as well to elevate the voices of women in the climate action and gender responded to just transition, for example. We are recognizing the need to improve the data to better understand the context, the interconnections, ways to unlock finance, accessibility of the finance, but also as well to create decent work opportunities. So topics of the research comes, especially in that sense, critical to the work that the climate champions are prioritizing. And there are three ways how climate champions and the work of the team and the mobilization of the partners and networks are contributing to help elevate the vulnerabilities and needs of women, while advancing solution agendas. First, women are at the heart of the global climate action that the high level champions strive in regards of the interlinks of nature and climate action or just transitions, adaptation and resilience and the opportunities to have a people-centered focus with enhancing lives and livelihoods, but as well, equitable finance and the work on elevating the solutions that non-ced actors are advancing in regards of loss and damage to inform broader policy opportunities and also ambition from the side of the governments. In regards of adaptation and resilience, the work is cross cutting in the global climate action and it's accelerated mostly by the campaign, race to resilience campaign, with aims to increase the resilience of 4 billion people, which are the most vulnerable by 2030. And through that collective action, collective voluntary leadership of non-state actors, working in about 164 countries, targeting the most vulnerable regions of those countries, already there is at least 62% of the partners prioritizing the work with women and girls as key stakeholders. But it's not only about the size of their scope and the solutions being advanced, it's as well the quality of resilience and identifying that it is critical how different effects of climate change might require different responses, but in regards of equity. So we want to see as well the type of quality of that increasing resilience in regards of equity, preparedness and planning or learning and empowering, but as well agency, co-creation and access to assets or information and technology. And on the other hand, there is the Sharma-Shake adaptation agenda with a set of solutions really tackling opportunities for addressing systemic changes and the transformation needs. I think the previous panelist expressed very well the need for addressing solutions, the need to understand the systemic considerations. And yes, I would say we required a multiple set of actions, some that are transformative that would allow to tackle those systemic roots, and others, especially in regards of the opportunities of the actions that are already being advanced to respond to losses and damage. Some of them with the flexibility, the creativity and the opportunity to allow groups, especially the most fragile migrant or the informal sector ones, that can have access to those finance. It is not sufficient to have small, let's say small scale advances. We need massive advancements, massive opportunities of those access to finance and solutions to be deployed. So on one side, the campaign on race to resilience bringing in people centered on the other agenda for system transformation and acceleration of adaptation action. But as well, critical is because loss and damage is happening now and the loss and damage fund is taking a really critical process to be operationalized is how do we elevate, bring forward those solutions by non-selectors, cities engaging on loss and damage responses, businesses, also humanitarian sector and other actors responding to the immediate challenges that are already facing these groups. So overall, the role of climate action agenda is to elevate the urgency, help understand the challenges, identify the complexity, the differentiation, especially in regards of women and address it from a system perspective, because it's critical that we can help elevate the voices and amplify the challenges that are being faced so that we can better also catalyze and help bring the collaboration among the different actors to resolve them and inform how governments in their process for a really critical, I would say, window of opportunity we have with the global resilient framework, the enhancements of the NDCs in regards of adaptation and resilience, and as well, the emphasis on lives and livelihoods that needs to be more detailed and enhanced on those processes aligned with the NAP. We have a window of opportunity this and next year to bring and inform how these customized local bottom up following locally led principles are needed and can be accelerated because there are solutions that help because there are approaches and we better understand the situation and the urgency that exists. So in that sense, by tackling climate change with a gender lens, we can address women's rights, promote greater gender equality across critical policy processes and enhance opportunities as well to tackle the urgency that is needed. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for your intervention and also the partnership with you in organizing this session. I'm very much appreciated. We've really been extremely pushed for time with what I know have been such a rich set of contributions from panelists and from the presentation from Ritu. So I'm sincere apologies for not being able to have the time to go through our questions and answers live in the session. But I do know that many colleagues around the table have been urgently answering questions with text responses. So you will have those. And we will also do to have an additional contributor today, Ian Fry. Unfortunately, he's not been able to be with us today. We will we have a video from Ian that we will include in the response to the emails that you use to sign up to this session. So there will be an additional rich response for you to review after the session. And I just want to take a moment to thank all of our panelists in the generosity of time to be with us today for the session, but also, of course, to all of the research team as well, who've put in such time and effort and the toll that it's taken on them to come up with what's a hugely valuable study. I think just before we close, I'd love to pass back to Ritu to, I suppose, give a call to action in terms of what everybody who's joined us today can do next to help with addressing some of the the the significant impacts that have been highlighted here. Ritu, back to you. Thanks, Tom. I have like I can request Mete to please post the link to the loss and damage research observatory website. As I mentioned earlier, we work very closely with the local NGOs, local grounded research organizations, local think tanks. And as you know, even though the way we presented, it might appear that this methodology is quite complex, but we've made sure that it is as simple as possible. It can be replicated in a range of contexts, not just in the case of India's beach area region. But when we conducted this, you conducted this research, we were doing it with a view that can we use this methodology in a range of context, and we will be coming out with that toolkit so that can be used in other countries in other contexts, whether it's to quantify biodiversity laws, loss of quality of life, migration, health, and so on. But Tom asked me to give a call of action. And what we would really urge you to do is to support us in the loss and damage research observatory. In that research observatory, we want all the practitioners, especially from the global south to come together. We want that website to emerge as a repository of all the research in the space. And for that, we will urge you to come and post your blogs, your research papers. This research observatory is not being managed by IID or ICAD, per se, but we want to create a research steering group which would be governed by the actors from the global south. And we would be creating a research steering group of about 12 members, which essentially would be comprising of the researchers or the universities from the global south. The idea is to have more peer-to-peer learning, but please be on the lookout on that website. We will also be launching the Salimullah Scholarship where we would be supporting about 25 researchers or organizations from the global south to conduct these detailed research, quantifying both economic and non-economic loss and damage, supported by mentors, and making sure that we get these evidence not just to influence the national policy and practices, but also international discourse. And Tom, I'll just request you in the end to come for one minute, at least to talk about IPCC and how we are supporting research from the global south to come and influence more of the global discourse. Yeah, many thanks, Ritu. And so in addition to engaging with the loss and damage research observatory, IID now has the privilege of hosting the chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Professor Jim Ski, and particularly we are working to support Jim on making sure that the biggest variety of research and insights and learning from really diverse communities around the world does inform the global policy response through the IPCC. That means that we need to be on the front foot with making sure that we can build studies like this one and many others around the world to a level that we can then include within the IPCC report. So we'll be focusing on that in this upcoming IPCC cycle, particularly related to loss and damage research and adaptation research. So there's an added bonus we hope of being able to have research featured through the loss and damage observatory is that we will be looking to do our very best to make sure that that can be turned into material that influences the IPCC reports. And so with that, thank you very much everybody. Really appreciate the time today. Thank you again to everybody who's contributed and all for all the great questions. And please do amplify the findings of this research through social media and we would love to engage with you further. So please don't hesitate to get in touch.