 Conversations with Tyler is produced by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University, bridging the gap between academic ideas and real world problems. Learn more at mercatus.org. For a full transcript of every conversation, enhanced with helpful links, visit conversationswithtyler.com. Hello everyone and welcome back to Conversations with Tyler. Today I'm talking with Marilyn Robinson, one of America's best and best known writers. She is also a non-fiction essayist and now she has a new book out called Reading Genesis by Marilyn Robinson, which I recommend highly. Marilyn, welcome. Thank you very much. Why is betraying a brother such a prominent theme in the Hebrew Bible? Well I think it's sort of a small model of the fences against ourselves as human beings that happen at every scale. And it seems in the Hebrew Bible the older brother typically does worse or is somehow dethroned or put down. Why is that? What is that telling us? I think that there's no necessity, no causality in the way that things work among human beings, that God is free to choose the younger brother. The conventions of human society, primogeniture and so on, are not salient in terms of God's intentions. So in your Calvinist view, is it elevating predestination over human institutions and human choices? I don't think, I mean, poor old Calvin always comes up, you know, but I don't think that there's any theologian who ever walked the earth who didn't say that David was chosen over his brothers because it was the intention of God, you know. I mean, a great deal of determinists, the language is poor, but God's choices are reflected continuously in the Bible. And if that's seen as predestination, it seems to me that that isolates it from the text in a way that's not appropriate. Do you think there's room in Catholic theology or even Armenian theology for human free choice to be the reason why these different events are happening, say in Genesis or the Hebrew Bible? That predestination is a bit less general than you're making it out to be in Christian thought or what's your view? It's pretty general in Christian thought. Thomas Aquinas believed in it, for example, wrote about it, you know, in Summa country, in Tulli's and also in the Summa Theologiae. You know, I mean, it's very difficult to conceive of an omnipotent God who is relatively powerless in the way that our conception of freedom would imply. I argue in the book consistently that God does actually restrain himself from, you know, intruding too far on our own nature at the same time that what he intends works his way through our nature. You write in your book and I quote, the great figures of scripture are not at all Homeric, unquote. What did you mean by that? In a Homeric character, well, they tend to be demigods, one thing, their nature is complicated by the influence of a divine parent. And so they're kind of, you know, superhuman in a sense. In the Bible, there is no intention to make anyone exceed his humanity. That God is always working through people that are recognizably fallible, limited human beings, that part of the reason I think that we have so often God choosing almost at random among people is to make the point he's acting through them rather than they're acting out of their some singular quality of their own person. So that would be true, say for the elevation of Moses, who at first is a sort of a stumbling bumbling figure, a stutterer, not very confident, but God elevates Moses. And Moses says, you know, I'm really not the person who should be doing this. You know, God says, well, you know, your brother will be your mouse, etc. He does not allow the absence of what appear to be a heroic qualities in Moses to be disqualifying of Moses. How has the book of Genesis influenced your fiction writing? You know, I think it has actually influenced Western literature, English language literature, to a point where it's very difficult to say where the influence begins. You know, I think that there's nothing in ancient literature that approaches it in terms of characterization, and there's very little in modern, you know, literature that also would approach it from that point of view, you know, these people who are rather obscure figures in the human world and overlapping generations of herdsmen, you know, they're incredibly strongly differentiated and characterized. And I think that that's something that has been an influence on all Western literature. How much do you feel that we moderns should feel free to do a kind of pick and choose from Genesis or from the Old Testament more generally? So you write quite a bit about themes of grace and reconciliation in Genesis, and they clearly are there, say, in the Joseph story. But if you look at, say, God destroying almost the entire world through the flood, or you look at some of the battles fought in Deuteronomy, it doesn't seem to be grace at all. Well, you know, that certainly is a problem. I mean, the Bible very directly confronts the horrible aspects of human history and human behavior. That's true. It would be meaningless if it didn't because those things are so enormously important in human life and history. The fact that it doesn't give us an easy way to understand these things does not mean that they're not germane to its subject, you know, which is the nature of human being and the nature of God. The picking and choosing is certainly, certainly characteristic of the response that people have made to Genesis and to the Bible altogether. I think that if I could simply change emphasis and show that there are other ways in which things are to be understood and that there are words like vengeance and jealousy and so on that are bad translations and distort the reading of the text. I mean, I consider the Bible to be the most complex document on the planet, you know, the fact that its difficulties are not resolvable by me in every case or in a case. Perhaps I don't think is a criticism of the Bible. I once knew a Calvinist. His name was John Robbins, and he was what I call a bite the bullet Calvinist. So he thought the Bible was divine revelation. It was above human judgment. You simply had to latch on to whatever was in there and couldn't really very much use your interpretive faculties to override it. What's the view that you hold that leads you to differ from from John Robbins? Well, you know, that's I mean, read Calvin. You know, I mean, every these people are called themselves Calvinists. There's no no great likelihood that they will have read the the institutes or anything else that he wrote. You know, the need of interpretation taking into account what appears to be the overriding meaning of the text is what Calvin did. You know, I mean, he's a his whole career was an explication of the Bible by his lights using his Latin and his Hebrew and so on. He says, you know, we've read this wrong for a thousand years and and it will take us a thousand years to get it anywhere near right. You know, so he does not believe in an absolutely straightforward reading of the text. He believes very much in an interpretation that reconciles the text to the best understanding we feel we have about the nature of God. You're right in your book. And again, I quote Tuva Frayne to put aside power is Godlike unquote. What did you mean? Simply that, I mean, the ability to assert to the extent that one can control over another person is a suspect act in itself. You know, the way that we have been human, despite transgressions and all the rest of it, the way that that God has loved human beings in their humanity, in order to allow this to happen, we have to assume that God did not assert himself in a way that disallowed our nature. As a Calvinist, who would not in general dismiss the Old Testament, what do you make of a book such as Leviticus? It's highly legalistic, highly ritualistic. Some Christians read Leviticus and become a kind of split Christian Jew, almost other Christians, more or less dismiss the book. How does it fit into your worldview? I think that when you read like Herodotus, you know, where he describes these little civilizations that are scattered over his world, you know, he describes them as, you know, in terms of what they eat or prohibit or, you know, they paint themselves red or they shave half their head or they, you know, if there are all these kinds of very, very arbitrary distinctions that people make in order to identify with one client over against another, you know, at the point of Leviticus, which, of course, is an accumulation of many texts over a very long time, no doubt, but nevertheless, to think of it as being Moses, he is trying to create a defined distinctive human community and by making arbitrary distinctions between people so that you're not simply replicating notions of, you know, what is available or feasible or whatever, but actually asking them to to adopt, you know, prohibitions of food. That's a very common kind of distinguishing thing in Herodotus and in contemporary life, so that the arbitrariness of the laws is not a fault. It is a way of establishing identification of one group as separate from other groups. So you read it as a narrative of how human communities are created, but you still would take a reading of, say, Sermon on the Mount, that the mosaic law has been lifted or it's still in place? Oh, it's not still in place. I wouldn't. I mean, we've been given other means by which to, you know, create identity. Moses was doing something distinctive in a certain period of the evolution of of Israel as a people, you know, he didn't want them to be Egyptians. He didn't want them to to subscribe to the prevailing culture, which was idolatrous. And, you know, he's doing kind of like Plato in the Republic. He's saying this is this is how we develop the idea of a community. And this is what the, you know, of having said that, then there are certain other things like thou shalt not kill or whatever that become characterizing laws. Jesus very often says, you know, when someone says to him, how can I be saved? He says, you know, the commandments, you know, I mean, it's not as if God is an alien figure from the point of view of Christ, whom we take to be his son. Ritual sacrifice plays a major role in the Bible, as you mentioned in your book, including in Genesis. Is that a human universal? And it's still with us in some form, as Rene Girard might suggest. Or have we simply transcended the need for all this ritual sacrifice? I mean, in the books of Moses, he has adapted ritual sacrifice so that it's clearly a feast. You know, I mean, that's it's a sacrificial animal of a kind that they eat customarily, you know, and whenever these sacrifices are called for as ritual, they invite the widow, the orphan, the Levite, et cetera, these people who are assumed to be without resources. You know, I think that this is true also in Homer, that they give bones to the gods and eat the meat as a community. This is probably a huge public health measure for one thing, simply making sure that everyone within a group is nourished, you know, every once in a while. The idea of sacrificing the animal, I don't know. I think it always depends on whether or not the animal becomes, you know, the Thanksgiving turkey or not. I think that that varies from one group to another. But among the the Israelites, I think it was a feast, basically. The negative side of the sacrifice that you do away with something to achieve a kind of ritual cleansing of violent impulses so they don't turn more violent. That's not part of ritual sacrifice in the Bible. Is that element of ritual sacrifice still with us? I find ourselves very puzzling, frankly. I mean, I don't think that we have. I think that what has happened in our civilization as opposed to civilizations that have come before is that we have the appearance of a relative absence of violence by by historical standards. And then in reserve, in potential, we have a fantastic capacity for violence that would exceed anything that the world has ever seen before. Maybe if we had some way of releasing releasing this, you know, by littles rather than than making more missiles and, you know, more bombs, maybe would be healthier for us, ultimately. What's the role of the Antichrist in your theology? It's mentioned in Daniel. It's in the book of Revelation, but a lot of the Bible, it's just not there. Well, you know, I tend to think there's the Antichrist is probably an array of bad human actors and behaviors rather than being a single figure, as some people think that it is. You know, it seems to me that, for example, in the book of Revelation, what you have is this kind of cyclical pattern of history in which these Antichrist figures appear and kind of work themselves through an epic of history. And then it goes on to another epic of history. I mean, it seems to me as if you don't have to look far to see things that are very, very much opposed to Christ very directly, whether they acknowledge this or not. Typically, they do not acknowledge it. So I don't think that Antichrist is necessarily an unusable term. Well, I think that it is a term that should require scrutiny on the part of people who use it, certainly. So for you, it comes in cyclical form and it's a kind of matrix rather than say, I was singling out the Pope or singling out Hitler or some person yet to come. Is that fair to say? Right. Yeah. Well, you know, you look at history. There are a lot of terrifying people in history, you know. It's not just Hitler. For how many years did you teach literature at University of Iowa and other places? Iowa, about 25 years, and then I did lectureships or or brief appointments in other places. How hard was it to teach literature to groups of students who, I assume, very often were not familiar with the Bible? How was that for you? You know, that's an interesting and interesting question. Sometimes if you ask the right question, you find out that there are people in that room that know a lot more about the Bible than you would ever expect them to. You know, a lot of people tend to be rather private about their upbringing, perhaps, you know, and then, you know, often it turns out that they were brought up in a religious context. Many, many people are, you know. There is a really a sad phenomenon of Christianity having become identified with what are seen as very ungenerous positions and values. And so people are very reluctant to be identified with religion because they're afraid that they're also then identified with a kind of politics that they have no respect for. Where in the world have the students most surprised you in this regard with what they knew about the Bible or how they understood it? I think that, you know, there's a spontaneous generosity in younger people, you know, they admire Jesus. I think this is actually a more widespread feeling than actual adherence to Christianity or acknowledged adherence to it. The imposter generosity, I think, insofar as it's celebrated in the Bible is the thing that attracts them. Now, you've also been a preacher for many years. Is that correct in church? No, no. There was a time when the minister was often called away and I would preach, and this must have happened three or four times. And my whole reputation as a preacher have come from those three or four times. I'm actually very anxious about being in a pulpit, I feel like an imposter. And so I don't seek out that opportunity. What did you learn from those three or four times preaching? That I had more to say than the 20 minutes of approves. The preaching could accommodate this. And also perhaps that people in churches have a kind of internal 20 minute timer and begin to notice when you're talking longer than they would have expected. Do you have a view on Bible translations? So it seems to me there's a new generation of translators. There's a John Tabor translation of Genesis just out. There's Sarah Rudin doing the Gospels. And the view there seems to be the earlier translations. They don't sound rough enough or authentic enough. They're all a bit smoothed over. What translation or translations do you prefer? Well, I like the revised standard version, but that seems to be a little bit difficult to acquire at the moment. I don't know why. It's just the classic, you know, American Protestant Bible, you know, in its latest form. I have problems with the later Bible simply in the sense that they preserve words like jealousy and so on that reflect very badly as they are understood in modern English on God, you know? The Jewish Publication Society doesn't use the word jealous. They use the word passionate, you know? Which sounds to me like a vastly less injurious term. I mean, I think that likewise vengeance, it's a very bad translation of what meant judgment implying that one could be vindicated as well as condemned, you know? I haven't seen these terms criticized except with the one exception of the word jealous. And I think that they are carried over because they sound biblical, you know? People have been saying them since they were appropriate translations, but they aren't anymore. And if anything, but anything's gonna be changed, that kind of thing should be changed. You did your PhD on Shakespeare, correct? Yes. Do you think Shakespeare was a Catholic? No. Do you think he believed in the Trinity even? I wouldn't go into detail like that. The question of being Catholic or Protestant in Shakespeare's time was more a political question than a theological one, I think, you know? The denomination in appropriate word, but the church as it were that somebody in Shakespeare's period would be reacting against would have been the Anglican church, not the Catholic church, because the Catholic church had been effectively expelled from England for a long time, you know? I mean, since Henry VIII, on the scale between having the king as the head of the church, the Anglican model, and the kind of Protestantisms that were flourishing and that were publishing and that were preaching and all the rest of it, popular religion of the period, I think that's where Shakespeare would be found. Do you think his late play, A Winter's Tale, makes sense? It's often called a problem play. Is there a problem in the structure of the set up, the resolution, or do you feel you understand it? I don't know, I don't know if I understand it. I love the late plays, I love the problem. You know, I love the... He becomes very, very fascinated with grace and reconciliation in his late plays. In the Winter's Tale, of course, it's the reconciliation between the king and his statuished wife. The play makes you realize what has been lost, what has been harmed, what has been, you know, at the same time that it does also a reconciliation and embrace, you know, an undoing, a forgiving. The same thing happens in Symboline, you know? Same thing happens in, you know, the play with Prospero in it. I'm forgetting. Tempest sure, yeah. Yeah, Tempest, yes. Do you think there are hints in A Winter's Tale that the queen actually was unfaithful to the king? Or he just completely is imagining it? I think he's imagining it, yes. I mean, you know, where else you go, but it's very like a thalo in that regard. I think that these women are to be understood as actually, you know, honest, virtuous people. Reading Shakespeare as a Calvinist, what do you feel that directs your attention to that say contemporary secular readers might not see? Calvinism, it was made to evolve. Calvin is making suggestions. He's not a trinal in the way that people seem to think, but he was making really valuable suggestions. And one of them was certainly that any encounter with another human being is an encounter with God. And that it is always a question. And the question is always, what would God want from this encounter, you know? In his boss and the institutes on, who is my neighbor, as I recall? But in any case, I think that's very beautiful. And I think that sense in Shakespeare of these enormously beautiful encounters where people recognize each other, people pardon each other, people embrace each other. I think that that could certainly be something that he explored as a suggestion taken from Calvin. Why do you think Calvin himself has lost so much popularity as a thinker? Of course, feel free to challenge that premise. But he has a reputation of being a nasty guy, not so thoughtful, very intolerant. The word is almost used as a kind of insult in some circles. What's your view on that? The evolution of Calvin's reputation. Well, you know, he was associated with virtually every early revolution in Europe. You know, Cromwell, the French wars of religion and so on, the Dutch revolution against Spain. So, I mean, he became so important in that sense that of course he was the object of polemic. He was, you know, I mean, the American revolution could be seen as another Calvinist revolution and so could the American Civil War, if you want to look at it from the point of view of the great awakenings and so on, his teachings introduced a great deal of volatility into the existing order anywhere. People defend themselves against that by, you know, speaking of him very harshly and also completely reversing the implications and the consequences of his theology. The cure, of course, is to read Calvin, which no one does. And the reason no one does is because they think they know what they find, you know? So it's very self-perpetuating from that point of view when a negative reputation is established. There's one person who was associated with a physical martyrdom on religious grounds, Mike Servetus, one person, and then look at any other king in Europe at that time or any bishop in Europe at that time and so on. And you'll see that as sad as it is to have murdered one man, it's a very minor event by the standards of the period. The addition of institutes that I own, I think it's about 1,100 pages with relatively fine print. If you are making a case to people why they should read it, other than, well, you'll see what Calvin really thought, how would you try to persuade them? I say this as someone who, you know, wants to read Calvin carefully. You have to read him very carefully because for some reason are the kind of the familiarity of theological language if you're interested in theology. So much of that language comes from him, but it's very easy to read superficially, you know? At the beginning of the institutes, he says the only true knowledge of God is born of obedience, which is a very important situation of this, you know, the psyche, the mind in Calvinist terms. He says, if you want to encounter God, descend into yourself, then he says, if you want to understand yourself, then contemplate God, you know? So he creates with this sense of the possibility for very direct encounter between a human being and God, a whole sort of metaphysics of what God is and what humankind are, which is, again, very beautiful because it's a celebration of the brilliance of human beings. All this he does in the first couple of chapters. He can talk about human beings for a long time with ever mentioning sin or any of the things that are normally associated with him because he's of this sort of renaissance humanism of his celebration. There's also a few known or sometimes caricatured as hyper-Calvinism. Are you a hyper-Calvinist? I don't know any of these terms. All I know is I've read his books and I appreciate his metaphysics. As I understand it, which is very imperfectly, the hyper-Calvinists take determinism more seriously and they think, for instance, that trying to convert people or preach to them is futile and we shouldn't even bother doing it because God has settled everything. Well, you know, one thing that Calvinists, perhaps not hyper-Calvinists have done is produce thousands of volumes of sermons. Obviously, I mean, it was a very, very literary, you know, printing press-oriented sort of culture. You can talk about, you know, people who have invented some theory that finds no confirmation in Calvin's own work. He'd preach several times every week, you know, and did a great deal toward what he considered to be, you know, the education of people in the scripture itself, started schools and so on. If somebody takes an idea and runs off with it and call themselves a hyper-this or hyper-that, it has nothing to do with your source material. How can we tell whether we're saved or damned? Can't. Can't tell. Oh, no, you can't tell about yourself, you can't tell about anybody else. Do you worry that the distinction between saved and damned leads to a certain tolerance amongst religious people for highly inegalitarian outcomes? So if some people are elevated to heaven and others burn in hell for reasons not related to their free choices, that this then becomes also a political view that extreme inequalities are something that are quite natural and sanctioned by God. You know, that extreme inequalities are something that people seem sadly inclined toward, you know, I mean, that's what a decaying society always sinks into that in one form or another. But Calvin never says that you can judge whether anyone is saved or damned, never. Because he believes that as we appear to God, you know, like David and his transgressions and so on, we cannot say that those are acts that have a certain value in terms of their impact on the fate of our souls. His cultures, the Dutch culture, the Protestant English language cultures, the America and the colonial period and so on are not marked by hierarchy by the standards of the period. If he were to say that there was an egalitarian energy in that period, it would have been Calvinism. Have you been to the Netherlands at all? Yep, yes, I've been there a couple of times. Now, when you go, do you feel this is a modern version of a Dutch Calvinist culture or do you feel it's an extreme rebellion against that? Because if you look at some metrics, say legal sex work, liberal use of drugs, the Netherlands seems to be fairly extreme. How do you connect that or model that in your mind as an outgrowth of an earlier Dutch Calvinism? Well, you know, the Dutch Calvinism I'm aware of tends to be from in the Middle West and it is not at all like contemporary Netherlands. You know what I mean? Sure, absolutely. You know, it's interesting with the Netherlands. I don't know, I mean, because I have talked with extremely erudite, devout, people in the Netherlands, you know, people are so attracted by the sensational that we know that things happen in the Netherlands that are surprising. But on the other hand, that's gloss, you know, there's a lot of seriousness and anywhere, it's a human tendency. If I think about this country, we used to have a stronger tradition of a devout liberal Christianity. The Quakers, William Sloan Coffin, Martin Luther King. It seems to me this is weaker today in relative terms, much weaker than it used to be. Do you agree with that? And if so, why do you think it happened? I think that it's probably fair to say that that's true. There's been a loss of certain kind of confidence, no question. One thing we did is disaffiliate ourselves from our own educational institutions, you know? I mean, Harvard, Yale, all these were Protestant schools founded by Congregationalists, Princeton by Presbyterians and so on. When they became, you know, major national institutions, they stopped being self-identified as Protestant institutions. And I think that the loss of, you know, dedicated intellectual institutions has been a sad thing for us, maybe a good thing for the culture at large. When you mentioned having taught, including at Iowa for about 25 years, surely you noticed that academics are amongst the most secular people in American society. Why do you think that is? You know, I don't think we can really tell. The thing about it is that, unfortunately, religion has become associated with inhumane values, inhumane episodes among the governing class and so on. That makes people conceal their religion or their thoughts that are of a religious character. I mean, when somebody calls you and whom you would always have taken to be secular and said, would you pray for me? Because I'm in some kind of trouble, you know? How secular is that? You know, I mean, people are private about religion, but I don't think that that means that they're as secular as they seem to appear. So you think we Americans are much more religious than it seems at first glance? Yes, I do think that. And do you think the Midwest is still considerably more religious than, say, most of the coasts? Well, again, that's the kind of thing I can't really tell. I mean, I spend a lot of time on the East Coast, which is where I am now. And I suppose that is, to all appearances, more secular than most parts of the country, but at the same time, you know, there's a flourishing church here of my denomination and so on that we don't know what we're comparing it against for one thing, you know? And that also there's just the fact that people can feel that they are sufficiently religious without affiliation with the church. I mean, many people feel that way. If we take your Iowa, which presumably, you know, quite well, when I was younger, I had the impression of it as a democratic party leaning, a highly educated, fairly tolerant, liberal Protestant state overall, with obviously a lot of diversity. Today it seems to be a state that, say, Donald Trump is going to win quite easily, electorally, assuming Trump is running. How did that change? And why did the former philosophies held in Iowa not satisfy people? Well, you know, we're talking about something that has happened over a brief period of time. You know, I mean, during the, basically during the governorship of this Kim Reynolds, you know, I think that Trumpism is a kind of a fad, you know, that people, you know, suddenly everybody's doing the same thing using the same language and so on. I'm very grieved by the change in the political climate in Iowa because I admired its generosity and civility and so on. And I hope that this is some weird temporary fluctuation, you know, because the kind of basic decency and enlightenment of Iowa was so well established over such a long time, it's hard to believe that this is a permanent conversion. Some thinkers, I think especially on the conservative right have argued that as America becomes more pluralistic, ethnically and religiously pluralistic, that that on net marginalizes the influence of religion, that it's easier for society to be fairly religious when there's mostly one or maybe two religions in question. But when you have people from all over the world with a variety of religions or just very different understandings of Christianity, there's a least common denominator effect where most of us become more secular. Do you think that's true? No, I think that one of the things that has been a resource in this country for many years is religious cultures that are derived from the place of origin, you know? In other words, the multiplicity of religious institutions, I mean, sustained religion as a phenomenon. I think that you would say without much fear of contradiction that if you're going to find religious people, now you would go to immigrant communities because they sustain many things for people who might otherwise feel that they are adrift. And some commentators have suggested that the current woke movement, say from the progressive left, that it's intellectually and ideologically an outgrowth of an earlier American Protestantism, that it has roots in a sense in the 17th century. Do you agree with that? Well, I'd want to know what you mean by the word wokeism. Lots of things in this country have roots in 17th century Protestantism. Well, say in San Francisco, there was an institution that was called a woke kindergarten and it taught American history a particular way. The New York Times segments, you know, emphasizing 1619, a particular kind of focus on issues of race, class, gender, trans individuals, me too movement, added up together as allied with the progressive left. I would take that to be one meaning of woke. Do you think that's an outgrowth of American Protestantism? No. I mean, having lived in American Protestants for 80 years, I would not necessarily say that that is a phenomenon that is in any way especially peculiar to us. Insofar as any social movement wishes to alleviate, it wishes to alleviate injustice, unhappiness, pointless cruelty, the way so many discriminations do. Insofar as the point is to reduce that kind of criminal misery, really, I'm perfectly happy to adopt it as a Protestant and say, yes, we did that, but I think in fact it just the generous evolution of a democratic society. What do you think of the Benedictine option to just retreat and tend one's own garden, be highly spiritual and not engage much with the world? Is that a cop out or is that a legitimate way of being religious? Well, you know, I would say it depends on circumstance. I would say that when people feel that impulse, it's probably because the world is in a bad way, you know, they were actually withdrawing from problems that could be addressed in theory in case, I think were responsible for each other. And my particular salvation is not as important as my honoring the sacredness of human beings and the world. How did you decide to live and stay in Iowa? So you were born in Idaho, right? You grew up there. Yes. What led you to prefer Iowa? Well, you know, I went to college in Rhode Island lived in Massachusetts and so on. It's, you know, I was quite a distance from Idaho in terms of, you know, my experience by the time, by the time I was invited to come teach in the writer's workshop at the university in Iowa, which is such a classic phenomenon in American literature, you know, that I was very happy to go there and be part of it. How did the Iowa, what you might call writer's scene originally blossom? I must be 80 years ago by now. There was a lot of experiment, you know, at the university at that time. They were giving advanced degrees for physical art, you know, for sculpture and for theater and so on, which was very either unusual or unprecedented at the time. There were already groups of people in that city who met to discuss things that they wrote. The university just sort of embraced them at a certain point and that became the writer's workshop. And many, many very distinguished writers have come through there. Do you think there's any kind of unique Midwest or Iowa voice in fiction, the way there's arguably a Southern voice? I think not because Iowa is just, I mean, most of my students were from New York City or from California or, you know, people come to Iowa not to be Iowans, but to study at the workshop, whereas the Southern writers identify as Southern, you know, they want to be expressing that particular culture. So that's a very great difference. But why is it you think Iowa outcompetes so many other writing workshops? So people can and have set up writing workshops along the coasts in larger cities. Iowa very often still seems to do better. Is that just history and path dependence? Or is there some comparative advantage still in Iowa that makes it work? It's very hard for me to say because it's the only program that I've taught in of that kind, but people, it's a culture, you know? One of the things that I think is a definite benefit is that they learn how to be helpful to one another, the people that are students there, you know? They're very good critics of each other. That's one of the important things that they seem to learn. The status of the place, everybody's success, it kind of feels like everyone else's success, you know, because of the reputation of it as a community. And as far as the faculty are concerned, we were very autonomous. We simply taught as we felt was appropriate in whatever setting, absolute minimum of meetings or anything like that. And I think that that's part of the, you know, spirit of it also that we are, you know, we're trusted and not regulated. When your students would arrive, what is it you had wished they had known, but they hadn't? I was so much, you know? You know, I mean, in general, well, you know, I can't really generalize because we do get a diverse student body. And some of them are working with a great deal less than others in terms of, you know, educational background and so on, but that doesn't make them less interesting. That's one of the great equalizing things about writing as an art. If you do it well, you can make anything into an appropriate subject. You can make anything sort of blossom, you know, into meaning. Do you play around with large language models at all and AI? No, no, no, no, I'm just sneaking past, you know, I feel very fortunate that my lifespan did not incorporate these things, you know, and so that they became things that I had to actually be adequate with. Your very first book, which is called Mother Country, it's about nuclear pollution in Great Britain. Why did you write that book? Many people are surprised when they learn that's a book of yours. Yes. Well, my first book is actually the novel Housekeeping. Nuclear pollution came after, I'm sorry. Okay. It was my second book. Well, I was in England and, you know, frankly, I'd pick up a newspaper and read about, you know, how ingesting plutonium is considered to be harmful to children, you know? I mean, it was just very, very remarkable, the kind of information that was in the atmosphere about what was happening, particularly at this one reprocessing plant on the coast of the Irish Sea. You know, there are Americans all over England all the time and they can read a newspaper as well as I can and they don't see things. It's, you know, they see violets and, you know, geraniums and not the fact that things are very different there. Many conceptions of what is appropriate are, you know, economically and so on are very different. I could see what was happening. I could find information about it and all sorts of places. Why should I not write about it? Should the British just have done more and more expensive nuclear reprocessing the way the French did? Didn't that work out okay for the French? And France today is glad that it went nuclear? What is your source of information? That a lot of European nations due to the Russian energy price shock have reconsidered nuclear. Those that stuck with it, such as Sweden and France, seem to be glad they stuck with it and now possibly want to expand it. And there's better and worse ways of doing nuclear. Britain seems to have done a worse way. But aren't there better ways that some countries have done and we're happy they did them? I don't know if I don't know. I mean, there's a great deal of secrecy, shall we say, that surrounds these things, you know? I know that France built most of its reactors a very long time ago and just got us down was in power. Reactors don't have a very long life, you know? 30 years, 40 years. They're past that. It would be incredibly expensive to replace them in order to demolish them, whatever, decommission them. I don't think we're gonna know. I mean, the prestige of any country, for example, Russia, depends on the kind of information that we have about it. And frankly, you don't have to look far in many cases, for example, in Russia, to find that things are extremely problematic and that they are problematic as a consequence of nuclear power. The idea that somehow or other, there's something that can be done with these materials that were never meant to exist on earth is a polite fiction. It's not true. Do you watch movies much? Not a great deal. Do you have a favorite movie? No, no. I like serializations of 19th century novels. I suppose that's what I would say if I were to be perfectly honest. What other movies have I liked? Well, I'm drawing a blank. But the sense of, say, God's grace that is in many of your books, you might say all of your books, can you think of something from television or the cinema that when you watch it, you feel someone is thinking and feeling along the same lines that you are, and you think, well, that's reflecting my vision of God's grace? Well, nothing comes to mind immediately, but then I, as I said, I don't watch films very much. I love the ending of The Tempest, you know? Which is not a movie, or it's a movie. It's a good movie version by Julie Tambor, I think. It's quite good. If you haven't already seen it, you would enjoy it. What's the one where the great woman actor plays Prospero? Is that the same one you're speaking of? I think it's the same one, yeah. Yeah, that's very beautiful. What is your most unusual successful work habit? Well, I think it's becoming a use to the fact that it takes me a long time to get to the place where I can work on something. You know, that all this sort of frustration and depression that precedes my writing anything is part of the process of writing. Before my last question, I would just like to repeat to our listeners and readers, Marilyn Robinson has a new book out, which I enjoyed very much, Reading Genesis, which is about, of course, the book of Genesis in the Bible, but I'm very happy to recommend all of her books and, of course, her famous novels to you, housekeeping, I think, being my favorite. Last question is simply, what will you do next? Exodus. I look forward to that. I will read it with pleasure. Marilyn Robinson, thank you very much. Thank you. Thanks for listening to Conversations with Tyler. You can subscribe to the show on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or your favorite podcast app. If you like this podcast, please consider giving us a rating and leaving a review. This helps other listeners find the show. On Twitter, I'm at Tyler Cowan, and the show is at Cowan Convos. Until next time, please keep listening and learning.