 Preventive health care, preventive health care alternately preventive medicine, preventative health care slash medicine, or prophylaxis consists of measures taken for disease prevention, as opposed to disease treatment. Just as health comprises a variety of physical and mental states, so do disease and disability, which are affected by environmental factors, genetic predisposition, disease agents, and lifestyle choices. Health, disease, and disability are dynamic processes which begin before individuals realize they are affected. Disease prevention relies on anticipatory actions that can be categorized as primal, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Each year, millions of people die of preventable deaths. The 2000s study showed that about half of all deaths in the United States in 2000 were due to preventable behaviors and exposures. Leading causes included cardiovascular disease, chronic respiratory disease, unintentional injuries, diabetes, and certain infectious diseases. This same study estimates that 400,000 people die each year in the United States due to poor diet and a secondary lifestyle. According to estimates made by the World Health Organization who about 55 million people died worldwide in 2011, two-thirds of this group from non-communicable diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and chronic cardiovascular and lung diseases. This is an increase from the year 2000, during which 60% of deaths were attributed to these diseases. Preventive healthcare is especially important given the worldwide rise in prevalence of chronic diseases and deaths from these diseases. There are many methods for prevention of disease. It is recommended that adults and children aim to visit their doctor for regular check-up tests, even if they feel healthy. To perform disease screening, identify risk factors for disease, discuss tips for a healthy and balanced lifestyle, stay up-to-date with immunizations and boosters, and maintain a good relationship with a healthcare provider. Some common disease screenings include checking for hypertension, high blood pressure, high perglycemia, high blood sugar, a risk factor for diabetes, mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, high blood cholesterol screening for colon cancer, depression, HIV and other common types of sexually transmitted disease such as chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea, mammography to screen for breast. Cerecolorectal cancer screening, a PAP test to check for cervical cancer and screening for osteoporosis. Genetic testing can also be performed to screen for mutations that cause genetic disorders or predisposition to certain diseases such as breast or ovarian cancer. However, these measures are not affordable for every individual and the cost-effectiveness of preventive healthcare is still a topic of debate.