 But, too easy or moderate in nature, in terms of difficulty level, moderate, should it be little more difficult or should be moderate or should be made very easy, do not put to the third option. The first four questions were basically you know more of a thought driven type of thing, because scenario was there, the fifth question was also like that and the remaining fives were direct questions, so I thought that let me have a balance between the direct questions and the indirect ones. The quiz also we will have on the similar pattern, but after the mid sem, not before that. We have already discussed denial of reality, fantasy, repression, rationalization and projection as defenses. Today, we would continue with the other defense mechanisms and the next defense mechanism that we are going to discuss today is reaction formation. This is an interesting type of a defense mechanism where what happens, you remember in the case of repression also we had discussed this, that all you try in repression is that some painful experiences, some dangerous desires should not be allowed to come to the conscious level, that was the whole exercise in repression and we discussed that fine if it is of mild or moderate nature, we do suppress such desires, but then the desires which you consider to be extremely dangerous, they are just repressed and the repression would be a unconscious mechanism whereas, separation would be a conscious mechanism. In reaction formation also there is a tendency to prevent the dangerous thoughts to come to conscious awareness, but then unlike repression where you just put it in a black box and then hide it and it is never known to you. In the case of reaction formation, a different pattern takes place in the behavior, there is a thought that thought itself is dangerous, it does not have approval of the stakeholders regarding whom you have the thought and then you just prevent this type of behavior, this type of thought, this type of an attitude to emerge and therefore, you reflect a diametrically opposite pattern of behavior. Now, assume a situation where you have a passionate liking for somebody and that passionate liking does not have the social sanction, it flouts the accepted social protocol might be little odd to here, but we are you know taking all types of examples. Say imagine a situation, you happen to see a boy or a girl while coming to your house and you just have this feeling that oh very handsome or very beautiful, you have that type of you know and sudden infatuation type of a feeling within you, you come home to realize that the same boy or the same girl has now come to your house and now your mother introduces meet your cousin, you have never met in the past. Imagine situations like that, in our religious literature also there is whole lot of discussion on issues like this, in clinical literature also you would find description of issues like incest and other forms of behavior, behavior which does not have the social approval, behavior that does not have the legal approval. Now, in the case of reaction formation all you do is that once you realize that this is this type of an attitude or this type of a thought, this type of a desire is bizarre in nature, you cannot ever think of having it. The best way of handling it could be using reaction formation is just turn it upside down. So, passionate love for somebody converts into hatred, so just do not like that person overtly, outwardly you would never ever feel interacting with the person, you would never ever feel going out with that person, you have great sense of discomfort, but inwardly the truth is that you have deep sense of liking for that very person. What is very interesting is that unless there is a need for knowing the root cause of this type of a behavior which would be done by an expert, you would never ever come to know that my hatred was basically love for the person and it could be opposite also, somebody who loves you, it could be that he or she hates you actually and cannot afford to do that and hence reaction formation is used. An interesting clinical case I would like to share with you of a girl who was in her perhaps late adolescence if I remember correctly and she had some trouble with movement of her wrist, this is how first the problem was diagnosed by the family members. She reported certain type of problem in terms of moving the wrist and she was very fond of her father, the father daughter relationship was fantastic. Entire story was unearthed when this girl was brought to the clinic orthopedic clinic for realizing what is the problem with the wrist. Now, usually we do not have frozen wrist unless there is some problem, so doctors went ahead with that medical diagnosis perhaps there is extra calcification here and therefore, you cannot move your wrist, nothing was there, MRI was conducted, no problem was identified and then this doctor became suspicious and referred this girl to the psychiatric ward where the psychiatric OPD where the doctors started identifying the case and it was then unearthed by in the psychological sessions that the girl had extreme hatred for her father and because of some illicit relationship that the father had with somebody according to the girl and she just wanted to slap her father. There was a deep desire in the daughter to slap her father, now you cannot afford to slap your father and hence one way of stopping your slap behavior is that you have a frozen wrist, so you cannot make a move. If you cannot make a move, now in the wrist area this means you cannot slap somebody because some degree of movement will be needed and two, the hatred was converted into love and affiliation with the father which actually was a reaction formation. This is a true clinical story, we are not going into the details of the case study but this is what reaction formation is. What type of service it provides to us, the benefit it provides to us is simply that you contain the negative or the undesirable thoughts and attitudes and you live with or you reflect the desired attitudes and behavior which will allow you to gel properly with the family in the society in your environment. Then comes the other defense mechanism that is displacement, displacement is actually like moving object from one place to the other. So this is discharging pent up feelings which is usually of a hostile nature on objects which are less dangerous because again you cannot afford to react to the actual source of such threats. Good example of displacement could be that say studies example that somebody who comes late by certain minutes and he is asked to leave the class. Now you go out of the class, you are angry but you cannot afford to express your anger here in T201. So what you do is that you go out and then you find a dog somewhere on the trail here and you just hit the dog with a stone. There was no need for you to hit the dog or you shout at the boy who is serving breakfast to you in your hall. There was no legitimate reason for you to be angry there. This is displacement of anger. So you have a hostile feeling usually. This is a pent up emotion you were boiling within, you could not eject it out on the source which was responsible for making you feel this type of an emotion. Therefore now you are displacing it and reflecting it on somebody else who according to your calculation is a weaker object compared to the original source of anger for you, the original source of hostility for you. And this is quite common, quite common right from very very young child you can see it in very very elderly people that this works like anything. I like to share very interesting example with you. Several years back my son happened to be too young at that time one and half years probably one, one and half something around that age and another colleague of mine whose son was I think one or two years elder to him. So whenever the two families used to meet these two boys would play together and the elder boy the son of my colleague would usually know slap him on his cheek repeatedly and he used to do it in such a fashion that none of the elderly members are there. So we are playing we are going to that area and the moment you are out of sight he will just slap one two three four it used to happen. We thought that perhaps this will gradually die down in my son. Then after several months another friend of mine came from outside and he had an elderly son and a very young daughter the daughter must have been seven eight months old she was still crawling and now my son started slapping her you know whenever she would he would find her in isolation where you know the elderly members are not there he would exactly do the same thing. Then we had really hard time making him understand that fine this is not a doable act. Even though somebody did this with you you cannot do it to others know this is not desirable behavior right from younger kids know you see one and half year old child to I am sure all of you do that. You get scolded at one place and you go and scold somebody else at the other place you get you know scolded office you go back home you shout at your wife ok wife cannot afford to shout at you nowadays probably wife can afford to do that. So she will start you know shouting at the children ok children they cannot afford to shout at anybody. So we will shout at the mid ok and then you will realize that the whole cycle gets completed this way you know so this is you know displacement as a defense mechanism. But the beauty of displacement once again is that it safeguards you against a source of threat which could otherwise have been very detrimental for you. Now remember a situation your boss shouts at you your boss has the power invested in him or her to fire you ok you were at fault or you were not at fault the boss shouts at you if you revert back to the boss. If you also know start replying back to your boss imagine how you know difficult this complicated the situation could turn it could turn very ugly where your boss issues and memo to you memo is an official you know a letter which seeks clarification for a behavior that you have performed in the office. And the next step would be that you are suspended an inquiry and then terminated you cannot afford to do that you know you have a say very powerful source of that sense of hostility for you you cannot afford to express it and therefore this defense helps you that fine do not explode here find a weaker object and then explode at him or her. Usually in the office setup you will find all offices uniformly government non-government India or anywhere where the subordinates among themselves they will always talk something negative about their superior it is common. Because once you are you know directed something in a harsh fashion or the boss interacts with you in a particular way which you considered you know not justified enough that triggers some type of an emotion in you of course negative emotion in you usually usually anger hostility then you decide to revert back to your colleagues and say I do not know what type of person he is and you keep on keep on you know saying this because you share this immediately there is a sense of relief. If you do not express it if you do not displace your hostility your anger then you would keep exploding within you know and that type of a word used for that is implosion explosion would be when you show your anger outwardly. But when you do not do that but you carry your anger within and inwardly you are extremely restless this is the state of implosion and if you keep imploding you pay the other price for it know you will have certain type of you might have certain type of psychological problems because you are not expressing the sense of anger and hostility that you are carrying. So, this defense mechanism is successful helping you adjust in your environment because you are able to know take care of the strong forces and you are able to strike a balance in terms of not going towards the other types of psychological problem or adjustment related problem. Then we come to the other defense mechanism it is called emotional insulation emotional insulation is a technique it is something like say you have a electric wire. So, you have a copper cable and then you have a plastic coat on the top. So, that when you touch it you do not receive the electric shock emotional insulation exactly is that type of a process. What happens is that you reduce your ego involvement remember entire damage repair mechanism task oriented reaction patterns and defense mechanism everything has to do with the ego system. So, you reduce the involvement of your ego by withdrawing yourself into passivity because you do not want yourself to be hurt in that process. Now, this is a very interesting type of pattern something that really irritates you, but you are helpless you cannot reform it you cannot know change the situation you cannot make any modification. So, finally, you decide that if I withdraw myself I have to be there in the situation means I cannot withdraw myself completely back from the environment I have to be present in that environment, but even though I am physically present I do not get involved in any activity that takes place there and hence because I am not at all participating in the process that is taking place in my environment. Therefore, my ego is not at threat because my ego is not at threat therefore irrespective of whatever happens I am safe my ego structure is safe I do not have to defend myself that is the state of emotional insulation. I can give I have seen many cases of emotional insulation the best example that comes to my mind right now is somebody working in office situation where some time was there I do not exactly remember now perhaps 11 o clock 11 30 10 30 something something. So, I guess perhaps 2 or 2 and half hours after the onset of the work are that office used to have t time and it was mandatory for all employees to sit at one place and have t together. Some people used to know keep working and there would be repeated reminders from the top quarters that you have to come for the t during this time and very interestingly that was the time when the top boss used to utilize for giving his sermons to others and it was usually of a very irritating type most of the time stuffs that you do not want to listen. So, you have worked for 2 and half hours after coming back from your home you have worked here now you are sitting with a cup of tea and then the person starts talking about something in Scotland there is a firm which works on exactly the same thing that we work how they work and you do not want to listen to such stuffs. Boss is not giving you any other facility that you want, but then he keeps gives you all these beautiful stories which irritates you with him. Now, you cannot tell boss boss I can also narrate 15 such stories if we reverse our chairs let us exchange it you become a subordinate make me the boss I will tell you what happens in Scotland I will tell you what happens in your office, but you cannot afford to do that is your boss and then I found a very interesting pattern there somebody would come occupy the chair and then newspapers also used to be kept there. So, we take up a newspaper and keep on reading news if the news is are exhausted you will read advertisements there he will look at where it was printed what date know everything he will read, but would look at the boss at all. This is a beautiful example of emotional insolation many a time it happens that you just try to withdraw yourself you turn into passivity it is like say you withdraw yourself under a cocoon and say that fine sorry I am not interacting with this environment. I have heard it from many family members where one of the family member usually it is the male members in few families even it is a female members also who have the tendency of know shouting the regular form of a speech is that you tau that you keep talking and then the moment something is not up to your expectation suddenly your pitch of your voice increases and then know you keep shouting on trivial issues and rest of your family members decide ignore. So, I am sure you must have seen families like that where say usually it is the father who would shout like anything for see if you shout on something rational it makes a sense know the person concerned would feel it now this was the error that was committed and it is really disturbing and hence this male member of the family is shouting, but if you shout on trivial issues know where is the key where is the pen where is the comb where is the moisturizer where is the oil where are my shocks if you start shouting on trivial issues after sometime family members will give up and they will withdraw into passivity that fine we will stay in the family, but you keep shouting and will ignore you and think of something else be busy with something else in few families it happens when you have know family a female family member who is equivalent to the situation that we were describing right now where family members even the children they tend to ignore you they turn into passivity when you turn into this mode otherwise they are know very well involved with you, but the moment you turn into this mode they turn into passivity they do not engage yourself themselves with you in this scenario and hence they refrain from getting their ego hurt in that process because you have turned into passivity your ego is not at stake your ego is not at stake then whatever you talk whatever you say is your problem not my problem that is emotional insulation we are not touching that issue we will not talk about it at all in this course, but if you are interested in clinical literature you will also find description of something called dissociative reaction or dissociation dissociation is also a similar type of a phenomena where when you find yourself stuck in a situation where you have to perform the job something that it is extremely painful for you, but still you have to do it there could be a possibility of dissociating yourself from the activity that you are performing couple of years back we had done a study that was on the relief workers who were sent to Nagapatinam after the tsunami that we had several years back the reason for studying this was initially we were studying know the child in the adolescent survivors we realized that many NGOs had deputed one or the other relief workers from their agency who were not trained. So, they were not into disaster management disaster training not at all into you know handling trauma disasters they were just know graduates post graduates you join the job in a NGO and NGO wants their presence to be felt in the field so that they can take photographs ask for grants therefore they these people will they were all of a sudden sent to the location that now you go there put this banner and start giving some type of service do take photographs and we realized that know many of these relief workers had really tough time there in the field you have no still bodies are floating you have all types of sufferings that you see around you you do not know what to do, but you are in job you have been deputed here somebody is keeping an eye on you and therefore you cannot leave it half way. And that was the time when we decided that we will know study certain dynamics know how these relief workers are just in this situation and one of the parameters that we had chosen at that time was dissociative reaction know are you involved in are you internally involved in the activity that you are performing and the answer was no for a large majority. So, I am giving advice to you, but I am not involved in that process I am suggesting you know where to do what to get from where you can get what, but I am not at all involved into this process. So, you completely dissociate yourself, but dissociation and emotional insulations are different phenomena know dissociative reaction would be know more towards know the clinical side whereas emotional insulation is something that all normal human beings can adopt another defense mechanism that is intellectualization. This is once again no very closure to what we had discussed as rationalization study we had talked about rationalization where you justify the act that you perform you also justify what you why you did not get something. Intellectualization is little difficult little different intellectualization basically is a process where you cut off effective charges effective is emotional. So, you have a situation a hurtful situation from the situation you take out the emotional component out of it. So, it is like say surgical removing of emotion from a given situation which is hurtful to you or you separate incompatible attitudes and the gap that you have there you now compensate that with logic tight compartment. So, imagine a situation it is like a train different know bogies of a train and then you have anchors which joins the train. Now, you anchor it together so that the bogies are not dealing and you ensure that all bogies they remain integrated they move along with the engine in the train. So, if I consider this life to be is like this you have know a situation where finally the outcome was such that it did hurt you a lot or because it is a defense mechanism therefore, you were not hurt, but you expect that it can finally lead to this it can be hurtful and hence what you do in anticipation you know take out the emotional components out of it. So, it is all now only the scenarios the situations emotions are taken care of and these know compartments would be isolated compartments know one spot here, one event here, one event here, one event here and then what you do is that you link all of them with logic tight compartments know. So, you have in case of rationalization what was happening there was one single event you were providing justification for that in intellectualization you do not have one single event know you have a major event which you have broken into several units and then these several units are now being zipped together using some certain logic. So, say for example, study we took the example that you know rationalization is equivalent to sargrip proverb know you did not achieve something in life and therefore, you justify and you say that it is a know good that I remain childless in my life intellectualization would be different intellectualization would be that you would say that you know people get married they have children and I understand that this is one of the important biological tasks, but you know the way the population of the whole world is increasing the way this population pressure is you know creating disturbance to the environment ecological disturbances all type of know big, big, big things right from micro to macro all beautiful arguments you just drag from different sources pack them together and different events are now provided with the gaps between different points are plugged with these logic tight compartments you intellectualize the whole thing and you say marriage is fine childrens are fine, but those who are know people usually say that you are blessed with child I would say that you are blessed because you do not have child you take you know you intellectualize the whole episode as if those who are childless they are also happy with your version those who have children they are also happy with your version and overall you are able to intellectually you know say that finally you need to look at life from this point of view where different events put by know put together by extremely logical type of derivations that is intellectualization you got the difference between rationalization and intellectualization in rationalization there is one event where you try to provide justification intellectualization you will have several pieces and you will put them together and intellectualize the whole thing. So, rationalization that way would be a smaller event intellectual is speaking whereas intellectualization would be a much broader type of a process undoing is another type of a defense mechanism where you go for know atoning and therefore counteracting immoral desires or acts you had a feeling or you were engaged in certain things out of your personal choice or out of certain life compulsions and you now want to undo it because know it could become or it is no triggering certain type of a sense of guilt within you. A very interesting example true example man who joined I do not know I do not remember now which office perhaps if I remember correctly he joined some bank and this story was known because he wrote a letter to the Indian Relevies saying that right from my student days I always used to commute from station X to station Y for my education because my college was there. So, all those years I commuted without ticket. So, he gave the point stations know station X to station Y how many days he calculated everything know how many Sundays how many holidays minus. So, total how many days in a year all together how many days in a that in that duration and he said that I was from an economically weaker family I could not afford this and therefore I did so. Now, I am in a job where I can pay back the money. So, kindly let me know what would be the total amount that I need to pay including know interest at whatever the bank rates. And Relevies was at fixed because there is no such provision the rule does not allow them say there is a process in the Relevies where you can be caught by the travel ticket examiner in the train or the ticket examiner can catch hold of you on the platform. But if you move out of the platform and then you say you know 1986 twice I commuted without ticket. So, charge me whatever you want to. So, now it would be something like what was the ticket cost at that time between these two stations what was the bank interest rate should it be at that years rate or should it be at the present rate. And Relevies you know say that fine we do not have such rules and he said no please tell me I want to pay it back this is undoing you know that this is this was not worth doing an act you did it and now you want to undo it that I am sorry that I did it I want simply to know do the completely opposite side of it. So, that it is a counteracting type of a behavior. So, that I get rid of the immoral act according to me which hurts me then comes the other defense mechanism that is regression. Regression is a very interesting type of a defense mechanism here what happens this defense mechanism will be used when you realize that you are in a very difficult situation now and life is not as pleasurable as it used to be for you. So, you reflect back you look back at your earlier experiences of life to realize what was the phase it was most pleasant for me and you realize that early adolescent or say late childhood and what you do is that you revert back to that stage. So, chronologically you are wherever you are in that age, but psychologically you revert back to the earlier phase which according to you was the most pleasant part of your life. Therefore, it says that you retreat your earlier developmental level which requires less matured responses from you and therefore, the total aspiration level is also lower down. So, say an adult member who is not able to support his family is not able to perform according to the family expectations according to the expectations of the people around him in this environment and decides to know that you know when I was 18 years old 18 19 that was the phase it was most beautiful because I used to get pocket money I used to groom the way I wanted I had no responsibilities. So, even though he might be 35 chronologically speaking psychologically he starts going back to the 16 18 years age period he grooms like that behaves like that and he derives pleasure out of the fact that fine there is no expectation from me there is no obligation and hence because I am still 18 therefore, my aspiration did not be that of a 35 year old man who had certain responsibilities. So, regress what simply means that you revert back and when you revert back it is your choice the person who uses it is it is his or her choice to select that phase of earlier phase of your life which you consider to be most pleasant and pleasant is defined in terms of there should not be too much of demand on you there should not be too much of expectation from you. So, chronologically you are something else psychologically you start behaving like somebody who is still much less mature. So, that is about regression three four defense mechanisms are still left.