 friends and colleagues. This is my name you see there. Now we are at Kayseri, mid-Atlavia. And actually Kayseri is a huge province, around 17,000 square kilometers, as large as Israel, let me say. And it's the neighbor of Kapadochia. We call it touristy Kapadochia actually. The capital is not the touristy one but Kayseri. In this Patronier Atlas you can see Kayseri here, Mazaka, the other name. Cesare or Mazaka was the capital of original Kapadochia. And this is the guy who is responsible of everything else. That guy's name is Mount Argeus or Argeus. Argeus began erupting 11 million years ago and continued eruption with phases till the historical period. And all those small pillars and fairy chimneys etc. were his production. Actually not only Argeus mountain but there are several other volcanoes in that area. We call it Mid-Atlavia volcanic province. There are some very large volcanic mountains around the area and they all began the same period 11 million years ago erupting. Not only the big mountains but also you can see Kayseri is the Mount Argeus it's here but we are nearly more than 60 small volcanic combs in that facility in that area region. This is a photo I like so much. It's very near to Kayseri city. You can see the sediment of Tefra and Tufalus. Actually some Iglam rites and some Tufalus also cut by the tectonic movements during the period. There's a huge fault line there also. This is only 16 meters in some parts of Kayseri we have a thickness of 400 meters of Tufalus rock. Now we began underground structures project with two sponsors Chekul Foundation and Kayseri municipality and we are Obuk-Key research group. The project began five years ago we had total of 28 trips there. We found a survey and inventory 33 previously unknown underground cities 46 Byzantine rock-cut churches very interestingly 10 Assyrian team minds which we collaborate with archaeologists working in that area. Roman rock-cut graves and villages where five cliff-developed villages in Kayseri. We published five reports four articles in international journals six presentations in international congress this is the seventh one and three articles in national magazines. Those on the top you can see are preliminary reports which we distribute for our sponsors and three or four articles from Operaepi and Ipojera. Those two cover photos belong to that Kayseri project to us now by far the most important project for the whole world we can say is the Kayseri project and by far the most important part of that project is Korama valley. Korama valley is very near to Kayseri actually you can see the suburbs of the Kayseri city here and the valley to the north side of Kayseri city is 16 kilometers long with six different villages there. This is the general view of the valley from the middle section and in that valley we have two cliff-developed villages actually I like it's not one thousand in Kays I was trying to be more enthusiastic actually the number is 476 rock-cut structures there and 34 churches inside the same valley with 11 other grand cities 80 rock-cut graves Roman period Viprezium and 16 columbariums in the same valley. Now I think we have to discuss about the naming of the situation but you call them cliff settlements inside the valley and wall settlements also which you have to climb with the inner stairways and you know underground cities they make cultural terraces in the valley and of course we have churches and graves and houses there's a huge discussion to identify which one is a columbarium which one is a dog we will discuss that matter later now let's begin with 476 rock-cut structures what are the day actually it's a mess in two separate villages inside the valley we have a mess of uh rock-cut villages like these ones and you see it's not very easy to survey I mean broken stones and everything distributed in the cliffs this is the general survey map of first settlement actually it looks very simple where you see like this but don't forget that this is 50 meters and to give a detail this is the detail of uh excuse me that section only and we have 250 something houses barns and churches etc in that first settlement and this is the second settlement again 150 something houses and bars and locals etc this is the map of the second settlement of the same valley again 154 houses there and again and 100 meters and to give you an example this is the top section or only the top section of that village another division of the same village with possibly more than 60 houses that house is excuse me this one sorry now two general views of valley this is the first settlement this is the second one which I explained a few minutes ago now let's from the houses let's jump to 34 rock-cut churches they were not previously studied and we explored and surveyed them only in two examples we have frescoes like this and only two of them are as large as this one but the remaining are small we call them actually the middle-aged authorities believe them they are family type churches each family has built their own church we presume because in a single village we have 14 small churches like this three other examples of the churches this is a another large one medium-sized church mainly disturbed by the illegal diggers around I had actually I I say I because I drove all of them only 10 examples of churches in the valley in the Korama Valley yeah 33 years I told you then we also have a huge monastery complex between two villages in the valley and you can see a huge building rock art a church and separate buildings we know that this one was a kitchen this photo is from this angle the entrance of the church was there now after churches let's pass to underground cities with underground city it's a general custom in Cappadocia we mean some hiding places which were excited during the 7th to 11th century AD by the Christians in order to prevent themselves from the Arab race within the 7th and 11th centuries you can see the cross over there and there are too many underground cities or shelters that we say around Cappadocia and we found 11 of them in that valley and the most important item of an underground shelter is that means spawned doors which are used to close or open the entrances there are some huge ones around 500 kilos with a diameter of two meters and some small examples like those this is the most important it's not very easy to understand from that map because there are some buildings on the top floors also this is the underground city of famous architect Sinan of Ottoman period they made those underground cities previously then after knowing for the hiding they use it for different purposes like storage area etc architect Sinan is very famous and he was born in that small village in Foramans valley and that was his house dated 1490 something this is an example of another underground city the main design of those underground hiding shelters of cities are those long narrow tunnels with small living areas this is another underground city with a huge new stone doors which can be closed like this way and then you can open it from the inside from the outside it's impossible to open another underground city which we found survey six months ago it was more than 600 meters actually two we found in the same period it's not very easy to survey and to examine and explore around the city generally the passages are very narrow with debris on the ground this is a very crazy one just check the room and check the tunnel it's something like one meters height with 30 40 centimeters wide surveying another city means working like this or like this if you are using glasses it's a huge trouble also this is the second village of Koroma valley and those two underground cities which we survey were nearly touching each other most possibly there's a huge web of underground cities and shelters under that village and we will continue to survey that area for the forthcoming periods now there's trouble there's really trouble we know that there are columbariums in the area but it's not very easy to identify the difference between a columbarium and a doe coat because they use it continuously since the roman times during the ottoman periods kitchens the doe coats are important item in that valley so it's not very easy to identify if it's a doe coat or a columbarium generally we believe that if the niches are having a very good architecture and very good design we believe that there are columbariums but anise doesn't agree with me and anyhow they use them after being at columbarium they use them for the doe coats during the ottoman periods some are very irregular let me say desires and some are very regular ones also they change during the ottoman period they change some churches during the late periods let me say they change the churches to doe coats there's an example from the valley and also another irregular example for you now another problem is roman grapac graves again the similar problem they use that for a long time as after being a grave they use them for storage facilities etc etc so it's they change inside so it's not very easy to understand if it's a roman what type grave or not we can only identify them with their entrance doors other than this it's nearly impossible if it's a roman grave or not so there's a short summary in kora mazvalli we don't have just sorry sorry in kora mazvalli we don't have 1000 rock structures or caves we have only 476 34 Byzantine rock rock churches 11 underground cities 18 roman rock graves we presume 16 roman columbariums we have a preliminary report for that valley especially for that valley and you can check it from our webpage if you wish and thank you all