 In this session, we are going to discuss the meaning and scope of polarization, its implications, what type of conflict states face, and what type of implications normally conflicts draw on the nature and situation of the state. So during the current wave of time, we all have to see and specifically the social sciences, they try to discuss the new emergence of the global tendencies. So these global tendencies, they have their own implications on every society and state. So the social movements, democratization, new regionalism, and then the expansion of global market can be taken or can be considered as the most recent and major elements of state denial. Along with the work, the importance of the state, the new rising trends in the world, they have started to reduce the importance of the state and some people have also said that the identity of the state is gradually ending. And what major trends are there in this, social movements? Because social movements are not limited to a single specific area. If there is a social issue, then it can start from a specific area, but gradually it gets spread, where there will be related issues, the movement will continue. Look at the climate issue, look at the health issue. The concerns about education, that is, all the movements that rise on the basis of social issues, they bring the entire world under influence. Similarly, the process of democratization, that democratization means that there is a proper democracy, there is a way to go towards that. So now there is a democracy rule or not, but the process of democratization is to promote the culture of democracy within these people. These are all the ways that today's social scientist talks about them. Because the world is changing, the world is not limited, the ideas and thoughts of boundaries are spread all over the world. So their perception is that the boundaries of the state are gradually ending. Same is the situation that political polarization is commonly measured using the variation of responses on an individual issue in the population. More variation corresponds to more people on the extremes and fewer in the middle. Now, if we have to measure the political polarization, first of all, we have to face a lot of issues. There are some implications in the world. So polarization means division within the state. There was division between the people. So even in that, if someone living in a state feels that there are some other issues in the world, then obviously that polarization is being developed in a new way. So this globalizing interconnectedness, actually this is creating the new debate regarding the nation-state and national economy by introducing global economy. And the transparent water financing and the concept of globalizing is undermining the idea of national economy and nation-central government's capability. So these are developments. Now if there is an economy, then it is not limited to the border of a nation-state. The import and export issues, the immigration of your people, the arrival of your people, you get money from abroad, you can bring some reforms to your economy. So all these debates are very relevant and because of this, the meaning of polarization and its nature are changing. Then if we look at this, if we talk about this, that state denial has become once again as a dominant tendency in the social science in the appearance of globalization. This is a common phenomenon and everyone has some observations and reservations on this perspective that due to the perception, due to the involvement of globalization, now the state is under threat. So the state denial is becoming a proper debate nowadays in the subject of political sociology that how we can consider that state is still relevant and what type of issues. This new situation is facing nowadays. So these are the new topics for the debate, for the social scientists and specifically for the experts of political sociology.