 Park that have higher optical densities as farmland, so we can see that this farmland that has 15 years of use of glyphosate has less optical densities as the other ones, so we can see that there is an environmental and anthropogenic activity impact on these community soils. In addition, we can see that depending of this origin of soils, we can see some differences between the use of different carbon sources by these microbial communities. For example, in the industrial park from 100, we can see that they use more of their polymers than in the natural reserve in the UK as that, than for example here in the farmland. In addition, we can see how as the days goes, we can see the activity is higher in mostly most of the cases here. We can see how they can react after the time. In the 1,000 dilution, we can see similar response at the other one, but as you can see in farmland, we cannot see a good response from the microbial communities, so this is an environmental impact from glyphosate in this area. As the same way, when you can see here from carboxylic acids, amino acids, amines, phenolic compounds, this is from 100 dilution, and we can see here from the 1 to the 5, that in this case phenolic compounds, excuse me, the phenolic compounds in this case, in this case carboxylic and this case amino acids, we have the higher optical densities in here. We can see farmland, for example, that is the lower values that we can see that. So according to the European Soil Data Center, soil diversity is the variation in soil life of which they are parked from micro-habitat to landscapes. In this context, microbial metabolic response obtained provides information very important to determine that there is an impact from anthropogenic sources made on soils. In addition, we can see that long-term application for glyphosate influence microbial diversity and community composition because the reaction from differences or different carbon sources are lower than the other ones. And this community shows or exhibits differences in adaptation through time when they must use specific carbon sources. So we can use that information that is easy to use, that is faster to use, that use a low amount of sample, we can see the microbial community response. So results indicate that eco-plate can be used to monitor change in soil microbial communities over time using carbon source, different carbon sources in these communities. We gave evidence of changing soils where anthropogenic activities are on it and the extensive herbicide use is an example of that. The example indicates that the adaptation period of microbes is higher than the ones in natural environments rather than the anthropogenic activity source. Here we have an additional future work to determine how additional carbon of anthropogenic sources can be used as food for microbes. So we are using this information in this moment to determine specifically how much time the soil is recovered when you use different contaminants or pollutants or pesticides in different environments. So in this moment we are using this technique to different sources of contamination or pollution in soils and determine what is the response of this community. So for engineers as I, this information was important because as a direct bio impact we determined what happened in the soil. So thank you very much. This was my team that we, when I worked at La Salle Community at the Lewis University and these guys who helped me in the project. Thank you for your attention. Thank you very much, Ms. Gonzalez. I think your evaluation work clearly indicated how human activity influenced the soil microbial community. We believe the knowledge we have learned today from this study can largely facilitate monitoring changes in the soil microbial community over the time. Thank you very much. So now I would like to give the floor to Mr. Buruso. He's going to tell us a very advanced concept to monitor biodiversity in agricultural soils. Please. So do you see my screen? Yes, go ahead please. This is great. So good morning to everybody. I'm Luigi Buruso. I'm a researcher at the Free University of Bolsano in Italy in South Europe and today I'm going to go to talk about the ecological network analysis to assess the soil health and the and soil quality specifically in agricultural environments. Basically what we know regarding soil biodiversity. Soil biodiversity in particular soil microbes are playing a critical role in plant health and productivity. And basically we know that any modification of this soil biodiversity in agricultural environment and agricultural soil can somehow even affect the above ground productivity of the plants. So that means crop yield and crop health and so on. However, what are the different parameters or the different factors that can drive the soil composition and then can affect the soil diversity? First of all, we know the physical chemical characteristics, the presence, absence of chemical contaminants. The difference between the local environmental condition that means humidity, temperature and so on. The land use practices for example, in case of the agricultural environment, the type of agricultural practices, but something that is really important even are the interactions among the different organisms. So basically the biodiversity is even defined by the different interactions between the organisms themselves and between the different species themselves. And first of all, how, I mean, what is a good tool, a suitable tool in general to study to explore the soil diversity? In the last few years, one of the most common tools or I mean something that nowadays is quite not, it's not used routinely, but it's becoming more and more used by different search group. It's the study of environmental DNA. With this approach, it's possible to study the soil biodiversity using, let's say, a quite standardized approach. Basically, what do you do in this type of approach? I take my soil sample and from that soil sample, I can extract the DNA and with that DNA, with that extract DNA, I can study, I can analyze the different actors within the soil diversity. That means that I can, from the same soil sample, I can analyze, I don't know, the bacteria species, the presence of fungi or other organisms such as nematodes, atropods and whatever. And in this principle, we can say that basically there is a correlation between the genetic material found in the soil and the presence and abundance of that specific organism. And basically, this is quite a good, let's say, strategy for different reasons. I mean, the use of environmental DNA approach. First of all, because I can target more than one species with the same samples, so within the same soil samples, and I can study different organisms, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes and whatever. It has already, this technique, it has already been used for different environments, not only soil, but even water environment, sediments, and even air. Usually, these types of techniques, I mean, this type of approach, it can be characterized by a low environmental disturbance. So, I need just a few, a really low amount of samples, no more than two, three grams to study the diversity with this approach. It's, of course, less time consuming than the classical, survey the classic approach. Why? Because in this case, really, I can work in, if I have a really well standardized pipeline and protocols, I can even work in parallel, just in a short time, even with more than 300 samples. And these types of approach would be not, I mean, with the traditional process, would be not possible. Because, I mean, to work with a huge amount of samples, you really need a lot of people and a lot of different experts. And finally, this approach, it's really useful even to detect the rare species that somehow are not classified, are not found with the traditional approach, but they can be only found with this type of approach. And this, and the detection of rare species can be useful because sometime, even though they are with a rogue, they are present in the environment with a low concentration, they can have any way, have an important role in soil function. Okay, but up to now, I'm talking about how to study the different actor of soil diversity. But going back to the first slides, now today, I would like to explain you, to give you an overview and how we can study the interactions between the different actors within our soil. And one approach that we proposed here is to use the agroecological networks. What is an agroecological network? An agroecological network is something that is used to describe the interactions between different organisms within the soil. And when I talk about the interactions between, among different organisms, I'm not talking about interactions only between organisms that belong to the same group. That means, that means, I don't know, bacteria with bacteria, but even the interactions between bacteria, insects, bacteria, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and so on. So the interactions even on different, I mean, the interkindom interactions. And why this approach is important for different reasons? Because I think that, I mean, we think that when you study soil diversity, it's really important not to study only the species itself, but it's really important to study all the interactions. And specifically with this network analysis, somehow using the specific statistic tools, we can understand what are the positive interactions between organisms and even negative interactions. Here, for example, we have a quite simplified network in which we have our nodes that can be considered like the species, the interactions. You read that we have the negative interactions. So one species, we have a negative interactions, one species is negative correlated with another one. And we have positive interactions when, so the green line, when one species is positively correlated with another one. So what is the meaning to do this type of study? Because sometimes, for example, if we know in our environment that we have some bacteria that it's really important for some, I don't know, for the plant growth, for example, we have some nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can be useful for agricultural purposes. If we understand what are the other components of the other species that increase or that have a positive interaction with that bacteria itself useful, I don't know, for crop production, we can promote the presence of that bacteria, even promoting the presence of other organisms that increase the presence of the species itself. Here, I want just to show you some preliminary results of the study that we're carrying out here in the south, here in northern Italy. We analyzed something like 300 soil samples of different samples. And here, quite a really simplified network in which I only consider bacteria, fungi, but on the other hand, at the moment, we're even analyzing other organisms like nematodes, insects, and spiders, and so on. But at the moment, I can show only you the analysis of the interactions between bacteria and fungi and what we have found. Basically, at the moment, we have found that, of course, there are a lot of interactions between bacteria and fungi, as expected. But what is interesting that we found more positive, more negative interactions in conventional apple orchard than in the organic apple orchard. That is something that I cannot, at the moment, we cannot say that is something of good or is bad. It's just that we found this difference between one type of agricultural practices and the other one. So as a take home message, why we think and what I want to say regarding the importance of this agroecological network analysis and this environmental approach. That it's important to study the diversity of the soil diversity, but it's really even important to explore and to understand really well the species-species interactions and the species-soil interactions. Why? Because still, if I want to promote the presence of some organisms that can be useful for our soil and maybe they can have a good role for crop yield, it's even important to find all the actors, all the other members that can help the growth of the organism itself. Then to identify the key drivers against those species that can influence this biodiversity. So it's important to understand what promotes the presence of these organisms and in general, if we can have this overview about the soil biodiversity, in the future maybe we could even find a way to promote the presence of beneficial organisms for soil production and maybe to find a way to reduce the usage of external inputs like fertilizer, pesticides and so on. For this work I would like to, of course, I would like to acknowledge to say thanks to my colleagues from University of Walsano, from University of Essex and from ORAC research. Thank you very much to Lisemi. If you have any questions, just let me know. Thank you very much, Mr. Russo. I really liked your idea about connecting all the factors in soil biodiversity and nothing is individually existing in our soil. So you introduced the machine learning and all the data mining technique concepts into the soil biodiversity. Me as a data scientist, I really enjoyed this concept. I believe there will be a lot of questions waiting for you. Later we can discuss more. Yeah. First of all, I didn't want to spend a lot of time about the techniques because I think that we would need like one hour just to talk about next generation sequencing, machine learning, taxi, just to say that now it's really important all these interdisciplinary studies. So I think that nowadays it's important to work as a microbiologist. I mean we need to merge all the... Yeah, sorry, Mr. Russo. Later we will have a time to interact with all the audience. Now we have to give the floor to the next speaker, Mr. Marin. He will talk some work that was carried out by South American Research Network. Please. Thank you. Thank you. Hello everyone. My name is Cesar Marin and I will present this presentation about the South American MicroRaisal Research Network, which is a network specialized in the microRaisal symbiosis and which I lead for four years now. So in our network we have about 255 members from 38 countries. This is sort of a very informal network because you just have to send like an email to join, so it's not so difficult. And we have several places in the continent which I consider that are the main laboratories or the main groups working in the symbiosis. So our network started around 2016 with the organization of a molecular community ecology course specialized in our muscular microRaisal fungi. After that we have done two South American Symposiums in Valdivia 2017 and in Bariloche 2019. And so this keeps growing and growing and we are also connected to several research and policy partners worldwide, like Soilbone, like the Global Soil Partnership, like the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative. And also one of the main things that we do is outreach. I consider that outreach is quite important and we have this monthly video blogging in YouTube where we interview different authors or main authors of papers of recent papers on microRaisal research. So why specifically a South American microRaisal research network? Well through different papers we have found that entire plants or soil types or fungi of entire biomes and countries in the continent are not studied, like Paraguay for example it has very little samples and different reviews that we have done. Also there is no continental or multilateral funding available, like in Europe for example, and also I think that we need a strong training in sampling and molecular and bioinformatic and statistic methods. Also there is something more conceptual regarding that there is no a full integration between microRaisal diversity or the concepts or microRaisal diversity and the related ecosystem functions. And also we need still to regulate and study deeply all the microRaisal applications specifically biofertilizers. As part of the network, Marcela Pagano and Monica Lugo two years ago they published this Springer book which is the first book on microRaisal fungi in South America. And through this book we can get a sense of how things are. For example in chapter four the authors they took two different approaches to analyze the microRaisal biodiversity which is approaches with morphological methods and also with molecular methods. So they found similar results with both approaches. They found similar dominant microRaisal lineages were present in both approaches, and they found that the Patagonian notofagus forest has by far the highest biodiversity of this microRaisal type. In another chapter when analyzing the biodiversity of arbuscular microRaisal fungi the authors found 186 species which is around 60% of the global biodiversity of this very important group. And as you can see in the map there are plenty of regions like for example in the Amazonas and in the Cerrado in Brazil and in the Patagonian Pampa which have no a single sampling point. So still we need a lot of work to do. Also in a chapter that I am co-author we found we analyze the microRaisal types for a specific region in southern Chile and we found that from 245 species most of them are arbuscular microRaisal but this kind of analysis of microRaisal types is necessary in all the forest types and in all the vegetation types because we just know about 5% of which microRaisal type is associated to the roots of different species. Also regarding some ecosystem services and in my own research regarding again temperate forest in southern Chile in my doctoral thesis we found this process of biogenic weathering of parent material by microRaisal fungi. So the IFE kind of enters the mineral in this case muscovite and also apatite and degrades this mineral and releases these nutrients into the soil. Also there is a strong research focus in Chile as well regarding how arbuscular microRaisal fungi and specifically glomalin the glomalin protein gives cereals the tolerance to extremely high levels of aluminium in the soil and extremely low levels of available phosphorus which are common conditions in this kind of soils. A final word maybe during this symposium you will see this research in soil bone which is the global soil biodiversity observation network. Last year and this year we published two important articles one in nature communications and one in science showing in the nature communications one that regarding macroecological studies of soil most of several of them study soil biodiversity and several of them study ecosystem functions in soil but just 0.3% of all these studies study both things at the same time meaning biodiversity and ecosystem functions and this is not good because obviously both things are are interdependent. So in the next article in science we proposed a series of essential biodiversity variables on how to deal with this disconnect and how to study at the same time soil biodiversity and ecosystem functions. So I encourage to look at these papers and that's from my side I want to thank to the dozens of people that have helped me in this network in this South American micro research network and just to announce that we are already planning a third symposium in the Amazon in 2023 because of the pandemic we have to delay this one year but 2023 we will have this in the Colombian Amazon and that's it thanks. Thank you very much Mr. Marine we really appreciate all the work that has been done by you and your colleague and if you need any help and support from GSB and FAO please feel free to reach us out I would give you have some tremendous work in Latin America thank you now I would like to give the floor to Mr. Ledesma he will talk a regional study which was done in Bolivia Amazon please. Good morning everybody and you can show my presentation I can show you my presentation good morning and afternoon everybody connected in the global symposium of soil biodiversity and a warm greeting to our moderator Dr. Yi Peng I am pleased to present the first evaluation in South America the soil biological quality index QBS are a pilot study in the Bolivian Amazon my name is Sergio Ledesma I am working in FAO Bolivia I was coordinator of the program training community social economy through comprehensive and sustainable forest management for the Bolivian Amazonia call it Hisba carry out from 2017 to 2021 as initiative of the local ministry of environment and water Italian cooperation and FAO in Bolivia today I am also with the presence of Dr. Rodriguez in the laboratory of Boliviano the idiota y desarrollo the Bolivian Amazon basins extends over 700 and 1000 square kilometers with a population that reached more than two millions in habitants where there are 22 indigenous nations 517 communities and whose area of influence of the program for the jizba program was called cover more than 135 communities in 14 municipalities in two departments Pando and Benny the program he's buying Bolivia initially focused on the one of the main white products of the forest with the so-called tree of Bertolessia excelsa with the incomparable nut which in the last 5 years from Bolivia we exported 825 million dollars for the sake of 123,000 of tons in this framework the jizba program proposed the development of a study on environmental functions not only about biodiversity in Amazonian soils but also related to the pollinators of this nut pollin and integral management related to forest management instruments and productive community enterprises the invisible voice of silent organisms in bolivian amazons are presented in the fierce evaluation in south america of the soil biological quality index who bs are a pilot study in bolivia he and the soil mesofamina classified by size comprised organism whose body size range from zero to one millimeter to two millimeters wide and represent an abundant and diverse group with greater dependence on conditions below the surface compared to macro fauna or mega fauna and does not require as much instrumentation for a study compared to micro fauna according to estimates the activity of soil via diversity can generate 1542 trillion dollars a year but it also means as initially mentioned an important income for peasants and indigenous communities that use uncomprehensive management for the forest especially identification is a difficult step in any group of soils animals in the sense some soil biota analysis methods do not depend so much on the identification of these pieces this is the case of the qbs r index several countries measures different biological parameters of the soil on a national or regional scale with tens two thousand of sample points including the qbs there are different soil biological indicators based on different soil groups from bacteria to macro fauna in 2001 parisi in italia proposed a biological quality index based on micro arthropods parisi proposed soil categories according to the values of the qbs r index parisi proposed for each soil group according to the morphological adaptation to the life in the soil constitutes an ecomorph and each type of ecomorph with each group as has a specific value the qbs index uh as saying assign ecomorphological indices or me to the presence of each main group among the soil micro arthropod mesofauna that poses certain morphological characteristics associated with a greater or lesser adaptation to life in the soils these groups are called ecomorphs some groups such as columbola have different ecomorphs and each one of has a different value that is issued in the qbs the sum of the m is summarized a numerical value associated with the biological quality of the soil as indices of the value of the ecomorph or logical indices can be made for each type of ecomorph of each soil group a 2018 revision show that all the countries the qbs are being used not the qbs index can from well-perceived forests soils native braslands to area of initiatives cultivation our work was developed in three communities in the northern amazon of bolivia in the middle of south america associated with the harvest of amazonian nuts they were evaluated in each community in two types of soils as as you can see in this slide uh soils with the forest and disturbed the soils close to the communities in this slide you can see three types of three types of soils profiles that we find in the bolivian amazon the profile show above on the left show an api horizon with a higher container of organic matter that does not exceed 13 centimeters and where roots develop fine the second horizon hydrogen and compact due to the change of land user for livestock the bottom left profile of the amazon pen and plain reddish in color due to the to the highest levels of iron and aluminium without compaction and deeper root development and family and finally the bottom right profile that belongs to the alluvial soil with a dark color due to the sediments of alluvial origin or a study the focus on the first two in the present study carry out in bolivia in three rural communities associated with the amazon nut bertolesi excelsa in a transition season end of the rainy season and we can see the the samples next to the next to the village of sinai no call it sinai in the next slide you can see the same plate with wingler extractor one of our methodology to extract this kind of information and then the title of the collection with the wingler extractor then and the burles and the wingler no and also the evaluation made in the laboratory and also the hard conditions of the roads in bolivia the sample must be first be cleaned and separated from the soil debris and our results were to 15 000 individuals were evaluated we observed trends according to which community and according to the type of extractor wrinkler or the glass and destruction time one day versus 14 days we see the general trends about abundance compared to between all groups and also the com of ecomorphological indices evaluated for the groups extracted with wingler extractor extractor and the qbs index of 10 one day and 14 days comparison and the ecomorphological indices obtained from the burles funnel and the comparison of the qbs index between forests and pastures summarizing of the qbs index for the three communities comparing forests and pastures the resource the results after reviewing 15 000 individuals of different groups of microartropods show high qbs index value in the slight altered primary forest soils compared to lower values of the index in neighboring soils that are highly highly altered by anthropogenic actions furthermore there are quantitative difference between index value depending on whether wingler extractors high values or burles funnel lower values are used complementary results are making because in bolivia we found five previously known species in bolivia now we have a 27 generand 14 families now with the collaboration of dr palacio vargas from the unan mexico and also we have as a complementary results an illustrated guide about mesofound and the use of the qbs index about all the environmental functions not just only the mesofound soil as our next steps for us are the search of collaborators and resources to evaluate in other places in bolivia because it's the first study in this kind here then we are in preparation about different papers about the research research and also the inclusion of the biological component in discussions about the project on a new low soil bolivia and finally the socialization of the guys to the potential users and also we participate in different workshops here in bolivia for us is our team presented here numerous of young professionals by all from entomologists biologists agronomists and also engineer of the forest but our team is previously the of the communities now as the main the main conclusion i can and can i have to say is this it's a medley deep note about the geologic of the south america mesofound but the qbs index could be a low cost alternative for the evaluation and monitoring of the biological quality of south america in this kind of condition conditions thank you thank you very much mr lezma we really appreciate our colleague from f a o colleague from bolivia you have a tremendous amount of the work and since we don't have that much time left i suggest that we directly go to the question and answer session and i saw a few quite interesting questions in chat during the presentation so we can first start with a question speaker maybe the question for the second speaker mr bruso and i think there is a question asking mr bruso are you here yeah okay there's a question said that i agree the procedure is straightforward but what about the challenges and the difficulties of interpreting those complex network analysis yeah this is a quite interesting question basically the idea is that with this network analysis the point that i mean the best approaches to start with let's say with not really complicated environment and then to increase the complexity of the environment let's say uh for example when i work with agricultural soil basically um of course it will be easier to work and to build an agricultural network in an agricultural soil instead of in a natural soil why because usually in agricultural soil we have a less biodiversity than in a forest soil or in another natural or in another natural soil so the idea is why i think that i mean to start the agricultural i mean to use the the approach of network analysis in agricultural soil can be useful for the agricultural environment itself but even useful in the future to use the same approach for more complex environment because when i work with an agricultural soil usually still i don't have a huge diversity compared to other types of environment or compared to other types of soils so if i test my ecological network in a quite simple or less complex environment then i can use it even in more complex environment so the idea that from my perspective the idea uh that i don't expect to have a so complex network in an agricultural soil instead of other type of environment i don't know if that was clear the answer okay thank you yeah thank you very much i think the your so i think your your work and this concept is quite interesting even very interesting for me as well i think could you please later also leave your email or contact in the chat so people can easily reach you otherwise we will spend all the day to discuss these interesting questions yeah yeah and the the next speaker uh first i want to ask you for mr consulate is still here come mr consulate okay she's still not here and then the third speaker is mr uh seza uh marie i don't i don't see that much a specific question for you uh mr seza marie i only yes i don't see that much uh i don't see that much a specific question for you but i read a little bit about your abstract and you mentioned that uh there need there is a need to build a full picture uh for for this productive system for the whole south uh american i'm just wondering could you please use this platform i think could you please say express a little bit of your difficulties and the challenges of your facing the work well yes thank you g for for the question um i think that we don't have any multilateral funding and also uh because of the lack of training uh in in different and uh molecular and statistical methods uh as i show in my presentation there are entire biomes and entire contrains uh not not studied in our continent so this is the main challenge i think uh we have regarding micro riser research and i will say that not just in in south america but also uh in africa and uh southeast asia in several places so i think that what we need to do is to integrate ourselves to global initiatives and to global projects something that we are currently doing but still we we need way more okay thank you i think that as i said we uh we like what you have done we really appreciate what you have done for the south american if you need any help if you think any help can from the FAO or global soil partnership you are very welcome to reach us and we will do our best to help you and the the last question we will go to uh mr ledesma there is a question asked that are the dark soil uh terra preta soil also is amazon dark earth i don't know if this question is clear for your own it yes as uh as i can as i can answer about dark soil is not in the work was not evaluated if the soil and allies were in correspondence with the specific definition of terra preta preta no we found our our samples where where there are the the brazilian nuts plants not trees so we made this kind of sampling no not evaluating the correspondence with this definition of terra preta dr you think okay thank you very much uh colleagues i'm i'm sorry we will not have that much time to uh in the stay in the life discussion uh so i think we can it is a time to start the second part of this session and later on when we finish the next four presentation if we still have time we can continue our discussion if everybody's still interested and the second part of this is actually we have an interest for urban biodiversity in urban agriculture in values from um we conduct uh several projects on urban agriculture um especially in urban vegetable garden and cultivated green roof and also in urban micro farming and i would like to present you the um different approach we conduct on on soil biodiversity in urban micro farming and especially about the method uh developed in order to evaluate ecosystem services in urban micro farming so um i don't know if you uh already seen some uh urban soil it's quite different from natural soil or pseudo natural soil uh we can have some this kind of soil can be soil or natural soil with different uh layer uh but we have also constructed techno soil which are very anthropocentric with a lot of um um technogenic element um and sometimes it's only uh anthropogenic element like for example compost or uh kind of uh of soil um so we have a lot of questions about uh the soil biodiversity in this different soil type in uh in urban soil and especially we have a concern about the development of urban agriculture in France um which increased these last years especially in big cities like Paris and we have also a development of new from like green roof vegetable green roof and some kind of urban farm uh conducted on polluted soil so we have a lot of questions about the soil biodiversity in this uh different from so we um choose to conduct an um interdisciplinary project about um urban micro farming and biodiversity was study but also with other um ecosystem services i don't uh show you of course a result about this uh various ecosystem services but um we like to show you it's very important to have this kind of a transdisciplinary approach in urban soil because um for the urban soil we need to manage with uh human activities um and uh we have also some concern about this techno soil functioning uh so we need to have uh this different part of ecosystem services studies so for the next slide i will present you only the part about biodiversity but the development um was the same for other ecosystem services that's mean um we studied two kind of ecosystem services we studied um ecosystem services provide to farmer the farmer the food production for example but for the soil biodiversity it's not only for the farmer it's not only useful to have um organic material recycling and food production it's also useful for the multifunctionality of urban soil so we have benefit for the farmer but also benefit for the south city in order to test our method we follow several sites um seven urban micro farm in paris center um there was a urban micro farm on the green roof um this green roof is our experimental green roof uh conducted on our school and we follow also other um green roof with food production for example this site is a site uh developed on a elementary school and students uh go to this uh green roof in order to uh to cultivate the vegetable and here it's another form of urban micro farming it's a green roof in order to insulate people without work and they sell the different food production we have a great variety between these different sites because we have mostly no we have only constituted soil but they were created for the oldest in 2012 and recently uh in 2016 and even for the cultivated area it's very valuable between 80 to 400 square meter we follow also um urban micro farm at the base one soil uh four sites three without soil contamination and one um where they have still um soil contamination they try to product and soil contamination and we have also a variety of function of this urban agriculture from some of them are connected in uh high school and some of them is a more associative um urban agriculture uh with a lot of of um free worker and some uh paid worker um this uh urban micro farm on Baldwin are more um large uh because we have uh at least um in cultivated area 1000 square meter and we don't have uh only techno soil we have mostly pseudo natural soil um we collect data thanks to um participative method um on the field and in laboratory it's the same thing for other ecosystem services uh with I think we lost my hello I think we lost your slides yes okay uh I think it's go back yes um so for biomedicine of soil quality we uh follow plants and for uh soil biodiversity we follow microorganism columbola macrophona and we also use the um participative sciences the t-back index in order to know if we can compare this result of um t-back index uh decomposition with our other um value obtained by the initiative so um concerning the result um we find of course we have um illustrative site with a high variability and is the same thing for um the different uh value of biodiversity we have a high variability between sites uh for example you have results for plants um we have a lot of variability we have common species uh it's the same thing for soil biodiversity but also we notice a high variability inside the site um even if we have the same um micro habitat for example the part where we have full production um we have variation between the different part of full production as different part of grassland for example so we have a high variability and um we notice effect uh to differences between um urban micro farming conducted on green roof and urban micro farming conducted at bad one soil and this difference um one minute left are not the same uh between um the different urban micro farm uh we notice for example um we have more microorganisms and colobola in the green roof than um earthworm or plants uh new background and we try to compare to different value and it was a limit of our um system uh because um we don't know where we can uh compare this data is we compare to um national value which is uh compared to um garden uh values for example we try to do this up for uh colombola but in fact we have a very high lack of reference value in urban soil and uh in urban agriculture so this limits the development of uh evaluating ecosystem services also by diversity else um in uh in cities and we need also to take into account dynamic uh temporal dynamics of spatial dynamic because always in cities is often uh one point to uh for example in uh in the winter or in the spring um but we don't know how it's uh um evaluate during this year so if you want to um know better urban soil by your diversity we need to understand better the characteristic uh in function of urban soil but also to uh have uh refinanced value so thank you for your attention thank you very much uh Mr. Jomin uh it was very interesting presentation and as you mentioned there's a lack of the reference menu I think probably it is also the time to consider uh propose a project to build this uh reference system uh reference value system and then the world can can use this one and to learn from this thank you very much thank you now I would like to give the floor to Mr. Brown from Brazil he will tell us something about their simulation work but this simulation is not in the computer so let's listen please Mr. Brown okay thank you very much I am now sharing my screen I hope you can all see that yes go ahead great um thank you Ye and Julia and the FAO and all of you for being here this afternoon morning evening wherever you are so I can share with you some of the work which we have been doing it's this actually the work of a former PhD student of mine Talita Ferreira done who is now currently a postdoc with us also done with the collaboration of Luis Cunha and many other colleagues both in Brazil and in the United Kingdom and also partly funded by a Royal Society grant so I'll be speaking about uh Amazonian soils but I will be speaking about a particular soil on the Amazon and actually it's simulation as you know many of the soils on the Amazon are are generally acid and of low fertility tend to be highly weathered and with high contents of lumen and iron oxides and they generally tend to be quite different from those produced by centuries of colonization or occupation by Amerindians who over time by addition of organic materials organic residues escriments bone and lithic artifacts potchards and so forth created what are called the amazonian dark earths and these were created from top down i contrary to pedogenesis typical pentogenesis and they were created on top of the same parent materials the low many of the low fertility soils but yet these have very high and resilient fertility and as you look here and this picture that shows some maize growing on adjacent soils typical of amazonian soils and amazonian dark earths on the right you can see it really is a bumper crop and these are really the objective is to how can we recreate these soils in order to help sustainability and agriculture productivity and not only in the amazon but throughout the tropics so we decided to go through and looking at the ingredients how could we recreate what is called the terra pretanova as simulated amazonian dark earth with those components so including plant remains animal remains escriments biochar and some of the other ingredients such as pottery and even soil biota much of the work done with amazonian dark earths has actually been in the chemical aspect so showing its much higher fertility mainly in the chemistry but yet the soil biota had been quite neglected until more recently with much of the microbiological work showing very different communities but then even more recently as soil animal soil zoology showing that actually earthworms were a very important component of these amazonian dark earths and tend to be major bioturbators and contribute to the genesis of these soils so we decided we would test the individual components and their different combinations with earthworms in the greenhouse and look at plant production soil fertility in a nutrient poor ox assault sort of recreating a terra preta and we hypothesize that the combination of all those components would result in the best impacts on soil fertility and plant production so here's a picture of the greenhouse experiment that had around 160 pots with four kilos of soil we took maize as the test plot test plant up to flowering and we did this in a fractional factorial so it didn't didn't constitute all of the different combinations but most of them and we then included earthworms and half the treatment so five earthworms per pot we put fish bone meal to an equivalent of around 500 ppm of phosphorus we added manure as a organic and excrement material in order to reach 2.6 percent carbon in the soil and we added pot shirts and biochar at a 10 percent weight by weight proportion and we looked at the soil fertility we looked at the soil microbiome of the rhizosphere and then we looked at the plant the height the shoot and root biomass the root volume and the also plant root and shoot microbiome and we did find yes that as you increase the number of components there was a significant increase in the production of maize yet which were the components that were most important so we went through and we did this looking at these are all the treatments with worms for instance and we clearly see on the left hand side that organic matter and fish bone meal are really the two most important stimulators for for productivity yet as you combine those you see different effects different interactions whereas fish bone plus organic matter were really those that combined produce the highest increases and yet when you had all of them for instance here you see that it's not the same as when you have all of them without pottery but yet there are then important interactions and effects which need to be looked at further and yet this whole production is almost equal to that obtained with conventional fertilization as the control so as we look at earthworms individually and we say okay let's look at all the the treatments with earthworms we found that there was a significant increase in both shoot and root biomass and particularly in root volume with earthworm presence and this is mainly as we know from the literature and from what we see effects on on nutrient mineralization the use of calcium carbonide from the calcium calciferous glands the priming effect especially on soil microorganisms and changes in the soil microbiome with beneficial effects on plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and the physical effects like such as the cast on the surface the burrows which many of the roots follow and their consequent effects on aggregates porosity aeration ill-fintration rates and so forth but we also saw that earthworms in a laboratory experiment altered the biochar in those treatments it it functionized the biochars by changing its physical chemical and biological characteristics including microbial colonization and and breakdown of that biochar and we look at organic matter and fish bone meal the two main one stimulating production and we see here that above and below ground biomass increased from 60 to 70 percent root volume 25 percent and fish bone meal again 60 60 to 70 percent increase in dry mass of root and shoots and again around 20 25 percent increase in root volume and this is mainly due to the chemical enrichment of the soils we look at the manure providing nitrogen phosphorus calcium magnesium changing the pH in the base saturation and we look at the fish bone meal changing again nitrogen contents phosphorus and calcium especially as sources of nutrients and therefore these being limiting in those soils were very very important for increasing plant growth so as we as we oh no as we looked at the interactions we see that really there were a lot of two-way interactions significant interactions on in plant above and below ground mass there were some three-way interactions and and one significant four-way interactions so there's a lot of things to be looked at and we believe that further work is is necessary particularly to identify how this happens which are the best interactions and how can we then best recreate this territory for plant production and we are looking at this particularly by transcriptomics and metagenomics and we don't have these results yet we should hope to present them soon looking at how these affect gene expression and plant productivity and so fertility focusing primarily on earthworm plant and microbe interactions so we believe that yes some of these old technologies are still very relevant today Taha can be recreated but we need some further research this is just one case scenario we need to look at other crops we need to look particularly at the best interactions which are the best combinations and we need to take them to a harvest phase particularly in more field type experiments we show that fish bone and and fresh organic matter instruments are very important but the biological components such as earthworms are also important and have important interactions and that ADEs therefore these Taha-Bedetanovas are an important and interesting model that we can take into consideration for development of sustainable agriculture and agricultural intensification so I want to thank you for your attention and particularly all the people who helped us out both in setting up and taking down the experiment institutions involved and those who've helped fund the work so that's it thank you for your attention thank you very much miss Brown and thank you very much to respect the time and I think we even still have one minute left but I really like your work I think we are looking forward to see this work that can be extended to the long term and a larger skill experiment now I would like to give the floor to miss Mamani Hoya she's going to talk about some invaluable Asian work under greenhouse conditions please thank you mister hello good morning my name is Lisbeth Mamani Rojas this is this is my presentation evaluation of PGP bacteria again this octane solanis of solanium tuberosum playing hundred green hoax conditions I work in in el laboratorio ecología microbiana y biotecnología de la universidad nacional agraria la molina in lima peru el sol in first el sol is essential the course and in vital part of the natural environment in which most of the warfoot is produced according to foud 2016 where the great diversity of macro organins only signs that are part that are part of the soils are the invisible in this offer utility and send the group of planes depend on the set of fusion perfumes by the same micro organ sands that inhabit the roots because when secreting a polysaccharide they adhere to particles and salts avoiding erosions with regulation the hormonal balance of the planes helping the cove with abiotic stressors and protecting the gay parasita sites and other pathogens for example sol the sol sol the plane the solanium tuberosums diversity micro renaissance selection of a bacterial strain a bacterial strain against this octane solanium objective evaluates the antagonist effect of 11th straight vacillus sedomona and actinomycetos again this octane solani in sexual seeds of potato cultivates jungai por compass methodology that takes what's called the apt english hoax condition of laboratory of laboratory of microbiology and ecology and biotechnology of the national agraria la molina isolation to bacterial bacterial strain of the visor first and phylofris of solanium tuberosus were isolates from different regions of peru uno kajamarca guanca velica wanuko lima a straight bacterial laboratory a bhc a fixed mv mv a student of calvo chemical fungicide benomins use it in in peru a against this octane a control negative a control positive this octane solani table one table a table one this characteristic a characteristic of a they show the sample sounds characteristic of the visor first and phylofris sample it the young on solanium tuberosus they extreme that we're isolated with their respective plates the department and province and their a physical chemical characteristic of the soil are observed for example a straight bacterial bbb first a typical sample phylofris a department wanka velica a for bbb a phylofris lima a c bb to phylofris wanka velica a to ac bb first phylofris wanka a phylofris phylofris puno in a collection in a collection of bacteria of bacteria in a sexual seeds of solanium tuberosus a strange bacteria the select strains were sent at 28 grade of celsius by 24 hours for vasilius and sodomona and actinomycetos at 507 dates then colony was taken and seed inflate for each strength at 28 a great celsius by 24 hours in shaker a 150 rpm and then one million millimeters of each bacterial blood in inoculate into each cell in or plant the solanium tuberosus a imagine a one desinfection of sexual seeds of solanium tuberosus the cultivar a jungai per compass what's proportioned a suniga 2012 desinfection is i'll call the 17th grade a with a ipoklorito and three a percent and then imagine to emerging the solanium tuberosus their seeds were sown at 0.5 centimeters deep in a 2.7 centimeters 3 a hermination trade after 25 to 30 a date in emerging salinity was ocenando with a four a three a leaf a dense transplanting a three a three salendings a per vac and three a three liter volumet inoculation of bacteria brought in plants then a salending grow at 90 a five days and raining with the silent bacteria inoculation of this octonia solani in in solanium inflate the solanium tuberosus and desinfection and treatment of wheat for the group of the this octonia solani in group in this octonia solani in vitro at a three hundred a five days by 28 great celsius a piece of agar wheat spoon yielding salions were played in corporation in dog wheat let's to incubate for a three hundred five days a by 28 great celsius in fact infection of sealants with great with great infection with this octonia solani and the suit the suits and a discussions a table two and table two efforts of three pgp earth strength on the ground of potato plants hundred green conditions greenhouse conditions and treatment a three a strain bacteria a compare it with benomil control positive control negative a resultando a strange bacteria for bbp 8 a con wheat fresh tubers weight dry tubers mayor mayor in chandro the sultola a straight a bacterial bbp fort a 19 point night a plant has a not significances not significances a and and the treatment a between treatments and continent chlorophyte a continent chlorophyte a a ketubo mayor is a control positive negative a 45 point zero eight you have a one minute shift okay infection of the same in the cell it a plant the solanium tuberosus a a a straight bacterial mayor a four bbp a strength with great of a small tuber on comparison with different treatment a four bbp a benomil is octonia solani control negative a the four bbp 8 a straight is to of a wheat 11 point a night of fresh weight and 1.5 grams of dry tuber with a the bbp fort a straight was the in chandro site the bbp fort a straight was the on the most deduced didn't make for a 65 a point fight to a 19.9 millimeters in conclusion it is the most tracks okay at the green house level that's the bbp art and straight and students can be essential alternative for the biological control of the resortonia solani compared to other commercial options thank you very much thank you thank you very much and i think you are perfectly on time and now i would like to give the floor to our last speaker of the day mr rocha he's going to talk something about biodiversity estimation work was down in western amazon please i think you need to unmute yourself julia he's a co-host or not no we still we still cannot hear you yes i think it's okay yes you can all right can i share my screen yes please all right here is is it okay position it no we don't see your slides yet um okay let me try again sorry for that okay okay can you see my screen now i think it's coming yes is it perfect so uh position it perfectly yes go ahead please okay all right sorry for that so good morning good afternoon good evening to all the audience wherever you are i'm fernando ikini rocha and currently position at the speech the candidates in agronomy sciences by the federal university of huge i'm sorry to disturb you today i'm sorry can i ask you sorry can i disturb you do you have a screen do you have a two screen or what i think you are you are sharing the wrong one you should share another one okay let me try again okay now i'm trying to share because i have two two panels one is to me and the other no now we are still seeing the one you have a text this one oh okay no that's the wrong one yeah can you please tell me how can i fix it we need to go out of presenter mode go to slideshow and and take out presenter mode okay stop sharing sorry for that then i can i i'm gonna share my screen again and then is it okay right now no it's not coming oh gosh can someone please i can share the presentation if you if you want yeah but the presentation is a little bit different then i do really like to to present this current um yeah it's coming i think presentation okay but i just need to can you no i i i think i think you should put your presentation first you have to go out from the screen and put your slides in another screen and you when you're sharing you all right all right um you need to choose which screen you you want to share perfect uh just me okay uh presenter veal sorry uh share screen can you see my presentation right now yes now is good i think sorry external go ahead go ahead okay okay so my challenge today is to succeed in sharing with some some the recent results of our research that that called importance of forest floor in biodiversity measurements for tropical forests more specifically the brazilian amazonia as everyone knows the amazon rainforest is an extremely important biome for its high biodiversity and maintenance of essential resources for humanity however the biome has been under intense anthropogenic pressure especially for because of the conversion of forests to implement livestock production which is important as the main driver for increasing legal deforestation rates in recent years land use change directly affected the diversity structure and composition of soil microbial communities and consequently the ecological functions associated with these organisms such as carbon sequestration methane assimilation and others the land use change has influenced on different landscape scales and consequently affecting the ecological chain food webs and many other aspects of the consistent functioning the morning test is the land use management the more simplified is a system and higher is the cost and energy to recover the environmental stability as commonly reported seeking for papers using the keyword biodiversity loss in tropical forests only five percent of the results were related to studies that evaluated aspects of microbial diversity that still point point to the low knowledge of this component of biodiversity that plays a undoubtedly important role so to address some level of information in this topic we explored the relationships between land use soil types and forest floor compartments on the prokaryotic meta-community structuring which refers to the prokaryotic assemblies from geographically different sites in the brazilian western amazon we put the size that the lower microbiome of a diversity of the forest soil reported in previous studies is a sampling artifact caused by the non-inclusion of the forest floor as a whole that is by not taking its account its organic layers we also hypothesize that the inclusion of the organic layers is in the forest book soil suggests the biotic homogenization in pester soils the study was carried out in forest to pester conversion areas in three regions through all the states of akari and amazonas in the western brazilian amazon these regions have soils originated from different pedogenetic process from the natural rich soil in the state of akari to the weathered soils from the state of amazonas the study sites are hotspots of biodiversity constantly affected by the advance of extensive livestock here i show some of the soil profiles covered in the land systems to touch on some of the pedological diversity included in this study we collected soil samples in five forests and eight pastures using 200 meters transects with five equidistant points where each point four simple samples were collected to form a composite sample the samples were divided to attend further soil characterization and also adequately stored for molecular analysis and also we sampled the litter layer in the same way that has done for soil samples for both characterization and molecular analysis besides the k sorry and yeah sorry besides the chemical and physical characterization we used the molecular methods to access the microbiome microbial community of these standard components which is litter food layers and book soils through next generation secrecy using Illumina platoform after all the steps of DNA extraction and quality checking the sequences were subjected to bioinformatics analyzers using the ad2 protocol developed by carahan and collaborators to generate umplical single variants which is an alternative to increase accuracy based in capability to reduce false positives estimator now i'm going to share some results with you the main findings confirm some assumptions that meta-community structure is significantly correlated to the increases in soil-based saturation and pH showing that it shifted along a graduate of soil fertility from places with highly weathered soils B, A, C and M, A, N to those with high natural fertility B, U, J. However, all sites expressed the same response to a severe richness which positively fall following increases in soil pH ranging from forest to pasture when considering the litter and root layers it was possible to observe that the microbiome structure in the litter has particular aspects in comparison to the other layers however the site that has soils with higher natural fertility showing the shorter ecological distance between the microbial communities of the book soil and the organic layers from the taxonomical aspect we broaden the understanding of previous reports that show decreases in the relative abundance of protobacteria with the land use conversion and increases in actinobacteria. I won't go over the details but overall our results agree with previous reports who found a higher beta diversity for soil prokaryotes in more alternate land uses in amazonia such as pastures especially for ASEV richness and channel diversity and it was consistent in now-disturbed sites Nonetheless, when we consider the layers of the forest floor as a whole we can see that this environment is actually more taxonomically diverse than pastures mainly due to the beta diversity although the alpha diversity kept higher in pastures. This means that the spatial turnover on the forest floor get their more diversified microbial communities also suggesting greater functional diversity even though on different soil types so including the evaluation of the forest floor as an edafiq environment we noticed an input of soil biodiversity reflecting that this biodiversity are so far underestimated and declining while the deforestation rates are increasing in amazonia rainforest so here i conclude in saying that forest to pasture conversion determines critical change in soil microbiota composition in structure and then that the graduate of soil fertility determine variations in community structuring the same land use system in that the bacterial beta diversity increases when the forest floor is taken as a whole it gives more evidence about the risks associated with the effects of forest to pasture conversion on maintaining soil multi-functionality in tropical ecosystem and for those who are interested in above i'd like to inform you that today our paper that's addresses all the shoes that were brought in here you'll be available on frontiers in microbiology thus i appreciate another advance to everyone who will spend some time taking a look on it here explain the institutions i have been passing through and the financial support is to this research and i'd like to take my supervisors at the son jesus this is a lot in share and all the my work team to allow me to participate in this research project with obligado comunidade brasileira thank you everyone for the patient and sorry to my delay thank you very much mr russia and i think it's very important to bring this attention to our community we really appreciate all the work you have done all this proof fire you and your colleague you have digging in the amazon area and we really appreciate that i think now we can move to the question and answer session and i saw a few questions in the chatting set there is the first question we'll go to our first speaker uh miss shu me are you here here yeah uh there is a question i ask what makes urban soil specifically different from rural soil in terms of biodiversity and agriculture with wristies please um there are still question about differences between urban soil and agricultural soil but um concerning the number of species and the abundance especially for organism like colombola we have higher biodiversity in urban soil than agricultural soil but we have also a very different composition of species uh with some time um species which come from other country our species which come from um how the climate for example in paris we have a temperate climate but we have often a species from mediterranean uh climate so this there is very difference between composition in rural and urban soil and it's the same thing for the soil physical uh quality uh we have more contamination but also more organic matter or more nutrient in urban soil thank you thank you very much the second question is for the our second speaker mr brown is saying uh asking given the pressure on aquatic biodiversity and the ecosystem is a fish bone meal really a good thing to advocate for soil fertility are there alternatives yes i actually i and thank you matthew i answered that question directly to him but i will answer here in plenary it actually any of these bone meals will be useful um clearly uh this has been known for thousands of years you know native amerindians and even in north america use that you know by throwing a little bit of the bone meal into um their their their seed uh planting um in their plots and yes bone meal from any any animal will will work but there are variations in that quality and chemical composition of those and industrial sources may be quite different from from those for instance by home consumption like that which was used in uh amazonian dark earth production so there's clearly a niche for further work to be done here and uh i invite all of you of those interested in doing so in the future to answer that question as best as possible thank you very much uh i don't see uh that much a specific question for the miss uh mamani but i believe you can also write your email in the chat if anybody has questions i think they can directly send a question to your email and then you can communicate with that the last speaker and i think i also didn't have that much time for the audience to post the question and actually i have a small question for you uh because i'm i'm trained as a pathologist so i'm more so have been have been digging a lot of profiles i know it's a lot of work when i saw your pictures with your colleagues that's quite a lot of work and i believe those data are very valuable i'm just wondering if there is for your research domain if there is any other way or concept or to think there is any faster in terms of the time and the cost efficient way to do this type of experiment for collecting the data and evaluating in a larger scale because in the end of the day we are we need to do this to evaluate this biodiversity in a larger scale because now you are doing a smaller scale to explore some ideas and then later i believe we need to expand in a country scale or the continent scale isn't it yeah i i totally agree with you mr pang i guess this is an effort that should be made by many groups research groups so i guess the most easy part of the work is analyze the data but collecting all the soil samples and the organic layers should be the more expensive and costly effort so it needs to be a gather gather many research groups and do it in different parts of a specific country or across a continent and then working together i guess we can reduce costs to generate a valuable amount of data and then specific persons to analyze this and make some kind of pattern you know between the data and generate some uh uh understandable results and to address this kind of uh uh this kind of research that tackle the amount of diversity that has been underestimated in organic layers across land use change uh gradient so i guess is a matter of uh working together and to collect samples and then analyze this in for specific scientists that the scientists in et cetera but the most expensive costly uh for sure is the is the trip to the soil collection yes uh the reason i ask you this question is actually because i'm working with a soil sensor i'm trained as a podologist but i'm specialized in a soil sensor the remote sensing or this techniques and now there is a question asked in the chat if remote sensing technology can be used for for your research actually i'm also uh i want you to ask this question because the remote sensing in the remote space uh normally we only get uh informations from a very few centimeters of the soil and uh when we go to the deeper and then it's getting difficult especially in the amazon area we have a forest cover that will limit a lot when we when we want to have uh deeper information of course there may be some gamma ring can work but that's going to be very expensive so i don't know if you heard any research conducted by the remote sensing technology or proximal social sensing technology yeah i guess our work has different aspect because most of the microbial colleges reports don't consider the soil tax autonomy or the the pedagogical effort we did it and i i do i believe that doing remote sensing would be a extremely interesting tool but so far we haven't a good uh covering in soil types if you took the the best soil uh surveys probably you won't see the correct soil types to connect with the microbial aspects so now in brazil we have the prona solos we will be uh a extremely interesting project long-term project which will help microbial colleges to address both pedagogical aspects chemical and physical characterization and also the soil uh microbial communities by the taxonomical and functional perspective so we need to uh gather this effort to address more uh interesting and more important issues for the humanity in my perception at least thank you thank you very much i don't know if other audience have still have some questions today's session or not and and actually when we talk about this soil data actually just now i have a one question came out for the our first speaker uh miss uh uh geoman from france if you are there yes i'm here uh yes i just would like to because just now we were talking about some sensing data uh about uh then i would like to ask you because if you mentioned just now the uh in this research community regarding the biodiversity urban micro farm i have some lack of the reference value to evaluate actually the the biodiversity in the urban area i'm just wondering is there any research approach or some study carried out in this domain by the data driving really combine different type of the data and they evaluate this uh biodiversity system actually um in france we have a network of uh soil quality but they are consent mainly forest and cultivated area and not uh urban soil we exchange with these people in order to increase urban soil data in the network and uh we have also um project conducting by other colleagues they will um follow several cities in france in order to obtain data in cities um and i talk often friends but in fact when you look at the literature um there is more study in urban soil in europe and there is a less study in other uh region of the world so i don't know um how many species how many difference there is between different cities in in the world so it's also a limit of study in urban soil and the other problem is also uh we have a great diversity of um urban soil on the habitat for example it's very difficult to say is this uh it is this kind of habitat or this is a garden or it's a tree it's very complicated because there is other factor so i think it's only me to to have data on um reference value uh but i hope with um costida for bath uh presented in the in the other session i hope we have um data on urban soil and put on this database in order to have a reference value in order to compare how we do it with a lot of data so i hope the header for best will uh functioning thank you very much yes i i believe it's also very difficult to collect this type of the data and also i think this data is also changing over the time depending on the climate or the condition yes yes and uh it depends if you are on the ground or in green roof it's not the same climate and uh there is this kind sometimes we call um pseudo topical bubble uh the sitey because we have a lot of rain we have um higher temperature so it's very different from real hardware which can be very close but it's not the same climate okay thank you very much uh i saw i think the last question i saw there is a question to say have actually i don't know this didn't mention this question is for who the question is that have there any developer soil sonography machine that we see leave activity in soil the i don't know if any speaker knows this question is addressed specifically for you know for me i don't know this is a question from gyanish bava i think it would be wonderful if we had something that we could just put on top of the soil and tell us tell us what is in it but uh that's a little bit panacea for the meantime julia can you please i think mr bava is online i can see him can you please unmute him probably he can say he can say something about his question mr bava can you unmute yourself please hello yes yeah you can yeah uh my question is there how how anyone uh person develop uh just sonography machine we see uh in human body all organs that type soil the biodiversity is we see the lily the earthworms a root growing structure and microorganism that type we see the uh lau presentation in the soil yes understand you know you know so you know sonography machine hello yes we hear you but uh i think the sonography sonography machine is used for the human organs inside human organs lauli that type i want anybody develop the machine to see the lau activities in the soil that is microbes and earthworms we see the on screen lauli i think you talk about tomography in the soil the tomography we use uh we can go in the hospital with our soil plot and uh we can um you can take your soil plot and you can go in the hospital and use a scanner and you can see the different earthworm burrows for example and our plants and woods i think you talk about that i want the lau lau demonstration in the soil yes the main difficulty with soil is that it's a solid medium and consisting mainly of solid particles so it's not uh it's not like uh our skin uh which is which is also solid but uh composed of a lot of liquid and therefore the ultrasound can show what what what's in there it's very much more difficult to show what's in the soil uh when it's a very compact and solid medium that's why sophie mentioned the the tomography which generally we do to see the remains of what the animals did we can't see so much the actual animals themselves and so we end up having this this very very difficult aspect of of looking at only what was left over and not what was actually there working at the at the time we wanted to see it so right now i don't think there's any equipment like that it would be wonderful if there was i would be one of the first users i'm sure many other people would like to use that also but i don't think uh i know i think this is something more of an engineering question for somebody who has more of that kind of background than for a soil zoologist thank you okay thank you thank you thank you very much thanks mr brun and mr joeman for helping answer this question and thank you everybody i think we are few minutes almost 10 minutes behind of the schedule and i believe we had a very nice discussion today and all the presentation are continue give a lot of information and i personally also learned a lot and if we have uh if our audience everybody anybody has any questions i believe you can easily find the contact information of all the speakers and i believe all the speakers will be more than happy to answer your question and help your work in your research or your your agriculture work so uh we will have to stop it from here today and thanks again for all the speakers and participants and thank you very much and have a good day thank you goodbye bye bye thank you so much thank you so much thank you