 Today we're going to talk about quantum computing and where we are. My name is Tim Sarowitz. I'm the director of the training program for the Linux Foundation. So I got to approve my own talk. So if it's horrible, you know how it slipped through. It went back to me. But hopefully it's awesome until all your friends, of course. But what we're going to do in this talk is talk about quantum computing. And the idea behind it is to get you started. There's a lot of stuff going on. That's what this whole talk is about, is to dispel some of the myths about it. So jumping right in. Now ironically, it looks perfect. This slide has graphics on it until I present it. So there's a 92 because it's noise to signal. It's in many ways a sign of where quantum computing is as well. If you know anything about noise and signal, you've ever seen a grainy TV station with lines across it? That's what this graphic looks like if I don't present it. With quantum computing, figuring out what is true, what is aspirational, and what is completely made up is very difficult. I recently wrote a course on quantum computing. And I started it with, as I do with most of my research projects. Getting a reading a lot, working with it, then finding experts to communicate with. I found some experts and I said, well, this is what I have so far. Help me understand. And they were like, nope, nope, nope, not true, not true. And I was thinking, okay, maybe it's just this one guy. So I went to somebody else and they had a different list of stuff that wasn't true. And so this is where I realized is that the majority of the information that you're gonna find on quantum computing is suspect. That's I think that's the polite way of putting. That maybe it is accurate, maybe it's not. Some of it was definitely aspirational. So there's organizations that are saying, yes, someday this will be true for us. So yes, question. Well, maybe it's done. There you go, that's perfect. Yes, you understand, you don't need to be here. You already understand quantum. So absolutely, that's entirely the possibility. But as a result, something that I like to start with this as I talk about quantum because I have gotten into, let's say heated discussions with people. Where they're like, no, this is absolutely it. And they'll say, here are four different sites that talking about the same issue. And then you go to a different site and it proves through empirical testing. That's not quite accurate. So something's been repeated so much that it's taken as truth, even though it's not. And part of the reason is just where we are. There are some important terms when it comes to understanding quantum computing based in quantum mechanics. And we don't have enough time or either the knowledge to go into the details of quantum mechanics. But these are the main concepts. This is where we're trying to get with that. Quantum computing is taking advantage of a nature of really, really small objects, these particles. What we're trying to get are the first two terms. So entanglement and superposition. When you get to this very, very, very small scale, you can knock parts of an object off from one another. They still have this relationship even though they're no longer together. Their relationship continues even if they're very far apart. For example, you could be tied in a quantum nature to this object, and it could be a million miles away. The tie is interesting in that if I change the nature of one of those particles that I split off that are entangled with one another. When I change this particle, no matter how far away that other particle is, it instantly changes. So in the universe, these things must be in some sort of math with each other. And no matter how far apart they are, they have to be in a kind of agreement. So what a quantum computer basically is, is we take as many of these little tiny objects as we can. We entangle them with each other. Then by causing something to happen to one of them or two of them or a group of them, the rest will react in concert with it. So the more things that I can entangle, the more complex of a calculation I can do, and because it's not something that's slow, I don't have to go through an iteration. It's near immediate, or it is immediate in the quantum concept, that I can do these massive potential calculations without needing to do an iterative way of doing it. Right now, a typical computer, you want to calculate a large number. You have a processor, takes a little bit of data, does a calculation, takes a little bit of data, calculates and saves them in the cache. And it just does that whole bunch. I can have multiple processes. I have a processor farm. I can have lots of servers, but they're still doing one calculation at a time. If I want to change one of these parameters, I say, okay, I have 50 ships going to 40 ports. I want to find the most fuel efficient way of getting them there, okay? And then I want to add weather in, okay? You could probably figure that out. A big computer could definitely figure that out eventually. What if one of my ship goes down? The engine has a problem. The weather changes. Who knew that the weather could change? Well, in a classical computer, a modern classical computer, it starts to grab the bits, it starts to recalculate. And sure I have a giant farm of these calculating, working on it, working on it, with a quantum system. You can change a parameter and because they are entangled with one another, the entire relationship becomes known at that moment. So what a classical computer might take 10,000 years to recalculate, I would have in 200 seconds. So now most people talk about quantum computing and they talk about speed. And speed is definitely one of the main reasons we like quantum computing. But the another thing that I'd like you guys to leave with is an understanding that quantum can solve problems in such a fashion that a standard computer cannot. So we can do things differently and we'll talk about this more. The nature of these items also goes into something called super position. And as talked about, you're both here and not here simultaneously. It's the nature of these quantum objects is that in the quantum sense, in the tiny sense, they are actually in motion. So for example, hopefully you know what I would call a soccer ball. Here, strangely, you guys have a different name for it. But a football, you have those panels. If you were to color one of those panels and kick the ball, seeing it roll down the field, you would notice that the ball might be kind of rotating one direction, another direction, and going through the field. So if you followed that panel, it'd be in some area. When I measure it, I could tell you, is it on the top half or the bottom half? No matter what, I'm still getting a one or a zero in that calculation. But as soon as I stop the ball, it's no longer in motion. That's the nature of these quantum objects. They're going through space. They are entangled with each other, so they affect each other. But I don't know where they are until I measure it. Unlike a traditional computer, where I have some sort of forensics, I could say through this gate, it did this cache, it's something like that, you inherently can't with quantum objects. Because as soon as you measure it, they leave their quantum state of being many places potentially. And we're talking about where they might be, where they're probably are. And as a result, you can't know how you got there. So I'm getting a little deep into how these objects work. But these two terms are probably the most important things to really understand about quantum computing and why it's not just a faster computer. That we're leveraging this relationship that can be very, very far apart and is a probability of where something is, that you only know when you measure it. So there's a lot more that goes into this. But hopefully that's enough for you to go, okay, it's not just a faster computer, it's not a faster processor. It's a different way of figuring something out. Now there's some other terms here, quantum supremacy, quantum advantage. It's sort of like if you're, what editor, text editor is better, Vim or Emax. If I were to ask, I'm sure that we'd have a flame war going and there'd be loud shouts of obviously, if you're smart you use Emax. And somebody's like, I use Nano. So that's the same thing that happens here with these terms. So be aware that depending on who you ask, you'll get a different answer. The general, and I mean that in the strictest kind of way of looking at it, is the advantage is typically seen as a speedup. It's faster than if you did it with a supercomputer. The supremacy is it's doing it so much faster, so much different that you really couldn't do it with even a really big supercomputer today. So it would take 10,000 years to calculate something. If I had a massive cray running 8,000 nodes, it would take me 10,000 years. But I can do it in a couple minutes with my quantum machine. That's supremacy. There are large organizations for example, just about everybody in the quantum game, but Google with their Sycamore system or processor said we have achieved it a couple years back. And it looked good. There's a couple things to be aware of. One, a different research agency just proved that that algorithm could be solved in 20 hours with their supercomputer. So it wasn't quite true yet. And the algorithm itself, right now quantum machines are solving an algorithm that is written to make the quantum machine look good. It is in no way useful. It does nothing you'd ever want it to do. The only thing this algorithm does is make the quantum machine look fast. So these terms, if I had a billion dollars and I had my own quantum machine, I would go and say I have achieved it. But if you ask, what are we really talking about here? It's, well I wrote this thing that I'm the only one that knows it. And therefore I'm the only one that has the answer. It's sort of like I'm thinking of a number, guess it, and you say five. Nope, it's not that. Well, of course, you know, nobody knows what the number is. I'm the one who tells you what it is. So be aware that these terms are fluid and the real value behind them still has some question. We're not doing anything great yet with quantum machines today. This is what a modern computer looks like. You have a tower, you pop the top off, the side off, and it's going to look like this. And you have a processor that has a big heat sink on it. You have fans, you have memory, you have ROM chips. You have a bus, you have many buses that are all communicating with each other. This is your typical setup that you would most likely have. And hopefully we're aware of what these components are. We have storage, we have long term storage with a disk someplace. Then we have various levels of cache, dims, and they're faster and better but less capacity. Then we go to various types of cache and onboard cache and so forth. But there's a lot that goes into a modern computer. And we need firmware and a BIOS to help run it. And then when I use it and I type something at the shell, I'm actually operating at a pretty high level. I'm leveraging these libraries, these calls, the firmware till it gets down to a machine code to actually run that hardware. I no longer do anything in machine code or assembler. Some of you still might, but I don't. And most people, if you took the entire IT, they'd say, yeah, I work at C, I work at Java. That's at the top of the building and this is in the basement and there's a lot in the middle. So this is a classical machine. This is an example of a quantum computer, or is it? You'll see this kind of photo all the time. IBM has some really great stuff. They show that they have beautiful looking machines. This is indeed, I guess you could say, a quantum computer. That's actually a refrigeration unit. You were looking at a very, very expensive refrigerator. At the very bottom of this, there is a processor about the size of a credit card. That's the only quantum thing there. The rest of it, so when they show these beautiful setups, like this is a beautiful photo of a quantum computer. This is what cost our company $10 billion. And actually, it just cools these things down, these very, very small objects down. As it goes, it's a dilution refrigerator. I can't remember the exact term. But basically, as that object gets lower and lower and lower, it also lowers in temperature. Until at the very, very bottom, there's a chip this big that is a quantum processor. And that's what we probably should be calling it today. That doesn't sound so interesting, though. So we use terms that may not be 100% accurate for anybody else. So this is an example of what a, and there's different types of quantum computers, too. But this is actually what's there in that graphic. That's the quantum thing that's entangling those objects, like an entanglement, and then measuring it. That's it. Where's the bus that connects it? Where's the firmware? Where's the ROM chip? Where's the hard drive? We don't have it. It does not exist. So we, as data scientists and engineers, would have to figure out what is going to be calculated and insert into that processor all the different values, set up all the gates, and get a calculation from it. They sometimes call that a shot, where we do all the work someplace else. We bring it together. There's nothing automated. These libraries are just being written now. So in this example, we kind of have a hard drive when it comes to quantum, because it's sort of like network storage that we use now. It's not local to my machine. I make a call someplace else and I retrieve it. Well, that's what we do with quantum machines. That nice big refrigerator, those values are coming from someplace else and being pushed into the processor. So a quantum computer today is just a processor. Now what? It's a quantum machine. It's still a big thing. I'm not trying to play it like it's the same thing as your cell phone, but it is not a real computer that everybody else would assume you're talking about. There are no caches, there is no firmware. Everything is basically done someplace else and then inserted into that processor. Now this is all being worked on, just not there yet. There are a lot of people working in this field. Billions and billions and billions for 20, 30 years have been invested trying to figure out how do we do this? So in this case, I can go through them, but people are trying to figure out how do I get this entangled bit such that I can work with it? Because how these things are entangled and how they're working and how small they are and how fragile they are to things causes it to be very difficult. If you had a number in your mind, we were talking about these entangled bits and how far we are. I think I did the math and it's almost a trillion dollars over 30 years have been spent, something like that. How many entangled bits do you think we're up to now that are in that relationship I talked about? Anybody have an idea the number we're at? Does somebody say four? 16, 16, so somebody who knows. So we're up to 16. Normally when I ask people, of course, it's more likely to be associated with quantum here, but people are like, oh, I don't know, it's probably in the millions, right? It's 16. So imagine a computer that you might have that has 16 different values that you could calculate. So 16 live wires. So we're still working on stuff, but these are all attempts and there's people who say we've made it and we're there and then further research. Well, not quite there, but I'm sure it will work well. We have a simulator that we are so sure of it that we're gonna show you the simulator and someday it will work. So there's a large number of these out there and many people working on it. There's many different types of quantum machines as well. So annealers and so forth that are typically built to solve a certain type of problem as well. We are not yet at the universal stage, the universal quantum, which is what your cell phone, your typical laptop is, that you have the libraries, you have everything you need. You can throw it just about any kind of problem you want and it will figure it out. You might have some specialty hardware, a GPU or something for some type of object, but we're trying to get to universal quantum where yeah, whatever it is you need done. You wanna look at a photo, great, here's a photo, you wanna edit something, you can do whatever it is. Right now we're building entire quantum machines to solve one particular problem. Like I mentioned that one algorithm that only runs and does nothing else, that's what they're building a quantum machine to solve is that type of algorithm. Part of the reason is what's called noise. When you're dealing with these quantum objects that are really, really small, they're affected by stuff like the things in the universe. Sort of like when your cell phone doesn't work because there's some sort of electromagnetic interference or something, well that's something that's really durable and large. You take those kind of same fields that just exist in the universe and you put it into something that's really, really tiny and the smallest adjustment causes it all to basically fall apart or to get into what they call decoherence. So there's a lot of challenges. Where we are right now is trying to get those 16 entangled bits to stay near each other for long enough so that I can get some value out of it. Because right now it's like yes, they were next to each other for one 1,000th of a second. Awesome. And that's great, I mean I'm not saying that's not a great thing, it's just if you're thinking about it like is it as powerful as my laptop, we're not quite there yet. And one of the ways to explain this, and again this is meant for folks who may not be as technical. If I had a pool and I were to throw a ball into it, that is my, let's just say that's my qubit, my quantum bit. The goal of a quantum machine is to throw some number of balls in the water. And then to affect them and how they get affected. Some use lasers, some use little buffets of microwave energy. So imagine you have several of these beach balls in a pool then you are splashing around the edge. And the idea being is that if Aina and some friends splash just right, we could set up a standing wave such that one of those beach balls would be higher than the rest. That's effectively what we're trying to have, where we're going with these quantum machines. That I have these bits that are related to each other and I'm affecting it such that they are able to tell a difference between them. But this is a high value, that's a low value. Now imagine that you're doing this on a day like a category two hurricane. So you're at your pool and there's 60 mile an hour winds going on and you have beach balls in there and you and your friends are trying to get a standing wave going. You'd be hard pressed to get one ball to be on a wave at all. Never mind two balls that are connected to each other or 16 or the millions you'll probably need to have some sort of approximation of a useful computer. So that is basically impossible. Plus you have somebody else with a fan that's trying to get that to spin in a particular direction and the ball next to it to spin in a different direction so that it can affect everybody else. That's why with 30 years and trillion dollars we haven't had a lot of success with quantum machines. This is what we're trying to do. So of course in this case you know that it basically wouldn't happen and that's why we have that giant refrigerator. We can take these objects and we can cool them down to near absolute zero and by near it's pretty much just far enough above like 1 1,000th of a Kelvin above absolute zero such that wherever they happen to be in space it's a quantum object I can't tell I would ruin the thing, the calculation if I measured it. So I have to just kind of guess where it is and that's the whole point the probability of what it is so I freeze it. That's why we have this big freezer. So these objects aren't even vibrating in the quantum state. You know that the soccer ball that's going down the field in some kind of interesting way. So we freeze it. This is one of the ways of doing it. So we freeze it really, really cold so that it's almost not moving. So now if I threw the ball even though it's a hurricane out still but now that ball's not moving anymore not moving much. Now I have a better chance of getting it to be on a standing wave because the water itself is even frozen. So we're having to work pretty hard but every time I splash well this ball went up in a standing wave but then it had affected everybody else and that wave kicked it out of it gets complex pretty fast and you're still in that hurricane. That's all the forces of nature the guy who bumps the table the cell phone that goes off all of those things are potential things affecting your beach ball. So this is why it's not been easy. It's not like these engineers are just sitting around like we solved it 20 years ago but let's milk it. Now there's a lot that you have to do to get all of these things to be in some sort of matrix that you can then affect to get a calculation from it. And that's why if you think about it if you've got 16 beach balls to be in standing waves in relationship with each other in a hurricane people would be really impressed with you. So that's where we are basically with our quantum machines and that's why we have that big refrigerator is to understand what this is. Now these machines are not inexpensive no computer was inexpensive and especially at first you the vacuum tube then the transistor came out and they got a lot smaller there was economies of scale but for example today mainframes are still not inexpensive they tend to be very expensive things. So this is me guessing this is me with my aspirational thought is that very likely as quantum matures and as far as that's concerned my completely novice guess not quite complete but my novice guess is that we're gonna have to get those entangled bits good enough probably in the hundreds or thousands so that the computer can help us figure out how to entangle more. So we're gonna have to get a quantum machine smart enough to tell me how to entangle more and then we'll actually get to the millions that we'll need so it's good the nature of it but in the meantime I think where we're gonna be eventually is what mainframes are today. So a cloud provider will use it. You'll have something and I sell I realize here I should have said mobile your mobile device your internet of things will use that quantum machine there's not gonna have it local your cell phone probably not in our lifetimes will not have a quantum chip on it. Instead there's just gonna be an API call behind the scenes you have no idea about it and it will make a call someplace to a quantum machine that will do the calculation for you and give you the answer back so we will have quantum use via our cell phones but we're not gonna actually have I don't think but I'm sure in the 60s 1960s like nobody's gonna have a computer at home no one will need more than 64k of memory these are all things that were said in the 1960s so here I am saying no one will ever and I hope that I'm proven wrong very quickly that it happens and we're there but I think we're gonna end up with some sort of hybrid future now as much as I've said what's not working you can do some work with quantum today there's two of these pages these are all different companies that are building or providing access to quantum machines the first one I listed there they happen to be in the town I live in as well so that was kinda handy to have somebody to drive over and talk to but what's neat about StrangeWorks is what a great name right is that they call themselves the Switzerland of quantum that you go to one place and their job is to keep track of everybody else basically and through that one website you can actually schedule a job to run on various either simulators or some companies like IBM has real quantum systems that you can run an algorithm on so you have like an entangled bit and you can kinda cause it to happen and you're not there obviously but you know remotely you see lights blink and you just did something with a quantum machine so StrangeWorks if you're gonna go visit one site start there and they have some pretty neat stuff going on these are all other companies so there's a lot of people in this space that's the first page of it here's another page of it each one has something special I mentioned that there's 12 or 15 different types of quantum computers each with a particular goal or target and that's what some of this is as well and I'll upload my slides to the I realize forgot to do that I'll upload the slides to the website schedule so you can download them and get this list cause I know frantically taking photos or scribbling I'm mad is not always so easy so you can indeed work with quantum today and there are some neat things that you can do now this is an area that now that we have a general idea of where quantum is that we're not quite to the point of really having useful quantum a lot of times when decision makers get to that point they're like so you're telling me it's a 10 or 20 billion dollar investment to get something that's a very expensive refrigerator that will make an algorithm look good okay so I'm not too worried about it now move on with my day and worry about important stuff but we should all be worried about impressed excited about quantum specifically for security my guess is that we are three to five years from usable quantum maybe not usable in the sense of where we want to be that universal quantum that just does all things but in a very purpose driven use and I think that the first use will be encryption and decryption so people are like well five years that's forever in especially in IT I'm not gonna worry about it but for one most organizations today their encryption schemes will not be enough they haven't chosen they said what's the smallest that works for today that's pretty much the way we always approach stuff what works for today but if I'm a state some big country in the world that may not be terribly friendly with IT and its neighbors I could start recording and collecting your encrypted data today and when I get that quantum machine that's built with the purpose of decrypting things I could then start going through and decrypting all of it so this is where if you went to your government if you went to your corporation if you went to your CEO whoever it is and you said all of our intellectual property will be readable by somebody in three years and they're reading it to like they're getting it today they're gonna read it in three years is this a problem hopefully all of them are like that's a huge problem all your communications we could very easily collect it and right now you can't read it so it's no big deal 10,000 years to decrypt this data so I'm not worried about it but I can record it now and then three years, five years and by the way we won't know until much later it's the small companies, the innovators they're gonna tell everybody right away because they wanna go public and so forth they're eager to get it out but the big money is coming from governments that are spending the tens of billions of dollars on this and if I get a working quantum machine that can decrypt I'm not gonna tell anybody that's the last thing I'm gonna do so for all we know it's happened already and they are decrypting stuff live as it goes through the machine so it's one of those areas that we have to start today knowing that this is company it is going to happen, it's coming I don't know if it's three years I don't know if it's five years but it will happen almost everybody agrees there's people who think quantum will never happen but I think it will so one of the things I'd like another item I'd like you to leave with is that NIST which is a US government agency that does standards NIST recently a couple weeks ago came out with four new encryption protocols, standards that are quantum resistant they are coming out with another four and so it's for like signatures so assigning stuff and some encryption types today you should start to change your software so that not that you're gonna I don't encourage you to use those four standards what I want you, what I really like you guys to do is to change your software so that whatever the software settings are they're modular so that as quantum changes and we realize that oh 512 bits that's not gonna be enough that you don't have to rebuild everything they say okay well that's fine it's gonna be a call to something I will just change it out we'll take out that module, that package a couple days later right now most large corporations every government has no idea what encryption they're using they don't know who to ask what encryption they're using so how are you gonna fix that if you don't even know what it is you don't know who to ask so today all of our organizations should be figuring out are we are we using encryption to start with that's a great question to ask are we secure at all if we are using encryption what is it who's responsible for it and how do I change it if I need to and by the way you need to so all the software from this point moving forward I wanna encourage you to say we're gonna need to change this soon most government agencies measure this change and I know this because I've done research on it since the 1960s as they try to make changes with their IT structure they measure change in decades so that means if they're not encrypted now by the time they fixed it quantum will have been useful for at least five years and their data is vulnerable now smaller the organization the more agile you are but think about people have been rewriting their applications to embrace the cloud we need decoupled transient microservices for Kubernetes and people have these legacy apps that they've had forever like well we don't want to rewrite that that's gonna take forever how do we just containerize my 10 gig VM and we'll just run in Kubernetes it'll be better right that's already a problem can you imagine tearing that thing apart to figure out what the encryption is inside so as you rewriting all your software for the cloud to do it properly think about this are we secure and can we change our security is that as decoupled and transient as everything else should be in my environment and it's a quantum agility is what it's called typically so if you want to do some research you can hit nest and do a search for it but it's really important that we start we'll start five years ago but you know there's an adage you know what's the best time to plant a tree for shade it's 20 years ago the second best time is today when you need it you know mines will start today because it's not gonna get any better that's where we should all be with our security systems there are some societal considerations as well and this is one of those areas that we get into the wishfulness the change that will come when quantum works when the transistor was created people again nobody will need more than 64K of memory that was a famous Microsoft line that we're gonna go through that same phase here the way I would put it to make it a little bit more easy to understand if I wanna go someplace faster which again is what we usually associate with quantum I can run a certain speed I don't run very fast so you know I don't let's say from lucky two miles an hour me running if I wanna go faster I'm gonna hop on a bike and the way I pedal maybe five miles an hour then I go to a car then a bullet train I'm going across the earth faster and faster so then somebody says why don't you take a rocket ship yes I would get there faster it's true and that's what quantum will be it will be like a rocket ship the current estimation is 186 million times faster which is the number I think was pretty much made up but that's what we've all agreed to so 186 million times faster than existing technology but the difference is a space shuttle can get you across the earth it can also go to the moon and go to Mars quantum systems are going to be like that now this area if you wanna and I would encourage you to start reading up on it this is where you get into these very interesting takes on stuff and it's people like me just basically making stuff up but the what it will do and what it means to us is because as I mentioned it's not just faster it's a different type of computer so you've probably heard the term if you know anything about quantum spooky at a distance how many people have heard spooky at a distance just to get an idea okay about half of you have heard this term before something I learned in my research if you see this in an article probably not a good article okay because it means that authored really didn't know is like well this is a good quote Einstein said it so I'll seem smart if I include it so spooky at his distance I have learned after reading hundreds not thousands of articles is a sign that this isn't a real article F-Ware and if you're ever if you're in a quantum researcher don't use that quote anymore but the the idea behind that is that it's it's think of the human brain and that's probably the best example if I ask you what's the weather like now if I ask you here you're like I don't know why Tim cares what the weather's like but if I was in my house and I open up the the the closet where we keep our rain gear if I say what's the weather like today you're like oh you don't need your umbrella you've answered a different question this is what quantum machines will do that you will say this drug we want this drug to cure cancer will it fold in such a fashion that it will join this genetic thing of a cancerous cell and take care of it but not harm somebody else so you're trying to do a drug trial with a quantum machine and that's something that's being done right now they're desperate to get this faster better way of looking at it imagine if you ask the quantum machine does this particular drug work on cancer does it cure cancer and instead the answer that comes back from your quantum machine is this is the way to prevent cancer from happening so if you take this drug you'll never get cancer that you asked for what the weather is and you said you don't need an umbrella that's what it's looking like quantum will be able to do it will answer the question you meant to ask and this is where people are like this sounds like you might be drinking a little bit too much had too much time at the pub last night and hasn't worn off yet the guy D-Wave was one of the big companies that does quantum and he's a serious person he's not out there it's he thinks and I'm going to put words in his mouth but he has a talk on this that quantum machines are actually making calls to alternate universes and we are getting answers from a different universe instead in that what are that micro the positioning is that when we actually go and measure it we're measuring some universe and because of entanglement if we change this we can actually get a different measurement from someplace else though we might be entangled to all of the cells in our body are entangled someplace else in the universe so it gets kind of deep here but the thing is that we don't really know why it works the way it works we don't know any of this stuff so we don't know and so far it's been very promising that we're going to get a different answer back than what we wanted he does go on to talk about angry other beings in those other universes so you know little forewarning there anybody know who Cthulhu is the deep one so he's like he's going to be a deep one he's going to come through the universe if we keep bothering them that he's going to come find us and there's going to be problems so I wanted to give you the wide range from aspirational to this mythical creature like Hellboy will come through this portal and come for us if we use quantum machines so there's a wide range involved I'm more towards the we're going to use them rather than worrying about Hellboy showing up understanding that we should be learning about entanglement we should be learning about these things not just here as adults in the IT industry our kids should start learning about it with previous systems a transistor was built and a computer was built it was done one after another right now researchers are doing it all at the same time so there's people who are working at the hardware there's people writing OS's it's showing up fast so your kids should start learning about it high schools, colleges it will change our culture as much as the transistor so what next as I mentioned some countries might already be using quantum who won't know and we won't know until probably it's too late but basically keep up with what articles you can scientific articles are good but again if you see spooky at a distance I've learned you might want to keep looking someplace else thanks very much any questions yes sir sure so the question was in three to five years how fast are we talking what can we do with it real time that's just it, quantum is 186 million times faster so if I have a data stream using 120 bit encryption I would be reading it in real time as it goes by okay I go to 512 1024 bits of encryption now we're talking if they're going to do it with a quantum machine they're years but how many people are using 1024 bit encryption for their cell phone calls and communications how many people are using one-time pads that's a quantum resistant technology I use an organic source of entropy I generate numbers on one place and then I copy them using a photocopy machine and nothing goes in the internet I fly at someplace else and then they type it in over there that's one way that's quantum resistant not terribly efficient but that's why we actually do use that in some places but most people don't okay well again thanks very much and I'll see you around the conference oh yeah the emulators the strange works is probably the best place to go for those emulators because basically people have said this is what we think a quantum bit will look like this is what we think a quantum gate will look like and they've done it in software so it's effectively the same as if you were to kind of take out a physio and start drawing a diagram and say well this is the way it shall work there are some neat stuff but strange works is the very best site to go to because they have all the windows into real and simulated quantum machines absolutely the question was for the rest of you is won't we need new languages and we absolutely will and they're being worked on so Microsoft has something that I had it in my head it's Quizlet there's four or five languages in active development right now QIR QIR Alliance the group of people that are doing just that is how do we get languages so once this becomes available we'll have it so look up QIR Alliance and I got the stop function so I have to get off the stage now so thanks everybody appreciate it