 If here is any time we have a Mohawk Valley topic or a speaker who's born and raised in Mohawk Valley, we sort of fill up this place and just nobody called the fire inspector. I'm very pleased to introduce our speaker, Dr. Charles Gary, but most many of you probably know him as Charlie. Gary was born in Fort Plain, so he told me that as he was born right in Fort Plain, he graduated from VMI, majoring in German. He spent some time in Freiburg University in Germany. He completed his doctoral work in German linguistics. Indiana University where he specialized in Netherlandic studies. He came to Albany in the 1960s. He teached German at SUNY Albany and worked summers at four o'clock. He did not get tenure at SUNY Albany, which was SUNY's lost, but history is gained, I think. He started working on a New Netherlands project in the State Library in 1974. That project was to translate the many of Dutch colonial records that were housed in the Library and later in the State Archives. In 1978, the New Netherlands project received a grant from the National Endowment for Humanities and received a follow-up grant for many years after that. He was not the founder of the New Netherlands Institute and he is director of the New Netherlands Research Center, which is supported by the Institute in partnership with the New York State Office of Cultural Education and the parent agency of the State Library and State Archives. In 1994, Her Majesty Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands conferred a Dutch knighthood for the Order of the Orange Nassau on the Fort Plain native of Charles Gary. I don't know if you've heard of Charles, but that's a good one. Charlie has worked on Dutch records for almost 50 years. That's what I think. One year minus 50. One year minus 50. Charlie is also a long-term resident of the town of New Scotland, proud resident of the town of New Scotland, and an Iceman member. So, please welcome Dr. Charles Gary. Thank you, Alan. Is it coming through back there? Yeah. Okay, good. First of all, what's that picture on the screen? Good question. I wrote the title. The caption got cut off for some reason, but it's over here. I'm holding it with ice, which means gulf on the ice. And in 1650, one of the scholars got arrested for stabbing someone in the tavern because the other party was backing out on a debt that they... a bet that they had made. So we know that at least it goes back to 1650. There's a regulation in the records that I translate. And in fact, they have a copy of it in the Fort Orange Club, where in 1656 it was prohibited to play golf in the streets of all... in the streets of Baverback, because too many windows were getting broken. Too many people were getting hurt. These balls that they hit were about that size, a little smaller than a softball. They were filled with horse hair and stitched together with copper, copper thread. And they were formidable. The heads of the golf clubs were made out of lead. I think people are finding these and they don't know what they are. They're like a large iron for a golf club. It was attached to a wooden pole. If you ever find one in your backyard digging around, let me know. We haven't found them so far. There's not going to be any blood this month. The last time you were here was a battle of arriscony and there was a lot of trouble going on. And this will be quite different, I think. How many of you are from this area? I should have said how many of you are not. I figured that would be the case. I'm going to talk about some details anyway, whether you like it or not. Meaning the background. I definitely want you to understand why the Dutch were here in the first place. There's one thing when I give a talk like this. I ask if anybody knows this word. Is there anybody here who knows Winkle Park? Does that ring a bell in Winkle Park? It's a corner rip. Exactly. And I usually get one person. And it's usually a man and not a woman. But women, my mother used to have to mend them. If you live in an area with a lot of barbed wire and you're a kid running around in the fields and going through barbed wire fences, you get a corner cut. Not always, but... And that's a Winkle Park. And it's the name for a Carpenter Square. The Big Mountain Carpenter Square. It's a Winkle Park in Dutch. So we have at least one person who has remembered that. We still use it when I was growing up in the Mohawk Valley. Back in the 50s, I was always getting... We had a farm. I lived in Nelliston in the little village across the river from Fort Plain. And there was a farm actually right in the center of the village across the street from us. And he had pastures and a lot of our water. And we were always out flying in his fields. There were a lot of Dutch in the Mohawk Valley as well as Palatine Germans. I come from the town of Palatine. So you know that this is going to be a mostly German area. But if you go a little bit east down the river, you find a lot more Dutch. In the Amsterdam area, Fonda, for example, is named after a Dutch family. When I was there, Jane Fonda came and gave a vital to a local library in Fonda that went back to the Dutch period. I grew up with a lot of bands. There was a fundskijk, as we pronounced in Van Schoenck, the way it was pronounced in Nelliston. It's pronounced in various ways. They were across the street from us, just down the street. It was a Van Halstein. The local tavern in this village of 600 was a van Vechten. And there were a lot of other bands that I couldn't come up with. Is there a Van Halstein here? Do you know where that comes from? I thought it was from King Wieldenstein where he separated his land. From where? It was from 936 when King Otto separated his land among his children and they named it Wieldenstein. No. That's a good story. But it comes from... This is Holstein in Germany. Oh, is this Holstein? And I have a document where the name Van Halstein appears twice, once with an H and once spelled with an A. And it's the same person. Well, the first band came over that were from Ben Alstein. It was not of Ben Alstein. It was John Mortens. He came over in 1652. 1652, yeah. And so I don't know... Yeah, that would be later. This is the original Ben Alstein that I think came over. Well, it wasn't of Ben Alstein. It worked as kind of a red-sword's bag. Yeah. It wasn't of Ben Alstein. It was John Mortens. We'll talk some more about this, but this... There were a group of islands here called Ulster-Riesland. And there was a tsunami that wiped out one of these islands. Killed like 10,000 people, killed all the livestock, salted the ground for generations. And the people that managed to escape ended up over here. And then they migrated down and then eventually into the Netherlands. We have five or six families, a couple of twins, in fact, who came from that area. We have all the sea in Germany going up to Denmark, that area. Yeah. Yeah. There's a Ben Alstein graveyard across from my house on Meadowmill Road. It's one of those names that people have been puzzled over because the age was dropped. And if you look up in a dictionary of place names, and those place names in the 17th century, you're not going to find them all stopped. But you have to look for... It's actually a Holstein, is what they're writing. But that's one of the problems that you run into. Genealogists from the West who find out they have touch with their ancestors, they eventually get down to the 17th century and they hit a brick wall. They cannot have any relationship to their ancestors at that point because of the naming system. And we're going to talk about that in a little while. Is there going to choose... The Dutch who were in... It was funny when I was a kid. We had a lot of Germans, Italians, a lot of refugees from World War II. And I knew what their story was, pretty much, but I didn't know what the band's story was. Why did you have all of these Ben Alsteins and Vestens and so forth? And I remember somebody telling me, oh, they've always been here. They're old Dutch. This is the way they put it. And they've always been here. They came from the east from down in Albany in that area. So I always had this feeling about this mystical place, almost like Oz, down at the end of the Low Park River. And it was years before I actually got there to find out what it was all about. But they had a special meaning to me for a long period of time. Now, why the Dutch? This is the size of the Netherlands. We all know New York pretty well. You know how long it takes to get from, let's say, Plattsburg to Binghamton. That would be like going from Croningen to Middleburg in the Netherlands. This is the present state of affairs in the Netherlands right now. There was a bit bigger. This is like seven provinces. There were 17 provinces altogether. And the 10 in the South stayed Catholic and stayed in Spain. The seven above formed their own country, United provinces. Now, there's a story behind all of this. This is a young couple. He's 18, and she's 20 years old. He's just put a ring on her finger that has a diamond in it. Supposedly this was the first diamond engagement ring ever recorded in case you liked those details like that. And you can actually see it if you get up close and put a magnifying glass on it. That's Mary. It was that small. She had small hands. She's Mary of Burgundy. Her father just got killed in a battle, and she was the only heir. So she inherited the province of Burgundy and most of what was the Netherlands at that time, the Low Countries at that time. And of course she becomes, and she's single. She's 20 years old. And she is the most eligible Bachelorette in Europe at that time. And there's a tremendous competition to marry her, especially the French are very intent on marrying her because they want Burgundy. Whoever marries Mary gets the Low Countries. Well, it's Maximilian who wins out. He's the Archduke. And Prince, actually Prince of the Habsburg family at that time. And he eventually becomes Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. So the provinces of the Netherlands opposed into the House of Habsburg. And if you know anything about the House of Habsburg, they have a global empire at this time. They have South America. They have Indonesia. They have interests around the globe. And suddenly the Netherlands is a part of all of that. They become an international, they have international interests almost overnight not because of this wedding. What's the date of that? 1477, August 19th actually. I don't know why I remember this. This is what Europe looked like at that time. The Holy Roman Empire. And you see that both crosses the Spanish branch of the Habsburg family. They have Spain. They don't have Portugal yet. But they also have the Low Countries now. And the German branch of the Habsburg family has that strip right where you see Vienna. And you notice the Ottoman Empire. This is what everybody in Europe was concerned about at this time. They were intent on taking Vienna. In fact, in 1529 they almost did. Except for incessant rain, they put a damper on their invasion and on their supply lines and so forth. Suleiman had notified Ferdinand who was the Archduke in control of Vienna at that time that I plan on having breakfast in your palace in a couple of days. Well, after a couple of months they eventually had to withdraw and turn in Suleiman. Your breakfast is getting cold. At least we know they had a sense of humor back then. That's an actual quote. Weren't there British royals wanting to marry into the Habsburg? Yes. Henry VIII was always in the background trying to maneuver people into that relationship so that they could get control of certain territory. So the Netherlands is part of the Habsburg Empire. They become acquainted with overseas routes. Stuff is coming out of the Far East. The spice trade and gold and silver coming out of South America. They become part of this for about 100 years. But as with most things, it doesn't last. The Reformation breaks out. The Calvinist Protestants start taking over large areas of the Low Countries. And the response of the Spanish Habsburgs is to put down or to force them to relent. More people are hanged in the Low Countries than any other place because of their refusal to relent. And it becomes a very nasty situation. And the other thing is the Spanish also raised taxes to support their armies that are confronting Spain or confronting France and the Ottoman Empire. These two things, political and religious, pushes the Dutch to revolt against the Habsburgs. It goes on for 80 years. When they had a war, it lasted a little longer. Simply because there were certain seasons that actually fought, like the winter or in the dark or whatever. So it did last until 1648. During this time, the Dutch have to survive. They no longer can depend upon that part of the Habsburg Empire that's bringing all kinds of goods in. It would become sort of the warehouse of the Habsburgs. Stuff would be brought in from around the globe, warehouse or finished off in the Netherlands and then transported into the Baltic trade to England and then into the Mediterranean. So this all was lost when the Dutch revolted. It gives you an idea of what they were able to establish. These are Dutch trade rooms after the revolt. They especially took over areas that belonged to Portugal at the time. Portugal wasn't quite as strong as the Spanish Habsburgs and they were able to take over a lot of the islands in Indonesia at the time and develop their own spice trade. An English historian by the name of Jonathan Israel, he wrote a book called The Dutch Republic. It's about a thousand pages. Everything you ever wanted to know about the Dutch history. But he is very interested in complementary about the Dutch and their ability to put together a trade route around the world. When you think of it, the Dutch only had a million and a half people at that time. Trans England, the Holy Roman Empire, they were eight, nine, ten times the size of the Netherlands. They had more resources than the low countries, I should say. The only resource that the Dutch had was water. That was the only thing they could depend on. They had three river systems running into their, or emptying into the Atlantic by the North Sea. And that was all that they could depend on. He says, except for Britain, after 1780, no one power in history ever achieved so great a preponderance over the processes of world trade as did the Dutch in the 17th century. So that's what we're dealing with. We're not dealing with people on wooden shoes and making chocolate or whatever. This is a serious group of people and they had put together a global empire. It was probably the first empire beyond the hashbergs upon which the sun never set. The English are obsessed to take over what the Dutch had. And they're so preoccupied with some of their own civil wars and so forth that the Dutch are able to put this commercial empire together. They build a ship that becomes the caring trade ship of the world at that time. It's called a flout. The flout has a very simple rigging system. They're able to reduce the size of a crew by 33%, which saves any merchant a lot of money. And so these ships become the caring trade around the world at that time. The Dutch were not just sending stuff from, let's say, Indonesia back to the Netherlands. They were using their ships to trade, let's say from Japan to China, China to India, Persia to Sri Lanka or so on. They had this international trade in the Far East that was bringing them a lot of money. And they had the Bank of Amsterdam that was formed in 1609. It was the most trusted financial system at that time. And you could trade like this, and your money would be guaranteed if it was done through the Bank of Amsterdam. In 1609, there was a truce right in the middle of the 80 years war, and Hudson, who was looking for a trade room, was looking for a trade room in the North. This is a very interesting story. There have been many attempts to come around this way. Today you can do it. The Dutch, the English, especially the Dutch and the English have tried many times in 1590, 1596, Velom Berenza and another ship. They made it this far. This is Novaya Zambla, which means new land in Russia. The ship got marooned here. The ice started pushing in under the ship and it went up like out of pedestal. And they had to climb out of the ship in order to survive the winter. This was like in late August, early September, and they had to build a house on Novaya Zambla to survive the winter. They were being attacked by pole bears, and there was an artist aboard the ship, and he made drawings of all of this. They didn't have a camera, of course, but the next best thing is to do good, detailed drawings. If you look in my newsletter, the new... I can't remember the name of the railroad newsletter. There are lots of other couriers. We don't do that anymore, but you can find it online. I've got all of his drawings published. They managed to get out of the column in June and get down into Russia and make it back to the Netherlands. Barons dies along the way, but they name the sea after the Barons sea. Hudson never does find a route to the Far East. He gets about this far off the coast of Norway, runs into very heavy seas, and the crew is on the verge of mutiny. This is Hudson in the half moon. And Hudson says, well, I'm supposed to go back to Amsterdam. In his contract, it says, if you can't make your way further east, come back here. Do not go any other way. Which he ignored completely and ended up here. And so it was once by accident that Duneville actually fell into Dutch hands. Much to the dismay of the English, who are sitting out here on the shelf of New England. And down here, I'll show you a minute of the problem, is here's the way to the west, is down the St. Lawrence, or up the Hudson and up the Mohawk, to the Great Lakes. The Cumberland Gap isn't discovered on Daniel Boone, actually, until 1751. So it's the French and the Dutch who have control of the beaver trade. They form a colony. It's actually a province. It becomes a province of the Dutch, of the Republic, of the Dutch Republic. It's not a colony. It has provincial status. But you see they have control of three river systems. This is the Delaware, it's very important because it protects this conduit and this corridor to the west. The English fairly soon take over the Fresh River. This is the North River, the South River, and the Fresh River. They didn't name it the Hudson River, too much for you. I heard the tugboat and still call it the North River. That's right. They still call it North Creek up in the Adirondack. Yeah, yeah. Now, with all of this happening, the Dutch bring over all of their styles of living, architectural styles, and way of agriculture and pretty much take control of things for a good portion of the 17th century. The artifacts below ground are still being dug up. If you put a shovel in the ground anywhere and all of them, you're going to hit the Dutch village. It's down there. It's still there. They will tell you that, no, it couldn't possibly be because there was a hotel on this site. You couldn't buy anything if you went down any further. This is what they were saying to the key corp, exactly that. And sure enough, you went down just a little bit. In fact, somebody on a Sunday afternoon dug down a little bit and found the second alms house. And it disturbs local developers because they had to stop working or they had to argue to keep on schedule. So all of these artifacts that were eventually dug up, especially in that corner of Fort Orange in the 1970s, they all belong to the New York State Museum now. And they're on display. If you go to the museum in the west side, there's a exhibit on Fort Orange and a lot of the artifacts that were dug up. The Krylo Museum across the river also has a lot of the best stuff. And I encourage you to go there as well. But that's underground. What about above ground? That's what we're here today for. And you have archeological detritus and you also have linguistic detritus. And what I've been dealing with for many years is trying to find the words and phrases that have survived like Winkle Talk. Besides the place names and besides the family names, how many of you knew Dick King? There's got to be somebody. I know Mark King is here. He's not going to admit it. I ran into, in fact, I ran into him at I think your engagement party. Yeah. He was sitting right next to me and he wanted to know what I did. He says, oh, my great-grandmother spoke Dutch. And he started giving me these phrases and so forth. And after that, whenever I saw him, he was usually in the grocery store, he would track me down in one of the aisles. I've got some new words for him. Of course, I never had anything to write a down word. And when I did have something, he wasn't there. But he had some interesting phrases, some x-ray did. What other words are there? You're familiar, of course, with the cookie. Stu. Boss comes from Dutch bass. And along at in New York Dutch, it comes in awe. Very uniform. How many of you know what a dover is? How many of you go fishing? Do you use that term? I've heard it. You've heard it, yeah. I went fishing once in my life with my cousin. And I was just going to throw the book in. He says, well, you've got to put a dover on the line. Otherwise, I'm just going to the box. And it's a quote. But we called it a dover. And that's approach work. I caught a fish right away. I'm very squeaky about animals. I heard an animal even a fish had turned up. And I never went again. That's another story. To play hooky. To go around the corner. To hide around the corners. To play hooky. Or you don't go to school, but you're some place else. How many of you have eaten a peach? And what's that thing in the middle of a peach? A pit. A stone is English. And in American English, it's a pit. A peach pit. It's directly from the Dutch. And of course we've all had coleslaw, which is coleslaw. There's that ivy coming off. Coleslaw, which simply means cabbage salad. Does anybody have any other words? Any Dutch words? Or something odd that you may want to know? I'm going to talk about that. How about flowers? Part of bloom. Part of bloom and Florida lease. The flowers. Queenie and Slase. And I can't remember if the other one's dandelion. Yeah. There's a corn flower too. I think that probably is. That blue flower you see along the road. So I was that. Chickery. Chickery. Chickery. Yeah. Yeah. One of the reasons we're here. I had visitors. And they had driven up from the city. On the throughway. And they passed that sign. Norman's killed. And that's the first thing they asked me was. Some Norman's killed here. What's the story behind that? And I said, well. A kill is an estuary. And I didn't know. And I figured they were probably thrown off because it had two l's on. Which means nothing to close. I would be a shortfall anyway with it. Double I or one on. And in Dutch it's K I L. And I told them that it's a Dutch word. And they looked at me again. I said, I didn't know what I was talking about. I said, have you been to the city? I said, I've been to the city. I said, I've been to the city. I said, have you been to Zeewa? Yes. Have you been to Slavskil? Oh, yeah. Yeah, that's a kill. Have you been to Dordrecht? Have you been to Dordskil? There are two place names surviving in the Netherlands with kill. For some reason the Dutch who came over here. Adopted that. And adapted it to any kind of waterway. And it doesn't matter whether it's an estuary. Or whether it's a creek. There's a. There's a stream near Alplos. Outside of Schenectady. And it's called Pannekekeleche. Pannekekeleche. A pancake little stream. And there are killages all over the place. But the Dutch would never use that because an estuary is big. And an estuary means it's tidally activated. It flows both ways. Like the Hudson River. It's a four foot. Increase in the Albany area in water. And level of water. I've counted on county maps. For New York. Mostly for the Mohawk and Hudson Valley. 110 kills. That's just on present day county maps. If you look at maps in the 19th century and 17th century, you're going to find more. Because they simply, either those kills haven't been represented or they've dried up or they've been paved over or whatever. But you're going to find probably three times as many kills. It's something that we have only here. The South Africans, the Outer Connors, did not use kill. They used creak, creak and buck and jake, but not kill. Why? I have no idea. That's the most difficult question in linguistics. Because why? Why did that happen? Why did the first sound shift, the Germanic sound shift? People have been debating that for centuries. There's usually no answer or no response. The other word was a fly. Fly is for lie, but lie. Not fly, but for lie. For lie. As there was voicing in the V, but in English there was a skull that has an F. Again, I was out near Cooper's Town once, and there's a little community there called Fly Creek. And I asked them a little time, probably in the bar or whatever. Fly Creek, he said, I used to be a lot of flies. Unlike other places. And that's usually the case with entomologies. Especially if it's somebody from the area where you don't know why that name is given. They're so embarrassed not to know that they'll make something out of it, not spurred at all. And that's very common. Yes? The V's in Dutch pronounced with an F, like they are in German. The V, it has a slight voicing. It's not a F, but it's a V. It's very subtle, but it is very close, very close to the Germans. Is Fly, the V, L, Y, Creek on the border of New Scotland, and Yolen? Yes, it's called Cervories though. That would have been originally Fly though. And what does it mean originally? What does it mean? A swamp or a valley? Well, it's not a valley. Would you repeat a valley? A name, a marsh, a marsh or a swamp, where you've got salt hanging out of these feet. Well, the other name I didn't mention, we have adopted from Dr. Kaboos, which you don't have on trains anymore. It's a combase. And in Afrikaans, it is the word for kitchen. So they've taken it as a railroad meaning and adopted it for planting the house. Combase. Kaboos. What other names do we have? The ones that are most familiar to us of what we can see or can see every day. And one of them is the Helderbergs. Now why the Helderbergs? Heller. Heller back in. What? Heller, originally Heller right now. Yeah, yeah, the clear mountains. The Helder, it's a comparative, when you have a comparative of Hel in Dutch, you don't say Helder, Helder. You say Helder, you put a DM. So it means the clear mountains. And I have created an artistic masterpiece. Can you see this? This is the North River. This is North, going this way. And the maps were actually oriented that way in the 17th century. Step up and down. This is Fort Orange. This is the escarpment. And this is the Catskills. Now my office in the Cultural Education Center looked right out of this. I see the clear days. I see the Catskills. On unclear days, I can see the escarpment, but not Catskills. So I'm convinced that when somebody was on the port, on the bastion of the port, some days they could see the Catskills, and on the days not. And this also goes for this configuration. This is Broadway. This is Broadway. And this is the River Road. And this is State Street. Now there was a term. I probably shouldn't write this down. I'll do it. There was a name for Albany. This is under the English now. They kept the old word for Albany, or for Weberbank, which was bag. Bag, which means a hoop net in Dutch. And the hoop net was usually tied here. Then you had another little net going in with the whole fish would go in and couldn't get back out again. So it's this type of configuration we're talking about. Dutch use this term all over the world for anything that has a narrow opening that goes into something broad, something wider. If you go to Cape Cod, right at the tip of Cape Cod, you have an entrance into that inner waterway. And the Dutch called it Pact Bay. On an old Dutch map, it's Pact Bay. There's a place on Curacao, Sponsor of Odder. This is the coastal end of Curacao, Sponsor of Odder. This is called Pact, this entrance. So it's a small... I've never even given this to a newspaper reporter. I was afraid that it would be misspelled. It comes out in the English as Pact, Pact. This A in Dutch, this UI or UYA, becomes an I, like a stylus and phosphor. It's not styluson, which should be styluson phosphor. It should be a diphthong. You can tell them you have children about that. Stone of Arabia, how many have you been to Stone of Arabia? I come from just two miles from there. I'm Pact, my sister lives in Stone of Arabia. There are all kinds of stories about the meaning of Stone of Arabia. It's a Dutch word, it's a Dutch place name. It appears, and where Lansingburg is now in Troy, is the Stain of Arabia. It's originally called Stain of Arabia. There are Stain of Rabis, or Stain of Rabis in New Jersey. There's one etched on the cornerstone of a house, Stain of Rabi. There's a Stain of Rabi road in Omeon, and it means stony turnips. Little stony turnips. Now why is that? Because if you've been a farmer, you know what you're doing, you're spraying this picking stone. We were right on the edge, right on the edge of the Mohawk River. And every spring we had to get the stone boat out and hooked it with a chain to the tractor and go through this, especially this one field. I was hoping that it would get sold or developed or something. But we took tons of stone out. It just kept popping up. And usually like that, size of a baby's head, maybe. And this is a term the Dutch had encountered this in the Netherlands. They had great alluvial soil there. You didn't have to pick stone. Like you did here. Stone was all ground up as the glacier retreated to the north. And there must be a mile deep on either side of the Mohawk River. We all know Baberbeek. Cadskill. Cadskill isn't named after a cat. I noticed a couple of years ago they put cats heads out of the parking meters. They have like a cover here, imitated a cat. And there's nothing wrong with that. The cat refers to the Indian chief who was in charge in that area at the time. It was very early. It was like in the 1620s. His name was mentioned. And that name survives in the various place names in that area. With a K, right? It doesn't matter. A C and a K were interchangeable. And for some reason the Dutch preferred the C. I've transcribed thousands of documents and I swear there aren't many capital caves. And they'll usually put a C for some reason. Again, I don't know a lot of it. A teaneck. We'll go a little bit further south. Teaneck, New Jersey. It's the teamed and neck of the Hackensack River. So there must be nine other streams flowing into the Hackensack River. But there was right where that comes in. It forms a neck through the Hackensack River. And that village is called Teamed and Neck. Tenvele is another Dutch name. Tenvele. At the swamp or at the lowland or at the Uraast. Arthur Kiln. Arthur is Achter in Dutch. Achter is behind the Kiln. In other words, it's the Kiln that goes behind Staten Island. Between Staten Island and New Jersey. Kinderhoek. This is, Kinderhoek is interesting. You have navigational maps. Here's the North River. And you have on the map, certain points. This is how they knew where they were when they were coming north out of the river or going south. This could be Kinderhoek. And I think this is Milton Hoek. But in between, you have a rock. This is a hook. It's from the Dutch 17th century Dutch way. A hook. And a rock. This is the distance between those two points. Some of the islands in the river served as points and rocks. You would be at a certain island. And you would know where it was in reference to the other points on the navigational chart. But all down the river, you have points. You have hooks and rocks. A long rock. It was on the map in the 1840s. And it shows the bank with like a clay bank that's been scalloped. And it looks like a clover. And that's where the name for clover came from. So that would be perfect for a navigator. They look off to the right. And there's a four-leaf or three-leaf clover. And you know right where you are. Kinder book was a bit of a problem. People have tried to explain it well when they first came up here. They saw children waiting to be placed. They're not always going to appear when they're seated. And only that one bunch of kids in that one spot. I said what they probably saw were stones. The look in the distance looked like kids standing on the bank. And that was accepted by the Mariners at that time. Or their navigational. What about wine and spill? I think it's a family name. I'm not sure. I know where it is. But I don't think it has a good etymology. What's a kiln? A butcher? A butcher kiln. A butcher is like a shop. Alcohol. And that's near Lord Norris. Lord Norris. I'll check on wine names. It is a typical Dutch name. It is a typical Dutch family name. It is a typical Dutch family name. Oh, okay. Thank you. It's a name. Wine. Yeah. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. W. a J. So that's where that IJ comes from. In Dutch, it's simply a good problem-guidation of a long bow. What's that? Ganskort is a goose. And the fort would be like the fort. Like Krakkoort. I can't hear you. Waterfleet. But that's a place named in the Netherlands. It appears in South Africa as well by Herfleet. And it's interesting that we pronounce it the way they pronounce it in the 17th century. With an epithetic vowel. We don't say about Herfleet. We say water. And that's a true 17th century convention. It allows you to move from one sound to another without injury to your vocal cords. It's believed. If somebody says a water of bleed to you, you know they're not from here. There's a village in the Netherlands called Birveleet. Birveleet? Isn't that who he was? He's the guy who started the herring industry. That's what they do there. It was a secret for a long period of time. They have a statue in the village to this guy. I've never been there. My great-great-somebodies were born there. He's the one who said you have to gut the fish at sea and put them in a prime solution, a salt solution. And you have to keep one element of the internal organs intact because that'll preserve the fish the longest. It was a chemical reaction. And he's the one who, Birveleet, he's the one who... Yeah, I wasn't going to bring that up. He got a commendation from the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. He went to Birveleet and honored him and erected a statue because the herring industry was the industry in the Netherlands at that time. It still is a big industry. They still produce a lot of herring. There's wheat leaves. It's just a flow, just a water flow. Nothing to do with a wheat or a foam? No, no. No, no, no wheat or ships or anything. No, it's just a flow, a water flow. I've got to...this will be the final thing. I'm glad I could. I won't have to write this whole thing down. You see this name? talking about family names and so forth. This guy, John Hendricks, appeared in court many times. I'm not going to go through all of his problems, but he was prompted justice. And he appeared with various parts of his anatomy, and his profession, and his origin. And he was driving the English crazy, because they couldn't figure out who he was. Because every time he appeared in court, he would have a different name with John Hendricks. Sometimes it would be Jan Rotar, Rotar's red hair, on Salzbeck. Salzbeck is a German community near the Dutch border. And Tenenland is a carpenter. So John was the name of his paternal grandfather, most likely. You know how they had the naming system. Your first son was named after your paternal grandfather, your first daughter after the maternal grandmother. Then the second son would be named after the maternal grandfather and so forth. So you had this inner weaving of names. So we know that his father was, his grandfather was John. And his father was Hendrick. So you have Jan Hendrickson. SC is just a sound. You know the term, the Vida-Litzit, V-I-Z, meaning with respect to or, namely, V-I-Z. You don't have to put a dot after it, because the Z stands for that. People insist on putting a dot there. And they tell you, don't put a dot, because people stop reading when they see that dot and they stumble over it. I said, it doesn't need a dot. And so we know that Jan Hendrickson had red hair, was from Germany, and was a carpenter. And in 1687, the English required everybody to adopt. A surname, a family name that would be passed on to the children so that they would avoid this type of problem. There's another name I neglected to look it up. But there are like five kids involved, and each one of them sort of adopts a different name. This is the brick wall of genealogists brought into it when they get to the Dutch of the Hudson Valley or the Mohawk Valley. You need confirmation then from other sources, and it's a major problem. If you're interested in more words in the American language that's words, this is a friend of mine, Niko Leena van de Sij, just came out. She didn't have Winklehawk in her book. So she put it in her book. But she's got a lot of words that you would not expect to be Dutch in this book. And each one has a little history with it. And it's very nice of them, I highly recommend it. And Bailey is a classic on the Dutch family name system in New York and New Jersey. And I think of one more thing, Greenbush. Greenbush. It's Krenavos, Krenavos, Pinebush, Pinewoods. Kren is a Dutch pine, not the color green. When the English saw it, it's Krenavos written, because the Dutch would sometimes write with two E's, even though it was an open cell of a little bit. And they would think it was green. Green Island is Krenavos, and it's Pine Island. The only one place they got it right was Pine Dills. Does the bush mean anything in Dutch? It's a bush. A bush is a bush, a wood. That's awesome. Yeah. Good. Yes. Have you ever heard the word seller lock? Yes, that's a Dick Hain word. That's one of the words he told the seller lock. You know those shutters on Dutch windows, those big, heavy shutters that you can lock in place? He said they used to use those shutters for an outdoor seller, and they called it a seller lock. The shutters called it a lock. And yeah, that's interesting. Did you know Dick Hain? No, I didn't, but my grandmother knew that word. And my other grandmother came recently from Holland. And so she knew both of those words were Dutch. It was just a common language in our family. Yeah, well, that's great. I had somebody care for it. Have you come across the term cripple bush? Yes. I assume it's a thicket. Thickets are small. Yeah, it's a thicket that wood, a undergrowth or a growth of wood after you've clear caught and you start getting all of that scrabbly wood intertwined and so forth. It's the type of woods that Bill tried to wild boar like to run through. And yeah, it's a cripple bush is common. So currently, I work for the ACHA. I'm working on digitizing of the Allen family register. Cripple bush appears commonly the term that I've recently come across as luber on cripple bush, which I don't understand. Well, this one. Luber, L-U-B-B-E-R-T. That being said, the person who wrote it was not the woman who Dutch. And then they spelled it Luber. I don't know. Right. I don't know. It sounded to me that I'll see what I can call it. What portion of the Hudson province that was created, sort of shaped like the continent of Africa, was part of what portion of that province was. Rensselaer. Rensselaer is what? Yeah. What portion of that is Rensselaer-Rick and? Rensselaer's back is basically already in Rensselaer County. And a little bit of, in some, of Columbia County. And how is that? I understand that all of that was given to the patroon ships. Steven van Rensselaer. It was a way to deduct the grain and colt and the soap. And if you get all of it, who were the Steven van Rensselaer for the portion that went to Rensselaer? Yeah. It was all passed on to their heirs. And eventually it was bought out, I think. It lasted until after the Civil War. It was being handed down to the heirs. The heirs were renegated at that time. And the patroon ships were continued well after the Revolutionary War. Was anything in your own sonation against the patroon ships? It was all we want, just Rensselaer. All of the rest that had been proposed for patroon ships had all been bought out by the West Indies Company or by the Dutch. Because the people who had to invest in mostly directors of the West Indies Company, very wealthy individuals, they couldn't come up with the money. They had to send so many people over in such a period of time and set them up with the fire, the house, the fire. And then, pulling back, we just hasten back and covered us. Pulling back. And it was a very expensive operation. There was somebody else? Yes. Your boy. Your boy. Is that a Dutch? Yeah, yeah. Per woods. Per woods. Yeah. Yeah. I should have mentioned that. That's very obvious. Very obvious. Anything else? Did the English respect the patroon structure or did they take that apart and control the land themselves? They mainly turned it into a manner. And like politics would. And allowed people to settle or friends to make money off of it. It's a sordid business once the English pickover. Yeah. I don't think they're going to say English. Thank you. Thank you. I'm going to say it back, but I don't know how to say that. Are there any blessings here? No. I don't know. I'm so close to cramping up.