 So, this is our todays plan. So, last time we discussed public speaking which is only one mode of communication, but that is the major mode of communication. If you do not have public speaking in that and if you have only media and other things then you can have some operator doing it you do not need a public speaker. So, first we covered public speaking today we will cover the remaining media and how to integrate it along with public speech. So, while planning we have to decide what we want to communicate and how we want to communicate. Before that we have to know how the audience perceives what we say or what we present and what is the best medium for each piece of information which we should use. There is no fixed rule that you should only speak or you should only present slides. We have to use the proper mixture so that our message gets across whichever is the most efficient medium we have to use that. So, first we have to know how we perceive. So, you must have learnt in school that we have five sensory organs. This is the Sanskrit couplet for that. So, Srotras, Chakshus, Prasannamchya, Rasannam, Granamayavachya. So, Srotra means ears, Chakshu means eyes, Prasam means touch that is physical feeling. Rasannam, Granamayavachya is, Rasannam is our tongue and Granamayavachya is nose. So, these are the five sensory modalities out of which the first three are important for communication. The last two we do not consider as communication media like we do not have say set of sprays and we communicate something with that. So, the first three media in English they are called VAK that is visible audio. These you must be knowing what is K? K is kinesthetic literally it means sensing of motion. So, you have various muscles in the body, but you also have feedback from all your muscles. So, like if you stand you know where each of your organs is you do not have to look where my hand is. So, there is a continuous feedback to the brain and at any moment the brain knows what each portion is doing. So, in education we consider knowledge and skill. What is the difference between knowledge and skill? Simple way to look at it is if this is a human being that this is the head and this is the remaining body. Whatever happens above the neck is knowledge and whatever is below the neck is skill that is your hands and feet and other body. These are of division normally what happens is we address the first two that is visible and audio and we forget the kinesthetic we do not utilize that. For example gestures which we use while speaking belong to kinesthetic, but we do not integrate it along with our presentation. So, we have to consider all three media kinesthetic also means that you have to make people involved. Once in a while you have to ask them to raise their hands which is kinesthetic or stand up like we did or we clenched our feet took three breaths. This is actually kinesthetic just telling you that this should be done for relaxation would not have worked you have to experience it yourself. So, we have to mix all three media in appropriate proportion. So, that with the least effort we get our message across. So, we will rub this out some of this will be in the handout which will be given to you, but not everything will be there. So, you can as well make some short notes. So, in visible media the most obvious is text and we use this extensively. In fact, first four sessions we spent on this medium that is written language plus whatever cannot be expressed with text we use graphics. So, even though these might occupy the same space on a page the brain processes them differently. When the brain knows that the matter is text it does not actually look for individual letters it does not even look for individual words, but the eye jumps in steps of say four to five words and takes them as chunks inside it does not look for low level graphic form it looks at them as symbols not as graphics. So, the way we read text is different from the way we analyze graphics and you must have heard that one picture is worth a thousand words. So, that is literally true because if thousand words makes one document it might take memory of the order of kilobytes, but a picture will take memory of the order of megabytes which is one thousand times kilobytes. So, physically there is thousand times more information in the same area of graphics, but it does not mean that the brain is able to process so much. So, just because so many pixels are available it does not mean that we should fill up the page with complex things actually the brain can process very little amount of information. So, when we use graphics we have to remember this to keep it as simple as possible and not get tempted by all the modern media which are available. So, in audio equivalent of this is speech which we covered in the fifth session. In addition there are other sounds which we cannot call as speech and of course, music. Last time we saw that music is one way of overcoming our stage pride because music addresses emotions, but because it does not address our intellect we do not consider it to be a communication medium. So, you might have seen that many documentaries etcetera have a kind of compulsive musical track behind. What happens is that music distracts you and you lose the on the commentary or on the visuals. So, in audio we mainly consider speech and in kinesthetic we have drawing in two dimensions and manual work which can involve three dimensional assembly, sculpture etcetera. So, if you are showing something with a drawing the area which processes images in the brain gets activated with language it does not get activated only the language processing gets activated with drawing another area gets activated. And for example, if you are showing some action in your drawings then there is a motor area which gets activated and the brain unconsciously performs those things. You mentally like when you are watching a game and somebody smashes a ball you also mentally smash the ball that is why you enjoy it. So, the drawing should be such that brain will be able to think it should be able to map it somewhere else and if it is able to use multiple areas of the brain then they will get linked your memory will be better and your understanding will be better that is the purpose of using multiple media. So, you might have heard of MOOCs or EDX etcetera that is massive open online courses where the courses are online you sit at your computer or laptop and download the course and here to the lecture, but in their methodology after each 5 to 7 minutes there is a break during that break there is some kind of quiz, but this quiz is not your usual a b c and select one it actually involves you to enter some word solve some equation what they call as finger work every 5 to 7 minutes the student who is away has to do finger work this finger work amounts to kinesthetic that keeps you alive and that reinforces what you learned during the past 5 to 7 minutes. So, now if you are using multiple media we tend to think that they are additive that a picture which you use will add something to your understanding, but what happens is the total bandwidth of brain is limited. So, if you are using multiple media that bandwidth get divided the pipe is the same. So, part of it goes to speech processing and part of it goes to visual processing and these two compete because the brain has to allocate bandwidth to these two. So, unless we balance our presentation one or the other can dominate that people can just concentrate on the speech and lose out on the visuals or if your visuals are very compelling they will just look at the pictures and ignore what you are saying we have to make sure that there is a balance. If this is not done then instead of supplementing the speech the visual actually competes with speech and it supply and speech it can display speech even with a balance presentation. If you have a graphic and you start explaining part of the attention still goes to the graphic and the attention given to your speech reduces. So, what do you do? What you should do is one of the two things first strategy is that you increase your loudness. So, that the brain pays more attention to you. So, if you are speaking with reference to a graphic or presentation you should speak loudly otherwise people will tend to concentrate on the graphic, but this is not very pleasant. If you modulate your voice loudness up and down there is a limit to which you can increase your loudness. So, second strategy is do not compete means do not use visual and audio media simultaneously. So, if you are going to have a graphic which you have to explain then you first show the graphic and do not talk. Then people will concentrate on the graphic they will take it in they will scan the graphic try to make out what it is saying. After their inherent understanding is over then you switch off the graphic and then you talk about that because now they have mental image of the graphic for that the graphic has to be simple that they can memorize it. It should be some simple line drawing or something not a complicated picture. So, first you present visible image set it off and then talk or first you explain what the picture is going to be. So, they create a mental picture from the description then you present the actual visual. Then while presenting the actual visual you do not talk because you have already talked remaining thing they will make out. This way you will be able to communicate to the audience without overloading their sensory input. There is another effect of visible media which is not mentioned, but it is well known thing to older generation people that modern video media tend to be like this. You have brightly lit large area facing you and it is above your eye level. You have to look up like this. So, the effect physiological effect of this is if you have to look above your eye level the eyes get tired. This is the technique which hypnotists use they keep some object which is just above your eye level and ask you to concentrate on that. What happens is you start losing consciousness and the hypnotist take control, but we do not want to be hypnotist. We want people to understand. So, the second effect of this is that people start feeling sleepy because the eyes get tired and people cannot concentrate even if they wish to and their attention reduces. Bright screens should be avoided. Extreme case happens when people are already going to feel sleepy. For example, you have a conference running you have multiple sessions then you have lunch. You have post lunch session may be at 2 o'clock 1 to 2 is lunch. You know that after lunch we tend to feel sleepy because blood is diverted to the digestive system. In olden days people used to take the ASTA, but we cannot afford it because we have 2 o'clock session. So, people are physiologically already feeling sleepy and if you have a session which has visuals then most of will will actually fall asleep. So, if you have control over which session you will give in a conference you try to see that it is not after 2 o'clock. Post lunch to tea time is a dangerous period because people cannot concentrate. If you do not have control on that and you are allotted such a session then what do you do? If you know it beforehand try to avoid using visible media. You concentrate on your speech and deliver only your speech. So, people at least will not feel sleepy. This B is ruled out. You concentrate on this and use some extra bandwidth in K. So, ask people to do some activity. You take an opinion poll by raising their hands. Ask questions and ask somebody to respond. Make them physically active that is use kinesthetic mode and once this 2 to 3 slot passes then people again become alert then tea served etcetera they again become alert. So, that is why this is important depending on when you are delivering your session and accordingly you should plan. If you are not sure when it will be then you make plan A and plan B that plan A that you are in good time plan B that you have 2 o'clock slot. You make alternative arrangement that you will deliver it this way. So, this is we are planning which media to use. We will rub this out. Next is what are the media available to us? So, there are 3 levels of media. One is simple media or elementary we can say. Second is intermediate media and third is complex media. So, what are simple media? These are media which have been existing for probably thousands of years. One is murals that is something written on the wall etcetera. Second is blackboard or whiteboard. Third is rolling blackboard which you get in schools etcetera. Then in business conferences you must have seen flip chart that is you have an easel, you have big paper sheet people write on that then they flipping. So, you and you can go backwards in that because it is written on paper in blackboard we cannot go backwards. Then poster banner all these are simple media. You do not require any special equipment, you do not require a power supply, you do not require special skill. So, simple we will just write the example is blackboard. Second is intermediate where you take help of some machinery to project what you are doing, but what you do is with still with your hand. You are not using programs or any such thing. So, this is the oldest was you might not have seen was called an aepidiascope where you could keep the document could be illuminated and it could be projected. This is now out of fashion. Second is slide projectors you might have seen that you have 35 m slides you put everything on the slide and then you can advance the slides you can go backwards etcetera. You must have seen OHP that is overhead projector where there is a lamp box with a glass on top and you write it on transparency put it there and it is projected, but even this is now obsolete. So, if you can use intermediate media they are simple to operate they will not let you down like your OHP will not get a virus or your slide projector will not stop working. You can always manually change the slides. So, especially in the new place if you are not sure of the equipment and if you have not tried it out beforehand then try to avoid complex media. They can give you trouble at the last moment you just go to the stage try to connect your laptop and it will not recognize it. So, either you tried everything out before or you have backup plan that if this does not work you will be you will still have transparencies and you can still present. If nothing works you will be able to write it on blackboard always have plan B and plan C ready. So, at the last moment you will panic if you are relying on your media totally then you will not be able to present. So, always assume that nothing is going to work and be prepared to use the blackboard then you will never fail. Complex media is approximately speaking computerized media. These are the most popular today that you carry your presentation on a thumb drive. So, it contains all your slides all your text all your videos etcetera then you connect and present. So, if this works it can be useful, but if it does not work it is very difficult. So, even if you prepare all these you will be prepared to go back. So, now when to use speech or text and when to use graphics. If something can be explained in language you explain in language and if it can be explained in speech running speech that is the most preferred. If it requires some things to be memorized etcetera then you use text and use handouts. So, that people do not have to take extensive notes, but if there are some things which you cannot explain with language alone or in principle you can explain what people do not understand. Then you use graphics because we have limited time if there are 50 people each minute wasted is 50 man minutes. So, then you use graphics. So, graphics we can divide roughly into one is concrete graphics and second is abstract graphics and the most abstract graphic is of course text which we have considered separately. So, in concrete graphics you are actually showing something that is physical. So, this might have a live model you can bring the model here and show it. If working prototype is not there you can have a dummy and display that this is how the thing is going to look. If there is some action to be shown you can actually act it out in front of the audience instead of describing it and of course you can have pictures, animation and video clip which is like a movie. Within picture there are several levels either you can have photograph or you can have color drawing is like the cartoons which you see they are solid color they are just drawn by hand. The last is line drawing where the graphic can be made using whole only a pencil or pen without shading without grayscale. This in publishing is called as line art because the method of printing is different for line art and text and photos. So, even though these might seem compelling like photos now you have million photos available for free and you find photos everywhere in all news items there will be some graphic they will take which your graphic is available. Many times what the graphic is or what the photograph is also not explained you have to figure out. Many times that is not even related to the topic it is only remotely related because they found some graphic they put it there. So, it says visuals for representational purpose only you must have seen this note that means you ignore the visual it has nothing to do with the matter. So, do not use unrelated visuals in fact do not use photographs etcetera unless it is absolutely essential. If you want to show somebody's face or something then only use a photograph otherwise you convert everything to line drawing whatever we are telling here we are actually practicing it like when we make manuals people take the shortcut that when you do this how the screen will appear they take a screen dump and print it. What appears on screen it does not appear look does not appear well on a printed page printed pages are far more resolution and the I expects that the printed page should have far more resolution. So, if you see in all the computer books where they give lot of screen dumps the text is unreadable the background colors are not reproduced because you are in black and white. So, when we use screen dumps we actually convert each image into a line art the text we type out again we create the framework and everything is the text is typed out if there is a graphics in that we redraw the graphics and make that way the audience understand better. If you see Apple manuals we expect Apple to be the media master that there will be a lot of photographs, but one manual I saw had only one photograph which was the actual screen how it will look everything else was liner. So, for technical communication line drawings is the preferred mode and then it not be complex they can be hand drawn also animation. Nowadays animation is available and people tend to think that animation will lead to better understanding what has been found is if you are explaining a piece of machinery or something that is not living we should not use animation. If you are showing how an IC engine works that the piston goes up then it goes down then there is suction compression you can see an engine cut out running. So, people will be just attracted to the visual they want to understand how the engine is running the children will enjoy it, but if you want them to understand you only give a sequence of states like in a cartoon published cartoon there is no movement there are sequence of steps in between you imagine what has happened. So, for inanimate objects do not use animation you give a sequence of pictures and people will imagine in their brain how the machine is working, but if you are explaining something where human action is involved you are showing how to open your PC or something. Then you might use animation, but there to instead of just video shot if you can make animated pictures that is better which is not practicable why is it animation useful there when some action is being described. So, when you see people doing something your motor area gets activated and you start doing it mentally. So, if you show something moving then you perform the action virtually and that is how it gets imprinted in your brain. Then if you want to do the action it will be easier because you already have a memory trace of that and this you do not have to consciously memorize just by looking at the action and doing it virtually you memorize it. For example, musicians do not think that they are going to play this they do not have a language for that many of them are illiterate. When they activate the song in their brain the fingers know what to do they actually call it finger memory that the fingers know what to do next they do not have to look at the keyboard also. So, if there are actions being described then you might use animation or a video clip it might help, but otherwise for inanimate objects do not use animation it also simplifies. Now, in abstract media there are many possibilities simplest is table then charts charts and graphs then what we learn as drawing that is machine drawing in your bachelor or they are drawing what they call engineering graphics now you may not understand machine drawing. So, various kinds of graphs then schematic diagrams where you are using some kind of symbols for example, networks you show nodes and branches, circuit diagrams, piping diagrams, organization charts then time chart where you show various activities and time scale and show with bars that what time period each activity will occupy then you arrange them. So, that they are sequential and last, but not the least one which you may have to use is flow chart nowadays I doubt how many people actually draw flow chart while problem solving, but if you draw flow chart beforehand your solution or program will actually simplify and you might catch many things which you might have missed. So, we have finished planning and preparation last is performance that what should be the size of the offering here we come back to how we perceive things. If we are facing a number of things at the same time if there are two or three things we are no problem when the number of entities starts increasing the brain's attention start getting divided and it has been found that 7 plus minus 2 items is the optimum thing for the brain. So, if you are going to use various point keep it between 5 and 9 ideally 7 do not. We would like to end at least on time. So, Prashant Prakashwati has made some single spreadsheet distribution in which he has listed the points related to performance do look at them some of them you may not even imagine and please add to it anything that occurs to you. I just wanted to intervene to tell you that will be soon starting the extensive exercises by V.U. in which you are required to listen to the TED talk. So, we will open the web we are actually trying to identify 10 or more TED talks and we would like groups of students to look at those summarize those after listening to them summarize those in your own words and then compare notes sort of that will also help you practice correction of the written paragraph that you write on the TED talk. We will put up a list of all such TED talks over the weekend and in the next week's lecture I will elaborate the procedure that we will use for you to look at them. But it would be interesting for some of you to just look at the TED talks as it is they are all available on YouTube and you would like to listen.