 Welcome to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. In this lecture, we will be studying in general the markers in the meta language of Paninian grammar and specifically their functions. We have been studying for some time the fundamental feature of Paninian grammar namely the meta language and notably the difference of the features of this meta language with the features of the object language Sanskrit. To take a recap, here are those sutras 1.3.2 to 1.3.8 which define the term ith in the Paninian grammar. We have noted that the first sutra 1.3.2 assigns the term ith to vowels whereas the rest they assign the term ith to consonants. The first two sutras assign 1.33 and 1.34 assign the term ith to the final consonants and the rest 4 assign to the consonants that come at the beginning of elements in the original initial enunciation called upadisha. We listed down several functions of the markers. There are many more which we would not cover in this lecture. Perhaps later on we can discuss some more in detail. Right now we noted these functions prescription of addition of suffixes, specification of the position of an element added, specification of the position of a substitute, modification in the element to which a suffix is added, negation of certain modifications of an element. It is these that we have studied so far. Now remain the two most important functions accent and meaning change and we shall study these in today's lecture. So let us look at the this function called markers and accent the ith sounds and accent. Let us take some general information about accent. Accent is an important feature of Paninian grammar very important unlike other traditions of Sanskrit grammar, Paninian grammar treats this feature very very seriously and that is why it needs to be studied deeply and seriously. Noting down accents on the basic building blocks namely the root that is prakriti and the suffix that is pratyaya Panini develops his grammar. Subsequently the accent is also noted on the constructed blocks the blocks that are constructed out of the prakriti and pratyayas namely the padas even Paninian grammar notes accents on padas and finally the constructs namely vakya which are constructed out of padas accents are noted on the vakya as well. The Sanskrit word for accent is swarar and this is a feature of a vowel. There are three key terms that we need to note in this regard. Some of them we have already studied when we looked at how Anudarth ith sound triggers the operation to add atmanipada suffixes after a verbal root and so on. Let us revisit those terms they are udhath, anudhath and swaritha. Udhath is defined in the ashtadhyayi as uchair udhathah 1, 2, 29 high pitch. Anudhath is nichair anudhathah 1, 2, 30 which is low pitch and swaritha is defined as samaharaswarithah by 1, 2, 31 it is a combination of high and low pitch. This is how these three terms are defined in the ashtadhyayi and are understood by even modern scholars. The accent is noted on the root and also the suffix, the prakriti and the praktyaayya. That is the very basic building block. All the nominal roots which are undirived generally have the final vowel udhath. And when we say, when we talk of accent we mean udhath primarily, fishontha udhathah, that is the sutra that is the first fit sutra which says that generally the final vowel of a nominal root is udhath. Some nominal roots which are derived in the format of root and suffix also have the final vowel udhath by various sutras. Some nominal roots have the initial vowel udhathah and some nominal roots have the penultimate vowel udhathah. Generally all the compound nominal roots have the final vowel udhathah. Generally all the bahubrihi compound roots have the first component retain its udhathah. Then all the undirived verbal roots have the final vowel udhathah. All the derived verbal roots also have the final vowel udhathah in general. Generally every suffix has the initial vowel udhathah. So in describing all these basics we have been using the word generally which thereby implies that there are some rules which are exception to this general rule which state the accent in a different position in a different manner. But wherever such general rules, wherever such specific rules do not apply the default or the general rules apply and they cover most of the language spoken. Thus the verbal elements they are all accented in general once again. That means they all have at least one vowel udhathah. So if we look at the compositionality of building blocks. This is how we can go in this sequence in this order. So we have first the prakriti and praktya here which when joined together bring about a pada. Similarly the prakriti swara the accent recorded on the prakriti and the praktyaya swara the accent recorded on the praktyaya that brings about the accent of the pada. Just as pada is derived out of prakriti and praktyaya the pada swara is also derived out of prakriti swara and praktya swara coming together. Similarly then once we have the pada swara ready with us of say pada 1 then we join just as we joined pada 1 and pada 2 and pada 3 and as a combination we get a vaktya or a sentence. Similarly we will join this pada swara pada swara 1 and pada swara 2 and pada swara 3 and then we will get what is known as vaktya swara or the accent on the sentence. This is how accent works in paninian grammar we shall study this more in detail later on right now these are some basic points. In the rule based system the accent noted at the first stage can travel through and retain itself till the last stage namely the sentence that is one situation or the last stage this accent noted at the first stage of prakriti or praktyaya loses out to the other accent built in into the next level of construct in the form of a pada or a vaktya. The accent noted at the first stage is in many cases the accent brought about by the ith sounds or the markers and therefore such a such an accent which is brought about by the ith sounds or markers can possibly stay till the last stage that is the sentence. This is how the markers play a crucially important role as far as accent is concerned the derivation of accent is concerned in the sentence. Let us now study this aspect in more detail. So ith sounds for swara some ith sounds are used in the paninian grammar to trigger accent related operations at the very basic level of prakriti and praktyaya they are in the chur class n, l and chur. Second group is the and r and the third group is puh and we shall study the functions of these groups in the form of examples. Now n, n, l and chur are attached to a praktyaya and bring about the accent of the prakriti derived from the prakriti and praktyaya shown also in the form of an equation below over here. A prakriti a to which a praktyaya is added can give rise in the paninian grammar to another prakriti and then to this prakriti we add another praktyaya and that gives us a pada. So we are saying that this n, n etc., n, n, l and chur are the accents of this prakriti they are actually stated they are actually attached to this praktyaya and then they retain the accent in this format prakriti and then further processing happens and you get the accent of the pada later on. Similarly it sounds the and r are also attached to a praktyaya and they also bring about the accent of that praktyaya itself. So for example prakriti and praktyaya when they are joined together they bring about another prakriti in paninian grammar and we have seen some examples which illustrate this equation to which this praktyaya is added and then you get the pada. Similarly it sounds p is attached to a praktyaya and it also brings about the accent of that praktyaya. For example prakriti and praktyaya now this situation arises many times in such scenario that you have prakriti and praktyaya and then you get the pada output. Let us now look at individual examples. The first one is a set of sounds n, n, l and chur. So it sounds n and n which are attached to a praktyaya bring about the accent on the initial vowel of the prakriti in the format mentioned in this equation prakriti a plus praktyaya brings about a prakriti. So for example if we have a prakriti in the format of a, b, c, d, e and a praktyaya in the format of p and q. So because panini has noted the accents on each and every element at least one odatta so applying the general rule e which is at the end of this prakriti will be accented and similarly going by the rule related to the praktyaya whose initial vowel is generally accented that is p, p will be accented. Now when these two are joined together and you get the prakriti a, b, c, d, p, q what will happen to these two accents that is the question will e be the accent of a, b, c, d, p, q or will p be the accent of a, b, c, d, p, q and the rule with here and now markers says that in case of a suffix like this to which here and now are added as markers in their case it is this prakriti form and that to the initial vowel in the prakriti in this case this first vowel will retain its accent that means if you get the output in the form of a, b, c, d, p, q and assume that they are vowels then it is this initial vowel will get accented in this entire word a will get the odatta. Let us take the example garg is the prakriti in which this final a is accented shown in blue and when an odatta gets accented it is generally unmarked and when one is odatta the rest is anodatta therefore this garg becomes anodatta and is generally marked with the horizontal line horizontal bar beneath it and then this is how it is marked then in general this is how it is marked then we have the suffix yain added to it yain that is added so now in this following the general rules of suffixes this here will get odatta now we have two elements having two odatta accents garg and here joining both these together we get another prakriti called garg here now in this which accent will be retained the accent of here or the accent of this final a but because this is marked with yain over here marked in red the rule 6 1 1 97 in it the other nithyam will say that this initial vowel gets accented that is its initial vowel gets the odatta so this a which is anodatta initially will now in the final output turn out to be odatta of course there will be some replacement of this a by a but that a will be now termed odatta and once this is odatta the rest becomes anodatta but the anodatta that follows anodatta will be termed as swaritha so swaritha is shown with a vertical bar on top of the letter that is why this vertical bar indicates that this a is swaritha this is how the marker here the fifth consonant the nasal consonant of chair class brings about the accent of the prakriti to which it is added. Similarly we have another example where n is a marker and it is attached to a suffix and it brings about a similar accent let us look at the concrete example which is derived from the verbal root indrith applying the general rule this rule is marked as accented that is odatta therefore there is no symbol given to it. So nritha and now we have the suffix wun added to it in this wun wu becomes odatta by general rule where initial vowel of the praktyaya is accented but we note that there is this nr marker coming here now this wu will be substituted by akka and then we will have nritha plus akka now in this akka once again the initial vowel gets accented so a will be accented. Now we join both these two together and get the word nartaka the question is which of these vowels will be accented in the word nartaka and the question is answered by panini using this marker n. So any element like this nartaka which is made up of a praktyaya which has n attached to it will govern the accent that falls on the initial element of that word. So nartaka has n accented that is odatta and so every other element will be anodatta and the anodatta that follows this odatta will be termed as swaritha. So in nartaka this r is swaritha. This is brought about by 6.1197 inithyadirnithyam. Let us look at the examples of l and ch now. So in this example gamma is the verbal root to which is added a lute in gamma g is accented and in lute where lute is substituted by ana here the initial vowel er is accented by the general rule and so this remains unmarked and this also remains unmarked. Now when we join both these together the question is which one will retain the odatta in this derived unit of gamana and the question is answered by 6.1193 which says that if an element has a marker l attached to it then the previous element to this will get accented. So now this will retain its odatta accent everything else becomes anodatta and the anodatta that follows anodatta will become swaritha and so we will have this vertical bar placed on top of m and this is how the word gamana will be accented. The sutra is 6.1193 lithy. Then we look at the other example in which the marker ch triggers the sutra 6.1163 namely chitaha and then we derive the accent. So for example we have bhanj plus ghurach and now bhanj is followed by this suffix ghurach and in ghurach ghur is termed ith by 138 and ch is termed ith by 133 both of them get deleted. So you get the suffix urr and in urr who is accented by the general rule about the pratyayas. So r becomes anodatta and the anodatta swarita that comes after the udatta becomes swaritha. So there is this mark of vertical line on top of urr which indicates that it is swaritha. Now when this bhanj which has bha as udatta as shown here and urr which has u as udatta when they are joined together another rule comes in which substitutes this jha by ghur and therefore this yur gets substituted by ghur and so finally you get the word bhangura. Now which element would retain the accent and this chitaha 61163 says that the final element retains the accent. So we will have this urr coming at the end of the word marked as udatta therefore everything else will become anodatta and so now we have all these vowels marked with the horizontal line beneath them indicating that they are anodatta. This happened because of 61163 chitaha. Now let us look at the examples where the it sounds ta and rr play an important role to bring about the accent. So it sounds ta attached to a suffix marks the swaritha accent on the final vowel of the suffix. So we have chi and the accent is e over here. So chi plus the vietal and so now this ta is marked as it. Now this will bring about the urr over here as udatta. So now we have chi plus the viet. This is udatta, this is udatta when joined together by the general rule that the accent of the element which is stated later on that retains itself as far as the final output is concerned. So following this general rule we will retain the accent of viet and therefore everything else becomes anodatta which is shown by the horizontal bar over here. Similarly, the sound rr. So it sound rr attached to a suffix marks accent on the penultimate vowel of that suffix. So we begin with the verbal root pat to which we add the suffix aniyar in which rr is marked as it by 133 and it is deleted by 139. So we have the next stage namely patta plus aniyar. Now this aniyar would have generally been marked accented in the initial position by the general rule about the suffixes and their accents but now because there is rr marker available this indicates that the penultimate vowel that is e that will be accented. So now we will get once again by applying the general rule the accent of the word pathaniyar is this e which is the accent of this pratyayar. So therefore these two vowels rr and rr which come before this udatta they are marked as anodatta with a horizontal bar beneath them and this rr which is also anodatta but it comes after an udatta therefore it is it becomes swarita and is marked with the vertical bar on top this is how it will get accented. Let us now look at the swarra that is caused by marker ith namely pr. So the ith sound pr marks all the vowels of a suffix as anodatta also known as nighata this entire phenomenon. So we start with the derivation process with patha as the verbal root to which we add the suffix tip first having pr as the marker indicating that this t becomes anodatta and then we add the suffix shop in between also having the marker pr by 133 and 139. So now if you have to note the accents here we are patha in which this r is accented and then this r which is anodatta and this t also marked as anodatta because of this pr marker. So finally then we have only one udatta over here and so we retain this udatta and both these anodattas they come after an udatta therefore this immediate anodatta r is marked as swarita and therefore a vertical bar is placed on top of this r. So the final accent of pathati independent separate word pathati will be this initial accent. Let us now look at this important feature of meaning change. So far we have studied some basics about how the ith sounds namely the markers bring about the accent as far as the prakriti is concerned as far as the derived prakriti is concerned as far as the padha is concerned and then of course the vaka is concerned. Now let us look at the role of accent played in bringing about the meaning change of the word and also some other grammatical functions. So for example use of marker no anch is made in the panayan grammar which will trigger certain accents which will distinguish the meanings of the forms derived by adding the suffix tru and tru is common to both trun as well as trich. Only markers are different ch and n. So what will these markers do as said before they will bring about the forms in which the accent is different and this difference of accent will show the difference in meanings. Trich is stated after a verbal root by 31133 Nibaltrachau in the sense of kartru. Trun is stated after a verbal root 32135 also in the sense of kartru but with an additional meaning, additional meaning shades namely one who is skilled etc stated by 32134 that is the difference. Let us look at the examples. Here we have the verbal root chi to which is added the suffix trich. Trich generally has this ru as accent that is udattcha is a marker by 133 and then it is deleted by 139. So now we have chi plus tru that is the stage then the next stage will be chi plus tru finally we will get chi tru. Now the accent of this tru will be retained so this ru will become udattta. Now this is also caused because of the marker ch and chi taha the rule that we saw earlier. So this final vowel gets accented gets the udattta and therefore the other vowel becomes anodattta. So it is marked as this vowel which comes before this udattta is marked as anodattta by the horizontal bar beneath it. That means now the word chi tru stands for one who does the action of collecting that is a collector that is a karta of the action of collecting a collector. Similarly now if we add the suffix trun into it chi plus trun in this chi chi is accented trun tru is accented but with with a marker n coming at the end and this is a termed as a marker by 133 deleted by 139. So we have chi plus tru and chi becomes che chi plus tru the finally derived form is che tru. If you remove the accent marks and look at the form it is the same but what is the difference the difference is noted by accents. In this case because of the marker n yunityadir nityam comes into play and marks the initial vowel accented namely the udattta. So this a becomes udattta. So now if you look at these two words their form is same che tru in both the cases but the accent is different. In this case it is the initial vowel that is accented in this case it is the final vowel that is accented. What this initial accented vowel means is one who does the action of collecting not just in any manner but very skillfully a skillful collector that is what is the meaning of che tru. This meaning difference is brought about by the accent n the accent udattta on this initial vowel brought about by the marker n and here it is the marker che which brings about the final vowel accented which means something else. This is how the accent brings about the accent that brings about the meaning change is triggered by the ith sounds. Let us also look at how an ith sound brings about the negation of a compound. So use of ith sound is made in the panengian grammar to trigger the negation of the compound of an otherwise similar form. For example 2 to 11 brings about this negation. So the sutra is poor anaguna sohit aarth sat avya ya tavya saman adhikaranena and we focus on tavya. We have already seen the example in which a verbal form is derived with the help of the suffix tavya. So the words mentioned in this sutra and we need to focus only on tavya right now should not be compounded with a word with sixth case that is the meaning of the sutra. So this sutra does not negate the same compound with the word tavya which is marked as th that is very crucial very important. It negates the compound only with tavya and not with tavya. Let us see what happens then. So if you have the compound if you have the word derived with the verbal root chi by the addition of the suffix tavya you will get this accent chi plus tavya. So in this case the initial vowel is accented namely th. So now you have the word che tavya which has the middle vowel namely the vowel of tavya accented che tavya this a which precedes the udakta therefore it is marked as anodakta shown by the horizontal bar beneath and this a which comes after this th is also marked as anodakta but it comes after the udakta therefore it is marked as varita shown by the vertical bar on top of the letter this is the accent of the word che tavya the act of collection remember it is derived with the help of the suffix tavya what happens if the same word is derived with the suffix tavya. So the derivation is similar only the accent changes because this th is marked as it by 133 and 139 deletes it we get the form tavya with this final a marked as swarita by tith swarita the rule. So now in this case this final a will be marked will be retained as swarita and the rest will be anodakta also shown as anodakta with the horizontal bar beneath the letters this is how the accent will be derived and this is the difference in this case the final letter is swarita in this case the middle letter is udakta. Now if we look at the compound situation also stated by 2 to 11 so if we want to derive if we want to express this meaning act of collection of chaitra we will have to derive a compound. So suppose we have this form namely chaitra shea che tavya in which the middle vowel is accented or udakta then the compound is negated by 2 to 11 but if we have the same meaning act of collection of chaitra but with a different derivation namely the word che tavya derived with the suffix tavya and therefore having this year as udakta in che tavya so here you can have a compound now chaitra che tavya and so now you will get all the vowels as anodakta except this final a which is marked as swarita so the accent would be this. So the fact that this is accented shows to you that this che tavya must be derived from the root chi with the addition of the suffix tavya and not tavya marked with the marker ta over here otherwise this compound is not possible so this form this accent is not possible this accent is possible and the feature is primarily different accent. So this is how the accent brings about the change in the grammatical operation as far as the negation of compound is concerned. Now to summarize it is a very effective device used in the Paninian grammar to trigger various types of grammatical operations and we have seen only a few many more remain and different kinds of linguistic usage gets systematically accounted for by the use of effective use of the it sounds or the markers. So we can say that it is a very very fundamental part of the meta language of the Paninian grammar. So we can say in conclusion that it goes away but it comes back and stays till the end. Thank you.