 I welcome you all on my channel and we are discussing about a very important topic of psychology as well as educational psychology, intelligence. And in intelligence we are dealing with theories of intelligence as it is a very broad topic hence we have subdivided it into many, many theories and we are taking each one by one. Okay? So today is the lecture number 6 of the main theme, intelligence and the topic which I am going to deal today is Thurston's theory of intelligence and this video will be useful for UGC net seated and all sorts of teaching examinations, competitive teaching examinations. Okay? So today we are going to deal with Thurston's theory of intelligence. Okay? And before I will start this topic, please join our Telegram group, Explore Underscore Education. And it is my intro. You all know me. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls Degree College. This is a constituent college of Ilhabad University and this is my email id. So subscribe my channel and let's start. First of all, sorry, let me tell you that this theory will also come under psychometric approach. Psychometric approach means that what is the structure of intelligence in this theory? According to the structure of intelligence, the theories come under psychometric approach and in which it is said that how an intelligent person behaves, how the information is processed, all the theories come under information processing approach. So what we studied yesterday, the hierarchical theory of Vernon, I also told you that there are two extremes. One is the spearman who gives the G-factor and the other is Thurston, who today we are studying, who do not believe in the G-factor and only give the multiple factor or group factor. He was bringing the theory of Vernon in the middle of it, which he was also believing that no, the G-factor is also important and he made a hierarchy in which he was getting a specific factor at the end. So today we will study Thurston, did he tell you about the intellect and how his theory came under the field of intelligence, how he promoted so many researches and why it is so important in psychology. So first of all, let us know a little bit about Thurston, that initially he was interested in engineering and mathematics. A thing that I find very interesting and I think it is common in all the minds of scientists is that he was not a psychologist from the beginning. Many people, like us who studied Alfred Bineau, Alfred Bineau never studied psychology and at the beginning there was no biologist, no physicist, no engineer, no in any way, no in any way and everyone worked so much in psychology. Later he adopted it in the same way Thurston was initially interested in engineering and mathematics. And the most interesting thing that you will find is that he worked for Thomas Edison as an assistant. For some time he worked for Thomas Edison as well. But then what happened? After that in 1912 he had started teaching at the University of Minnesota. In 1912 he came to the University of Minnesota. And then what was his interest in? Psychology of learning. Then he started getting interested in learning how to learn. Then what did he do? He was a very good person in psychology, in addition to his theory of intelligence. He established this psychometric society. He and his followers, his disciples, together he created this psychometric society in Chicago in 1935. And in 1938 he is making the primary mental ability test. What he is doing is that measures the various factors related to human intelligence. He made a primary mental ability test in the PMA to measure the impact of human intelligence. Ok. There are some other publications which are very important. For example, The Nature of Intelligence, The Measurement of Attitude, The Vector of Mind, Primary Mental Abilities and Multiple Factor Analysis. And one more thing that you will find common in the psychometric approach. All the psychologists are talking about this theory. What is common in this approach? These people take out their research from the factor analysis. This was done by Spierman, this was done by Vernon. And this is what Thurston is also doing. Then, let's talk about his intellect. Louis Leon Thurston, his full name is proposed by his multiple and group factor theory of intelligence in 1930. If we have to remember the year, we should remember it. It is good that we can tell the year wise which theory came. So Thurston's theory is coming in 1938. And this is called Group Factor Samu Karak Siddhan. Then Thurston brings the concept of multiple factors associated with human intelligence instead of a single factor G. See, the work in the psychology field of intelligence is still going on. All the work is going on on G. Alfred B. was only saying G. Then he came to Spierman. He said, no, it is G but it is also S. Then Vernon said it is also G but he said it in the term of hierarchy. And then Thurston is coming. He is the first to say that it is not G. He says that we don't have any general intelligence. In fact, we have multiple factors. There are a lot of tasks. There is no single Karak which affects intelligence or governs intelligence. Whereas, there are a lot of tasks in the mind of many people who give benefits. Then what did he do? He should have used the new advanced technique of factor analysis to understand the various factors related to intelligence. Everyone is working on factor analysis. But you have to pay attention to this. Since he is involved in psychometrics, he has done a lot of measurements and all these things. That is why he used the advanced version of factor analysis. And what does he do on that? He says that there exist seven different mental abilities factors. And he called them PMA. PMA means primary mental abilities. He is saying that there is no G factor. There is no general intelligence. In fact, the intellect of a human is affected by the seven mental abilities factors. And what are the seven? We will read this as well. Then how did he reject it? He rejected the G factor of Spearman. He was very prevalent at that time. At that time, his theory was very boring. Then what did he say? He had stated that human intellectual abilities are diverse. And he is saying that human intellectual abilities are very different. He is saying this in seven ways. Then what is he saying? He had stated that every individual possesses different levels of these seven factors. I mean, I will have the same seven factors of different levels. You will have different types of them. Someone else will have different types of them. And the next one will have different types of them. I mean, every individual has the same seven primary mental abilities. But all these levels have changed. And these levels do not depend on each other. And he is also saying that none of these levels depend on each other. What are all these? They are completely separate. And each of these abilities can be evaluated separately. And that is why we can evaluate each of them in different ways. In this way, who else is he rejecting? He is rejecting IQ as well. Because IQ was telling him one term. He was telling him one numeric value. He was telling him not to go to IQ. Instead, you can try to develop these seven primary mental abilities separately. And since they are independent from each other, that is why their evaluation can be different. Then what is he saying? But later on he has accepted. One more thing. He has applied many tests. He has made a mental ability test. He has analyzed the results. In his research, he has found that there is no such thing. That there are only seven factors that govern human intelligence. In fact, there is also G factor. That is, from where do they start? From the rejection of G factor. But in the end, they work on intelligence, on abilities, on tests. He says that there is G factor. He has also accepted G factor later. We can believe that there is a lot of importance in the field of G factor. Then, since they are making a psychometric society, they work on psychometric very much. That is why what do they do? Thurston was responsible for the standardized mean and SDF IQ scores. As used today, as opposed to the intelligence test system, originally used by Alfred Beane. Who is Alfred Beane using? I mean, Alfred Beane is coming after your constant, which is bringing the concept of IQ. And then Terman is using it in his standard. But Thurston is saying that no, we will take it from standardized mean and SDF IQ, which we have discussed so that the deviation IQ is called. So, Thurston Sahab, you can say that it is responsible for taking the IQ from IQ to deviation IQ. Okay. Now, let's find out which is their primary ventilability. Look, we should remember this. Because this is not a hierarchy. So, we can remember it further as per our convenience. But we have to remember this only. So, the first one is called numerical ability. We have this multiple factor for any human individual. Verbal, spatial, memory. Somewhere, it is associated memory. Then, verbal fluency, inductive reasoning, and perceptual speed. They did so many tests, research, and did a factor analysis and told us that these are the primary mental abilities that govern human intelligence, affect it, and together, they are independent. That is why we can evaluate each individual. We should develop each individual separately. And there is no general factor. They were saying at the beginning that they will accept it later. And they say that all individuals have this. What is their level separately? It can be numerical, spatial, memory, or inductive reasoning. So, let's know a little bit about all of this. The first one is called numerical. Numerical means the individual who can do what? Ability to do quick and accurate numerical computation. You can ask questions in the class, and you can quickly solve them. You can quickly do the math. This means that you keep the numerical primary mental ability of Thurston. Then, if it is verbal, what can we do? Ability. We have this ability to use various words and sentences. The word verbal means language. The ability to use the words and words in a good way is also mental ability. Spatial means spatial organization. It means to understand the manipulation of various objects in space. These various objects can be real, can be imaginary, like you must have seen in many intelligence tests. Akratis are given. In the second picture, it is a little tilted. How much is it? Then, in the third, fourth, and then in the fifth, we ask, which of these will be Akratis? So, for this, they will be able to better this question, which will have spatial mental ability. If we have Akashi or Vinyas, we can understand them. Then, memory means that we... memory should be good. So, we can quickly memorize the various concepts and also to retain for longer time. Meaning, we can quickly remember the concept and we can remember it for a long time. If we remember it quickly and we forget it quickly, then it doesn't matter. We should remember it quickly and remember it for a long time. This was the ability. They gave it the name of memory. Then, you will get the word fluency somewhere. I should have written the word fluency. Rapidly speak several isolated words. Or you can say, this is related to communication skills. Or you can say, this is related to writing somewhere. So, verbal and verbal fluency. They gave two names or word fluency. And they have kept both in the form of different mental abilities. Then, inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning comes from induction. Induction means that we can deduce the general principle from a specific concept. The ability to deduce a general principle from a specific concept. Like, we should go specific to general. Specific to general means that we have seen the color of the leaves. We have seen the color of this leaf, the color of the mango leaf, the color of the lemon leaf, and we have seen the color of the trees, the color of the plants. So, we have taken out the generalized statement that generally, the leaves of plants are green. The leaves of trees are green. So, when we go specific to general, then inductive. When we go general to specific, then deductive. So, these are the mental abilities of inductive reasoning. And then, perceptual speed. That is, how do we have the speed of perception? That is, the ability of a person to rapidly recognize and compare these specific images, numbers, or letters. That is, this is the ability of a person to quickly recognize and compare these specific images, numbers, or letters. So, these are also the questions asked in the test of intelligence. We have four addresses and we are asked, which one is suitable for us. So, we have to quickly see which things are the same and which one is different. So, these are the mental abilities. Now, Thurston has done a factor analysis and told us that these seven primary mental abilities, he named it as PMA, that these multiple factors affect human intelligence and we are all independent from each other. And in the beginning, he was denying the G factor, but later on, while coming and working on intelligence, he said, no, you cannot deny the G factor completely. The G factor is also present in existence. Okay. So, today, we have covered Thurston's primary mental abilities, Thurston's theory of intelligence. In this way, we have covered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. We have covered 5 theories and there are still some very important theories. And one more thing is that Thurston's theory, which has brought in multiple factors, brought in group factors, has led to many theories like S.Y. Model of Kilford, and your Harvard Gardner's multiple factor, sorry, the theory of intelligence, has given a path for all of this. So, thank you all for listening to me. Listening to me. And don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. Join telegram group also to attain daily quizzes for getting learning materials, for asking your queries and providing me feedback. And to find this channel in telegram, scan to join or type explore underscore education. Okay.