 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss that how normal and deviant behavior is defined and particularly how do we make the moral judgments. Normal behavior is culturally defined and varies across societies and time periods. Normal judgments are often used to distinguish between normal and deviant behavior. When we talk about norms, we talk about normal behavior or in society, we talk about any kind of behavior. So, generally, the question in our mind is where do we get the permission to judge this behavior? How do we find out that any behavior should be considered normal in society? So, all these standards come from your morality or ethical values. The moral systems tell you the definition of right or wrong, and the difference between right and wrong is that the derivative sources of right or wrong can be your society, your religion, or your different cultural context. So, right or wrong defines normality for you, and your definition of deviant behavior also comes from here. Now, it is not necessary that what is considered normal today, which we are right-considering today, is considered right 100 years ago. What we are wrong-considering today is considered wrong 100 years ago. What is considered right in Pakistan today is considered right in Western Europe. So, right or wrong or your morality is defined in the cultural context and also in the historical context. So, moral judgments can be influenced by the factors such as religion, tradition, and social norms. In Pakistan, for example, homosexuality is often considered, is rather considered a very deviant behavior due to the religious and cultural beliefs. However, in many societies, it is considered perfectly normal behavior. Similarly, your dressing patterns are also varying from culture to culture. So, when we look at particularly in the Pakistani society, then what kind of clothes should be worn? And the concept of satir in the dress is found from the religious side. So, morality is one of the strongest factors for us which guide you, are helpful for you to develop those standards in which you can judge or test any behavior. If you do not have moral standards, then every practice can be justified in any context. Moral standards are universal guiding principles for you in which you can judge any behavior in any context. Drug abuse, for example, is another practice that is considered deviant behavior rather illegal in Pakistan. However, it doesn't mean that drug abuse or drug use is considered illegal in every society on earth. There are many countries in which drug usage is considered legal. The line between normal and deviant behavior can be subjective and it is constantly changing. Today, we consider early marriage as abnormality. A hundred years ago, early marriage was considered a desirable behavior. Similarly, the co-education system is considered perfectly normal behavior in today's society. If we look at it in the subcontinent, then the traditional culture, the traditional education system was considered a deviant behavior. So, normality is always defined through your moral judgments that how you are morally judging one behavior and its moral standards can have different derivative sources. However, the most important derivative source of moral judgments is religion.