 Welcome to the session. Today's topic for the session is the types of the transmission line and its equation. My name is Ajit Suryanshi from the Electronics and Telecommunication Department. So what is the learning outcome of this today's session is that at the end of the session, students should be able to write the equation or derive the equation of the transmission line. So what should be the knowledge you require before we proceed further into this session? You should have a knowledge of the Maxwell equations, probably within the free space. And you should have a knowledge of solving the differential equation. So as the topic of the discussion is the transmission line and what you may have wondered about what is the transmission line. So name itself as a transmission of an energy from one point to another. So it is a structure of any kind of the conductor or insulating materials. So that forming the structure and that structure forming the helps in forming the transfer of energy from one point to another. So it is a point to point transfer of energy. So please note that energy is not only the energy confined only to the electrical energy. Energy can be a light energy also in the fiber optics. So types of the transmission line, which are the different types of the transmission line. First is the balanced line wire. So in the balanced line wire, it is also called as two parallel line wires. So it has two wires, which is in parallel. Coaxial cable, waveguides. So it is microstrips or strip lines. And one more type is the fiber optics transmission line. So in the balanced wire transmission line, as you can see in this diagram, there is a two wire conductors are there, which are separated by the dielectric materials. So this dielectric material is sometimes maybe it's air also or any other insulating material. So this dielectric material separating it also helps in minimizing the there is a conductance between these two wires. So this is one type of the transmission line. And as you can see, these two transmission lines are separated by these dielectric materials. So these are the two wires. So this is a two wire transmission line, balanced transmission line. And why it is called as a balanced transmission line? Think about it. You might write the answer on the paper. You may pause this video and write the answer why it is called as a balanced two wire transmission line. So in this two wire transmission line, there is one more a twisted cable transmission line. So there is a cable is twisted. So as you can see here. So this is about the balanced two wire transmission line. And which are the advantages and disadvantages of the transmission line? This balanced transmission line helps in transforming the large power from one point to another. So large power can be transferred with the help of this two wire transmission line. So as you may have observed the power grid. So power grid actually used for transmitting the power. It is not a information data or it's the source of transmitting the power from one point to another. So these are the merits as it is a simple to design. And which are the demerits of the transmission line? It is more prone to the noise external noise because it is a naked. And it is not giving the interference from any other electromagnetic waves, which is present in the atmosphere. Coaxial cable, next type of the transmission line is the coaxial cable. There is one center conductor. And there is a copper mesh around it. And there is one dielectric material here. So advantages of using the copper mesh over this center core conductor is it will help in minimizing the RFFs. So this core, most of the time it is made as a grounded. So this is connected to the grounded. So any electromagnetic waves coming from the outside, it is get or any noise it is from the outside, it is get grounded. So there is minimum interference of the radiofrequency noise, external radiofrequency noise with this help of the achievement. So in the merits, you can say this kind of the transmission line is used a bit higher for higher frequencies as compared to the two wire transmission line. And here, which are the demerits of the transmission line as it cannot be used for the large power handling. Large power handling goes with the two wire transmission line. Next is the microstrip line. So name itself suggests there is a strips of the metals and there is one dielectric material. One is the conducting and this one is the grounded. So these microstrips have an application in the integrated circuits where the distance is smaller. And of course it has advantages for the high frequency because the metal or material used for this fabrication of this microstrip line is gold metal which have a higher conductivity and low losses. Demerits, which are the demerits of this kind of the line is as the costly because you are using metals which are gold and silver which have a lower conductivity, higher conductivity, sorry, waveguides. So one more types of the time. And the example discussed here is the rectangular wave. There are different types of the red waveguides. We can discuss circular waveguide is there and this one is the rectangular waveguide. As you can see there is a rectangular halo cavity through which it is radio frequencies get transmitted. So which are the merits of the rectangular waveguide? As only one mode is possible in this rectangular waveguide is either a transverse magnetic or transverse electric. So it has less power is required as compared to the transverse electromagnetics. So these are the advantages of the, and also one more advantages of using a waveguide is you can transmit the large power through this kind of the waveguides. Which are the demerits as it is a bulky large in size and transverse electromagnetic waves can now not be possible with the waveguides. Fiber optics line. So it has a different application. It is, I can say it is, it is crude to compare the fiber optics line with the other type of. So in the fiber optics line, actually the light is get transmitted or data with the help of the light is get transmitted. So this is a core and this core through the core and this one is the cladding. So through the core light is get transmitted and the light is get trapped and travel over the large distance. So which are the advantages of the using a coaxial cable as it can be used as a low loss transmission line idea, it can be used for the larger distance and which are the desired averages. So you can not use the larger power for with the fiber optics transmission line. So transmission line equation. Next is the transmission line equation. To derive the transmission like equation, we take the example of a two parallel wire lines twisted parallel or a simple parallel wire lines. So because this is giving the advantages for simplicity of the solving the equation. So that's why we're using, we are considering the two parallel wire transmission line. As you can see, there is a generator sinusoidal generator or alternating current generator and there is a generator resistance and there is a load resistance. So in this type of the transmission line, as you can see, if you travel from the left side to the right side, there is a change of an voltage and change of the current as you travel from the z direction. So this is a transmission line which can be, these are the two conductors and which are separated by the distance t. And this can be modeled, as you can see as there is conductor, there is a resistance in it and there is a conductance because there is some kind of the, because air is not perfect or any other dry electric material is not a perfect insulator. There is some kind of the conductance is there and capacitance is there. So this about the transmission line equation and this is the resistance and capacitance. Resistance, as you can see, there's resistance capacitance equivalent model for the transistor. So these are the, by applying the KVL, as you can see, you will get this such kind of the equation. And also by the KCL, you will get the current equation. So by solving the KCL and KVL, you will get the transmission line equation here. So positive is for the positive z direction and negative for the negative z direction. So last is the, this is the propagation constant. So last is, so this propagation constant, what happens if the resistance is zero and inductance is infinity? So what kind of the transmission line is that? Think about it, write the question and I will cover one more session on this, which is transmission line. And next session I will cover it. So these are the references.