 Rhaid i chi'n gweithio am yr ysgolwch yn ymgyrch o'r cyfrifiadau am amddian nhw. Rwy'n gweithio yng nghymru. Rwy'n gweithio yng Nghymru, ynglynig, oherwydd y cyfrifiadau yn ysgolwch, y 16 ymgyrch y gallwn y fath o'r amser o'r llun o'r adnodau o'r cyfrifiadau yn ysgolwch, oherwydd yng Nghymru. Roedd ymlaenol yn ymlaenol yn gweld o'r cheffmau gwahodd yn ysgawddion o'r seffyl yn ymlaenol. Mae'r seffyl yn ymlaenol o'r gwahodd yn rhoi'r effeithio ar y dod y 14 ysgawdd. A ydych i'n rhoi'n gwybod i'r lleol, ac mae'n siaradau ychydig yn ysgrifennu ar y 16 ysgawdd. Felly, a rwyf i'ch gwaith ymlaen nhw, rwy'n amlwg y son am 12, 15 or 15 oed, bod y bobl Morin Cambol yn y bobl. Felly mae'r bobl yn ymlaen nhw yn ynglyn â hynny yn ymlaen oedd yma yn Europa. Mae'r bobl yn ymlaen nhw'n gweithio. Mae ydych chi'n gweithio gyd yw ddweud o wneud y bobl yn ymlaen nhw'n gweithio. in England, which I'm not going to go into now, but it is a recognised phenomenon. And similar data, this is quite old, but I think figures are still valid, are showing that when we get into the 16th century we see a period of change across a whole range of different indicators, suggesting again that something is starting to happen in terms of recovery. And when we look at other sorts of data, we can see when we look before this period, this is 1377, the poll tax showing that the approximate density is a population, even given all the issues of using taxation data as a proxy for population, it's all we have. But what you can see is in the end of the 14th century, the population densities are quite different from what we've got by about 1600, and the area I'm going to be looking at is eastern England here, where you can see there's quite a shift in the focus of population from broadly the north of the area to the south. The data I'm going to be using is from around 2001m2 excavations within these inhabited villages. They're all carried out using the same methods, following the same instructions, are recorded in a standardised manner, and the results are over viewed each year in the Medieval Settlement Research Group annual report. And the work has focused, as I said, on the non-deserted site, the currently occupied rural settlements, rather than looking at the deserted sites, with the argument that they may be more typical than the deserted sites. Most deserted villages in England seem to begin to be depopulated from the 14th century, though many of them carry on into the 15th and 16th century. Working in these inhabited villages, these currently occupied rural settlements, can tell you street by street which areas are subject to intensive activity, like habitation, at different times. And we can also use the pottery data as a proxy for population and wider demographic change. It's also a very effective way of involving members of wider publics, and I must acknowledge probably about 10,000 people who've taken part in this project over the last 10 years. And if anyone is interested in doing something similar in Europe, I'd be very interested to hear from you, because I would like to see if something similar would work in other areas. When we look at the 16th century, we can see how this fits into a longer picture. The 16th century is essentially the beginning of the post-Medieval period, and we can see the growth in this period is very, very strong. In terms of the numbers of sites that appear to be inhabited, the numbers of locations within these settlements that are inhabited. We can see the growth is as strong really as it was in the high Medieval period, was the drop after the 14th century and then this growth. And this is a map of all of the settlements that we've carried out these excavations in. So, I'm going to take you quickly through a sample of these settlements to show how this evidence is demonstrating how the settlements changed over the period of the 16th century. And in some cases, I'm going to go back to earlier periods so you can see how that change fits into the wider change, so how unusual what is going on in the 17th century and 18th century is. And as I said, they're all inhabited villages. This is Perthton in Hertfordshire. For all of the maps I'm going to show you, a test fit that had no pottery of any given date is shown as a white square, a test fit which did have pottery is shown as a circle and the larger the circle, the more pottery. Correlating the data with field walking evidence suggests that for the Medieval period, two sherds or more is more than you'd expect from field systems and might indicate settlement, whereas five sherds or more are very likely to indicate settlement. Please ignore the distinction between grey and black, that's for a different issue which I won't go into now. So, when we're looking at Perthton, you can see this is the map of the settlement today and you can see in the 12th to 14th century the dates at the top there, so that's for the black death. The settle of the village is very, very densely inhabited, nearly all of the test pits are using large amounts of pottery. We can see then the impact of the black death when we look at the two centuries after the 14th century and this isn't just the impact of the black death, there's a series of demographic, there's a series of difficulties in the 14th century which caused the population to fall and I'm not going to go into that in detail now, but you can see what the village is like by about 1500, very, very thinly populated with large amounts of pits producing no pottery at all and then when we look at the couple of centuries from 1500 onwards, we can see the recovery. So, we can see that the entire streets across much of the settlement have come back into intensive use, in particular the areas outlining green here, the main high street area near the modern-day castle of the church and this area down in the south of the village. We can also see other areas that are not really recovering, the streets on the edge of the settlement here, the north end of the settlement here and this area here. Now, those might look like sort of recent margins of the settlement, but actually when you go back to the high medieval period, you can see that these are areas that were in intensive use in the high medieval period. So, we can see at Perthyn what changes are happening. We can also see actually when we look at the 19th century data that really is not until this period that Perthyn recovers to its pre-Black Death level. So, here the 16th century is the beginning of the recovery, but it's a long, slow recovery. So, it's a brief summary there. Sorry, the text is so big. The presentation I was in yesterday, the screens were terrible so I raised all the font size and it's much better here. So, just a few other examples. It's a mumbrook. It's quite near Perthyn. It's a similar pattern really. This is the village before the Black Death afterwards, not as badly affected. But we can see again in the post-medieval period, we've got intensive in this area. We've also got extension into other outlying parts of the settlement. At Great Shelford, we have an Agro Saxon core of Settlement Down in the south here. We can see in the high medieval period there's been a new settlement found. This is called High Green. So, the new settlement up here, the settlement extends along the high street. It then contracts back. Again, drops very severely in the later medieval period, the latest medieval period. We can see again dramatic growth here in the post-medieval period of the 16th to 18th century. Focused on this area and High Green re-populated at this time. At Cottenham, we can see again we've got an Anglo Saxon core here. The current church is right up in the north there. We suspect there must be a church somewhere in the centre here in the Anglo Saxon period. In the high medieval, we see the settlement up the other church coming to resistance. You can see the regular boundaries there, which might date to this period. It's much more difficult to see the settlement here. In the post-black death period, we see this settlement here producing nothing. The central settlement here being de-populated. From the 16th century, we see the settlement recovering very dynamically. Large amounts of habitation here. This seems to be the period really when the settlement near the church is certainly coming into more intensive, more extensive habitation. The church is actually quite late. I think it's brought in the century there. The settlement clearly extends there. This isn't a date when these strips are laid out. Islam is on the edge of Fenland. We see here again there's relatively little in the late Anglo Saxon period. It's a single site there. Sorry to keep moving. I appreciate it was the nightmare to film this. We see in the high medieval period there's an outlying settlement here, which is de-populated. The main settlement where the church is, is carrying on. Not too bad, the effected. We can see very dramatically in the post medieval period. We see this intensification here. This deserted settlement produces nothing of this date at all. Nothing post 14th century. We also see in areas of dispersed settlement new settlements being founded. This is Little Hallingbury. A much more dispersed landscape, as you can see, with a tenuous set of outlying greens. When we look in the post medieval period, sorry, the late medieval period we can see, this again is after the Black Death. There's a clustered new creation near the church here. A tiny amount of activity. These are just single sherds from each of these pits. These are much more like to be to do with field use, non-intensive use rather than settlement. But when we look in the post medieval period, the 16th to 18th century, we can see this clearly seems to be here when this settlement is founded, this settlement grows and there's another new area of habitation here and there and there. So we can see dispersed settlements forming in the landscape. It's an interest in almost complete reversal of what appears to be going on in Czechoslovakia, but I didn't know, sorry in Czech public, but I didn't know before hearing the papers this morning. A garblesham, we see again a very small linear of a scattered Anglo-Saxon settlement growing a little bit. Some of these outlined dispersed habitations coming to existence in the high medieval period, but nothing down here on the edge of the common. We see again a severe contraction in the later medieval period, really virtually very little going on the top. It would seem in any of these sites here, and then when we get into the post medieval period from the 16th century, we see again the intensive expansion here in the number of inhabited sites. This isn't just showing the volume of pottery used, well we may be getting more pottery deposited, but it's showing the number of sites. I want to make the point as well, we've got activity coming in here. Similar hesset here, small Anglo-Saxon nucleation growth in the high medieval period with some outline settlements here. Contraction and then these dispersed settlements out into this landscape, heavenly wooded. These feel like clearance settlements or re-clearance settlements re-occupying these areas. A similar manudon, we see again, this is just before the black death into the period after it, and at all of these periods we've got really nothing turning up on any of these outlying sites, these greens and ends out on the edge until we get into the early post medieval period. And at Carlton Road, other examples again. Here we've got a dispersed settlement pattern in the high medieval period for the black death on the edge of what's common here. Out isolated farms, you can see from the scale, these are quite far apart. But interestingly there's nothing around the church, the parish church is actually just underneath there. We see the depopulation after the black death and then we see, again, the very, very intensive use of the landscape, nearly all of these sites in the 16th or 18th century producing large amounts of pottery and for the first time we've actually got settlement around the church and the church has been there since the 13th century but isolated until we get into this later period. At Nailand we see a village that first appears or small town that first appears in the high medieval period. It doesn't suffer really any setback or any visible setback that has a permanent impact in the post black death period. And what we see here in the 16th or 18th century is extension along these outlying streets so we've got growth in this area. Now there is a question here of course to what extent we can link any of this to the 16th century and I've been using the term post medieval and I've been referring to the 16th to 18th century and that is a function of the dating of the pottery. If only pottery use changed every century on the dot the lives of all of us as archaeologists would be a lot easier. It is difficult. Some of our indicative wares for this period have very long periods of use. We've got stoneware and particularly the glazed red urban wares. We actually find very little stoneware, strangely enough. But we get a lot of glazed red urban wares but it has a long period of use into the post medieval period. We do have some other wares that have a tighter chronology and as you can see they're not perfect for the 16th century but they are better. So when we look at Nailand again which is the one I've just shown you we can start to drill down into the wares that may actually be mostly 16th century or at least certainly fit into the long 16th century and the term long 16th century works very well for the pottery. You can see there's actually quite an interesting pattern here. There's clearly a concentration of these black circles here along this street which is called New Lane. So I think you can be fairly confident that probably dates to around about the 16th century and some outline use here but this whole area here produces no pottery of the 16th century date. What we can also see is most of these sites all of these sites are also producing this glazed red urban where this stuff that goes all across the period. But we can contrast that with the 17th and 18th century wares which are quite easily dateable and we can see that there's less emphasis on this area and in fact some of these are really very little pottery turning up to single sherds from this period really is negligible in terms of settlement but we have clearly got a new development probably of this street in the 17th and 18th century as the town is growing. It does raise the question though when we compare these distributions as to what's really going on in areas like this where there are lots of glazed red urban wares which we can't date very tightly and very widely used but these more dateable wares which are probably, there's no such thing as high status pottery ceramicist telling me but they're perhaps more special and most of these dateable 17th and 18th century wares are imported from some distance away from Staffordshire or even from other countries. So maybe these are the highest status areas and the glazed red urban wares is giving us the more, the kind of less high status areas and maybe to do with dating but what it is showing is how we can see developments in these periods in the 16th, 17th and 18th century in these settlements. And it's another example, Ashwell here we've got the basic data this is the pre-black there for vividness of this well it's a rather bitty settlement really not very densely inhabited after the black death it seems to coalesce around the church and then into the post-medieval period we see this coalescence around the church become much denser, larger and new areas of settlement expanding that and then we can look at this from again what's actually 16th century we've only got three pits that have reduced definite datable 16th century material and that contrasts with the 17th and 18th so I'm just going to skip over this and show you the distributions across the whole region so the bigger the circle the higher the percentage of pits producing pottery this is before the black death this is afterwards which give you a clear indication of the level of contraction we've got after the 14th century and this is the post-medieval 16th, 17th, 18th century and we can highlight those places where the growth is greatest where the percentage of pits with pottery is greatest and we can see this shift to the south that you can see in the wider historical data and we can relate this then to the farming regions which I'm not going to go into now but you can see I think generally the areas where it's sort of grain and stock sheep and grain, the grain growing areas which are the areas A and B, the unshaded areas are growing less dynamically than those areas where there's more in the way of stock rearing and pastoralism so I'm going to stop there, thank you very much