 Good evening guys. So I'd like to indulge my penchant for the science fiction tonight. Hope you guys enjoy it too. I'm fascinated by well, both, really both ends of the spectrum. I enjoy looking into the origins of our consciousness and those features, probably in a similar vein. I enjoy the brilliance speculators of our future, which is what tonight's video is going to be centered. Kardashev scale is a scale used to define the technological advancements of civilizations. Proposed by Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Kardashev scale has originally, rather, had three categories. Type one was also called a planetary civilization and it's defined by their ability to store all of the energy which reaches its planet from its parent star. So a type two is, as you can imagine, scaled up. It's called stellar civilization. They're defined by their ability to harness the total energy of its planet's parent star. An example of this would be a Dyson sphere, which we'll get into in just a little bit. So the last of the typical ones, the traditional definition of the scale is a type three, which is a galactic civilization. It's where, as you can imagine, again, this is a civilization that is so advanced and has obviously conquered the ability to break the light barrier, or else it would at least be tens of millions of years in the making. It's crazy to think about this, but it's actually able to control the energy of an entire galaxy. It's a hypothetical scale, but nonetheless, it's very, very thought-provoking, so I'm gonna jump right into just exploring more detail what these actually mean. I read this book years ago by Michio Kaku, called Physics of the Impossible, and and in this book is where I originally heard about this scale, and it's just to me, it's like we as a civilization, I was just listening to Terence McKenna earlier today, and for as much radical speculation he does, he is a very learned person. Is that how you say it? He was talking about the analogy of our own lives, scaled up to our entire species, and that old adage that if you don't define your own narrative in your life, you're gonna become a bit player, you're bound. I would say it's it's a pretty solid, pretty irrefutable role that you're gonna be a bit player in someone else's story, someone else's drama, and that goes for our entire human species, in the case that we ever meet another alien race, if we don't have a clearly defined goal of what it is we what our purpose is, and where we're going and what we intend to do, and kind of like Star Trek, you can have a fake, leave the precise, you can leave the goal vaguely defined as long as you parameterize it correctly, so the goal for them was just to learn and meet, learn from and meet new alien species and all interesting objects, really for that matter, in the process of exploring, yet they had the prime directive which was, am I getting confused, but they had rules that established how to act, and what not to do, and certain rules and boundaries that could not be transgressed. I think theorizing about these types of future, future scenarios is important for that reason, and it's also important, I guess if I wasn't too specific there, it's for the reason that if we have a true encounter with an alien race, we aren't led astray, because Lord knows for all the good that we do, we're very much capable of evil and steering people astray and not necessarily being forthright. So I don't think it's too much of a stretch to imagine a violent malintention. So let's, I guess I gotta explain the imagination. So if we were prepared, we're very unified in our ideas about where it is we're going as a species, and I think of course right now our goals should be to eradicate absolute poverty. So once we're there, what do we do with ourselves? You know, if we ever reach an instance such as Star Trek, where nobody necessarily has to have a job and people engage in science and other forms of self-improvement through challenging their skills. If we ever reached that status, I think it could be easy to be led astray and for all we know there could be massive epic intergalactic battles, and we'd be sucked into it, and I don't know, I guess that doesn't make too much sense, because we'd just be a, but nonetheless, I think it's it's profound to think about the fact that, A, we are one, we have the possibility of developing literally at this point unimaginable technology, and if we don't have moral constraints on the use of that, as good in as good as the intentions of using it might be, we could cause chaos and, you know, due to irrevocable damage that we wouldn't want, so I think it's good to have discipline and a sense of where we're going, and that's what exploring this type of these ideas, these futuristic ideas in science fiction really has its value, and you know, it's, when I say it's the first tentative ideas of science are always in philosophy and the first great philosophic movements can be found in pure, tense, passionate expressions of art, whether a song or music, or a song or music, drawings, such, and evoking our imagination, so we've reached, reached a turning point in our society according to the renowned theoretical physicist Michio Kaku, the next hundred years of science will determine whether we perish or thrive, will we remain a type zero civilization, or will we advance and make our way into the stars? Experts assert that as a civilization grows larger, becomes more advanced, its energy demands will increase rapidly due to its population growth and the energy requirements of its various technological inventions, machines, with this in mind the Kardashev scale was developed as a way of measuring, measuring a civilization's technological advancement based on how much usable energy it has at this and its disposal to expand on the type one, so actually I didn't mention type zero yet so I want to, these scales are actually designed to be in accordance with the literal amount of energy in watts used so a type one would be 10 to the 16th watts, 10 with 15 zeros after it type two would be another 10 orders of magnitude so 10 with 25 zeros on the end of that and a type three would be yet another 10 orders of magnitude so that would be for good measure, thought experiments, people have actually extended it to a type four and a type five type four was just another, again, 10 to the 46 watts type five though, all the available energy in the entire universe but we didn't stop there we, uh we said in all universes in all considerable energy access as well as the amount of knowledge civilization has access to so right now we haven't even reached the scale yet we still sustain, sustain our energy needs from dead plants and animals dinosaurs, fossil fuel and increasing smattering of, uh, alternative energies but we have a long way to go before being promoted to type one kaku tends to believe that all things taken into consideration we will actually really reach a type one in maybe at most 200 years so when you look back that's actually really, really quick I think it's probably, uh, yeah, I guess that's realistic given the the rate of transformation but it seems optimistic if you think about 200 years ago 18 20, 18, 18 we were, I guess roughly we were, uh just beginning to use the steam engine right so 18, 15 so 1801 to make it pretty efficient with railroads yeah I don't know to me that's just fascinating that, um, just 200 years ago we were not using electricity at all we're using it for kind of like, um, whimsical demonstrations didn't have any combustible engines the hybrid vehicle 1877 Nicholas Otto Patton's a four stroke internal combustion engine a rapid rate the less I think it's trying to tie this into, uh, I suppose the type two get there we theorize that type two might take us a few thousand years type three might take anywhere from a hundred thousand to a million years to get so, uh, that's those epic scales like the, um, like Dune and, uh, what's Isaac Kazimov's famous one? Foundation the foundation, uh, saga where, uh, you know, they discuss civilizations futuristic very advanced civilizations evolving over, over, uh, thousands of years so Carl Sagan actually suggested defining intermediate values based on the actual kind of logarithmic scale between the energy usage or power usage we would apparently be about a 0.7 at this moment let's talk about, uh, just what a type one would mean exactly what would that look like? this is a type one, uh, it would be the Dyson Sphere there's a lot, a lot of images and ideas of how to harness, um, regarding how we would go about harnessing the sun's light and energy Dyson Sphere would be, um, would be something like, uh, the channel Isaac Arthur has a lot of, uh, like actually quite a few really, really quality elaborate videos with good graphics and all that explaining this in a more scientific manner but, um, it could be anywhere from a, um, a series of kind of like a fragmented sphere enveloping the sun at a distance of a planet, you know so maybe something like anywhere from 50 to 200 million miles away from the sun and, uh, it would be able to harness all of the pretty much a significant portion of the sun's output which would, of course, in relation to, um, other people other solar systems observations of that star it would, uh, very, very significantly decrease the light, the actual photons emitted from that star and, um, yeah, it's one way to maybe detect that of that type of civilization that maybe hasn't reached out to other stars but yet is advanced enough to build megastructures that would literally encompass the entire sphere of the star and it would be such a massive, massive scale it's hard to even fathom because, I mean, the earth is so large, it's, that's hard to wrap your head around the size of the earth that we're on right now let alone the sun and, you know, the larger planets like Jupiter but, uh, imagine an actual a series of constructed objects that are, have enough volume to encompass the entire sphere of not, not just the sun's local environment but a sphere at a radius literally, um, thousands of times that of the sun so it'd be like, try to imagine the sun expanded and, um, just imagine the surface area even if it was fragmented you would have on that, um, you'd be able to support trillions, trillions and trillions of individuals with that so you could imagine that you would have to, uh, cut you would have to be credibly advanced to be able to, uh, construct something that large but at the same time you would have to, um, a lot at the same time you'd have access to that much energy I think I heard some figure before, like, uh, if we were able to harness a hundred percent of the sun's energy that hits just the earth which is just a pinpoint fraction of the total sun's output, you know for one day we would be able to power our civilization for, uh, a thousand years or some, some extraordinary number such as that so how else would we, what other clues would we have to know that maybe perhaps we're observing the star of a type one tour well I guess not three because, uh, that would be localized to just a star at that point in 2015, a study of galactic mid-infrared emissions came to the conclusion that the Kardashev type three civilizations are either very rare or do not exist in the local universe on October 14th, 2015 the detection of an unusual light curve for star KIC the elegantly, uh, very creatively named 8462852 like how they added that two at the end really makes it stick in your memory raise the speculation that a Dyson Sphere or a type two a, uh, oh yeah sorry I got my type one and two mixed up so when I was talking about Dyson Sphere just then for the past 10 minutes I've been talking about a type two civilization civilization, all right they were just sorry to make it anti-climactic but they were just talking about SETI trying to search for a type two and, uh, an initial radio reconnaissance of that star however found no evidence yeah I think what it was was some abnormal dimming of the stars that they think might be due to a it wasn't a sharp dimming like that of a planet would cause but it was in fact more of a, uh, a diffuse dimming that they think might have come from you know an asteroid in a very dense but large asteroid cloud perhaps a blown up a imploded planet that still maintained its orbit around the sun but was spread out to maybe encompass a third of the distance of its orbit of the circumference of its orbit so, uh, so a type one large scale application of fusion power so we gotta remember not just size but more probably more importantly it's the actual power energy usage scale and that is defining our civilization looking about the rate at which we could create energy type one implies a conversion of about two kilograms of matter to energy per second an equivalent energy release could theoretically be achieved by fusing approximately 280 grams of hydrogen into helium per second a rate roughly equivalent to 8.9 to the 10 if they're talking about using fusion to fuse hydrogen atoms into helium, helium atoms relative to the amount of water in our ocean the amount of hydrogen that we have in our ocean we could sustain life to, uh, across geological timescales which would mean millions and millions of years and it's amazing that you could even consider that the possibility of us actually fusing so much hydrogen that we would start using a significant portion of the amount of water we have on our planet which, uh, of course at that rate, um, at that point of technological advancement we wouldn't even need advanced rocketry and other, well fusion propulsion I'm sure to go corral up some asteroids or even some large swaths of nets that might be able to pick up hydrogen gas on a scale of several magnitudes above our current level and antimatter matter collisions the entire rest mass of the particles is converted to radiant energy reaction of one kilogram of antimatter with one kilogram of matter would produce one to 180 petajoules of energy so some of the more interesting things that we would be able to do is harness the actual weather patterns of, um, the entire earth we'd be able to affect climate I don't know how the weather is very precarious and very chaotic literally chaotic scientifically chaotic we could control volcanoes earthquakes the weather obviously ocean currents yeah it would be amazing civilization the entire star that would be where a dysentery comes into play and uh what could we do with that there would just be so much energy there you could start to harness actual planets for their raw materials such as all the gas giants for their gas for fusion reactions yeah pretty much you're guaranteed to be immortal as a species at least until the universe thins out and cools down which is a whole another topic I'd like to talk about and make it less less rambly like this less rambly than this one is it's fascinating that uh well I guess that would be something that a type three civilization would be capable of would be to harness um black holes the energy of black holes because uh at that point ooo civilization type one would just be uh I mean you'd be able to harness all the planetary energy using solar cells solar power wind electro hydroelectric tidal volcanic um to perhaps a more exotic means to generate usable energy would be to feed a stellar mass into a black hole and collect the photons emitted by the accretion disk less exotic would be simply to capture photons already escaping from an existing accretion disk you can extract using a process theorized by Roger Penrose a famous physicist called the Penrose process that extraction is made possible because the rotational energy of the black hole is located not inside the event horizon but on the outside of it in a reason a region called the Kerr spacetime and a region of the Kerr spacetime called the urgosphere what's the urgosphere the urgosphere touches the event horizon at the poles of a rotating black hole and extends to a greater radius of the equator at the equator the equator with a low spin of the central mass the shape of the urgosphere can be approximated by an oblate oblate spheroid while with higher spins it resembles more of a pumpkin shape kind of like two circles um the outline of a fan diagram two circles not fully a region in which so the urgosphere is a region in which a particle is necessarily propelled in locomotive concurrence with the rotating spacetime spacetime spacetime all objects in the urgosphere become dragged by a rotating spacetime in the process a lump of matter enters into the urgosphere of the black hole and once it enters the urgosphere it's forcibly split into two parts two pieces of matter oh the momentum sorry i thought someone fucked the two pieces of matter when they separate can be arranged so that one piece escapes from the black hole it escapes to infinity whilst the other falls pass the event horizon into the black hole with careful arrangement the escaping pieces of matter can be made to have greater mass energy than the original piece of matter and the infalling piece has negative mass energy although momentum is conserved the effect is that more energy can be extracted than was originally provided the difference being provided by the black hole itself in summary the process results in a slight decrease in the angular momentum of the black hole which corresponds to a transference of energy to the matter so whatever negative mass energy is i guess so if you're accurate enough to ride that line and break apart right at the right moment then as a phenomenon as a feature of that local area in spacetime around the black hole as a characteristic of the black hole's behavior if you tapped into that at the exact right time the black hole would understand that right i probably don't because it sounds like something uh quanta maya samar might be able to help me with at some point yeah just as it can be arranged to have greater mass energy than the original piece of matter i guess it has something to do with uh having having its mass like cutting it in half halving having its mass the fact that you're sacrificing half of the mass and um ejecting the other half with four times the momentum or the um velocity acceleration that the other velocity that it originally had thereby doubling the momentum that's that's the most sense i could make out of it and it probably isn't even sensical um starlifting is a process where advanced civilizations could remove a substantial portion of the star's matter in controlled form and uh as you can hear my voice is starting to give out a little bit so before it gets raspy