 Okay, so I'm thinking everyone can hear me just fine. I'm generally loud even when I don't have a mic So we're going to be doing a small demo as part of this With each other so there are two of those or two bags And you need to work with the person next to you so that each of you that one can each of the bags So you are the person next to you are going to be partners you will have one of both times If you look really carefully, you'll see that some of the strips have a black line That's in the direction of the strip and some of the strips have a black line That's in that's perpendicular to the direction of the strip. So you're your partner want to have one of these Does that sound good? Thank you So while those are going around So people are coming in I'd love it if you sat near the front The social contact is if you sit near the front, I won't take it personally if you have to leave early But I think a lot of people will get some of them and I'll get started Yes Thank you So I'm Debbie Tatra. I am a protective material client at Olin College on the other side of the ocean I've had to be called young lady in a really long time So today I'm going to be talking about So you'd be thinking but very much from the point of view of material client, which is what I do And so thinking a little bit about the implications of the processes that we use but also the products and the supply chains So everyone in this room I'm sure has heard a bunch of stuff about the potential of this media project and you may have seen sort of things like this and Actually, I'm going to check. The people in the back, can we read this slide? So I know the victim issues are going to be bright. So the benefits of society is huge No one should be keeping up with the products around the world No one should be divorcing product fat, no one should be child labor We'll be able to print foods for other people, we'll be able to share not only a recipe but the full meal We'll be able to actually copy that clock in with the immediate So I'm looking at a reality check this subject So I said I'm a material scientist So this is kind of what 3D printing in food looks like This is a chocolate printer But actually getting to food down to people is really more about things like air dropping beds and rocks It's not about the actual shape that it takes It's about the material that it's made from And so that's what we're going to talk a little bit about There's two elements today that we're going to talk about So one of them is why processing matters So how do you make things matter is not just what you're making it out of But the second thing we're going to talk about a bit is about closing the material's loop So processing matters first So the last time I looked it's hard to get an accurate number But there's somewhat over a hundred or so materials That are being commercially used to 3D printing right now And there's new ones coming in all the time This is actually a friend of mine, Megan Schroeder Who was a PhD student at the University of Washington in Seattle Who was looking at a type of basically stitching glass And so looking at a range of ceramics As sort of bringing in new material online Mark Ganger, some of you may have heard of As he's the person who reversed the engineer of the recipe To do 3D printing using coating powder and various other things So it was like a sort of an expensive proprietary powder recipe And he reversed the engineer of it to make it sort of cheap and open source This is the fundamental tenets of material science Which is that the material that you use How it's processed, both effective properties The properties result from both what you start with And what you do to it And the things you can do to it depend on both the materials And what properties you're at This is the central dogma of material science This is like DNA, RNA, protein It's the biology, this is the material science So we almost never think about just materials per se We always think about what are we trying to get out of them And how are we going to process it to get the properties So I have a very simple example to start So how are we doing with the sample? Where are they? Who has not done the sample yet? Most of you Why don't you come back to that? So I'm going to talk a little bit more And then we'll come back to this in a bit So instead of starting at the extreme low end of the demo We're actually going to start at the higher end So this is a 3D printed mandible And it's made in the center titanium It was for a patient who had a bone cancer Where a mandible had been removed, had been exercised And so they used modeling and then 3D printing It's a center of titanium mandible And titanium's actually a material that's very commonly used For replacing bone And then it was coated in hydroxyapatite Which is a mineral that's very similar to the mineral that's in bone And was implanted Actually it is biological and biomedical materials And so one of the first things you learn About biomedical materials Is that they are incredibly sensitive to processing So anything that you put in the body The way it's been treated before you put it in Sensitively affects how the body responds to it So a good example of this is This is the Yorkshire Convexoconcaine print ball So this is a heart valve replaced in So this is where you have open heart surgery And one of the valves in your heart There's four valves in your heart That would be removed in place So typically It's commonly things like rheumatic fever That causes it to starve or make it block So this is a synthetic heart valve Made of synthetic materials That's used to replace it Not for how easily you can see it This is piloted carbon It's like a special type of carbon That's extremely hard There's slots that hold it in place That are made of titanium It's a sewing ring So that can be sutured into place And the disc If they tilt back and forth So that's how it works for the ball So when they first made these This slot was spot welded into place It's spot welded onto the ring And what they found Was that the Basically the natural fluids of the body And the bloodstream Were attacking the point That point of contact So the struct would fail And this is a heart valve So it had fatal complications And because this is the United States I believe the lawsuits are still ongoing So they actually redesigned the process And the redesign of the process Was to actually Just route out the shape Out of the 3D routing Like CNC milling Out of a single piece of titanium To basically avoid the changes to the material That happen at the point where it's spot welded So this is what I talked about In the body This is the kind of thing I'm talking about So When you think about As I said When you think about materials And applications where How the process really, really matters How are we doing for the Stiff plastic? Who doesn't have a stiff plastic? So Okay So This is a katana And I'm not sure exactly when it's from The thing you can't see on this Is actually a gorgeous sort of wave pattern In the metal The 3D prints a katana With sub micron precision You can make something that looks exactly Like a Japanese sword It would have None of the properties of a Japanese sword The actual processing Is how you actually do the forging Of this blade That literally rearranges The iron and the carbon atoms in it To have a particular structure That actually is what results In the particular set of mechanical properties That are in the katana So we look at this and we're like Oh, this is what it looks like But in fact Most of what makes it What it is Is all of the stuff that's internal At the atomic level And all of the sort of long, complicated Famic, ritualistic forging processes Are about getting that atomic structure right So So when you talk about 3D printing What we're doing is we're saying We're going to take a space of the processing We're going to take one type of processing And we're going to create things with that But from the point of view of material science What I say is if you have your material You have this sort of huge space Of properties that you can have But if you restrict the type of processing What you do to one type of processing You're not actually able to Reach that whole space And when more people have the plastic I'll give you a little sort of Hands-on demo of that Having said that of course And the meaning why This is Neil Stevenson's book How many people have read this book? Yes, a lot of people So this is a book about nanotechnology And it's very much about doing nanotechnology From the atomic level on up So this is where we can create materials That actually have this Of the atomic structure That instead of processing it To the top there We're going to put our sword on An anvil and bang on it We can start thinking about processing From the bottom up To get the atomic structure we need But this is kind of the level That we're talking about To have things that have The same sort of typical properties That some applications are really important It's important for most applications That are not as shape we said For decorative use only For things that actually have Good material properties So at the moment for example 3D printed metal Is relatively It has strength It's fairly high stiffness But it still has very poor fatigue resistance So if you're using it For anything that's moving Over long periods of time It doesn't survive very well And obviously we're working on this This is a moving target I'm going to do one more check Are we nearly there? So that means we will do this Before we move on So you and your partner So you're going to take your strip And so we'll start with the lengthwise one So I want you to hold it Securely between your hands And I should have kept one That I can demo it with Two strips are cut from a Plastic carry bag Like this So it's basically this one Is crosswise With the line that goes up And the other one This one is lengthwise Right So we're going to start with The lengthwise one So you want to pay attention to your partner As they do this If you're not person doing it Hold it between your thumbs Hold it sort of securely and evenly And then pull on it Intellectual And then think about What it did Now Take the one where the line Is perpendicular Grab it And do the same thing Pull on it What if we know this Figure with a partner Which one is easier to pull apart Could you tell The one that's perpendicular Is a lot easier to pull apart The one that was in the up-down direction Was actually much Different before much Last when you pulled on it The one The crosswise one Also next It basically extended a really long way So When you make plastic bags Is by Basically stretching out The film It ends up being The long direction of the bag And so when you do that The polyethylene molecules From that Actually get stretched out In that direction So that when you pull on it You're pulling more or less directly On the long polyethylene chains Whereas when you pull it It's crosswise You're basically pulling them apart And it's much easier to pull them apart Than it is to pull the Reconciliation chains So The reason why we did this Is the demo Is because plastic bags are like A meditative for like The cheapest disposable Thing made of plastic Even in plastic bags We actually carefully do the processing And the design of the bag So that they're actually stronger And stiffer In the up-and-down direction Either direction that we're loading them in When you fill a bag of groceries Versus in the crosswise direction So even like the super The super cheap thing Has this Directionality Has this processing That helps them function So like you could not With current availability You could not 3D print the plastic bag Because it wouldn't actually Have this structure So this is why We want to think about processing So Actually something I just had to think about Something that I'm actually Really interested in Is actually using 3D printing Other processes So for example 3D printing Molds that you then pass And so this is actually Water-soluble 2D print film It's a make-a-bot That you could use To do things like that But so one thing I'm sort of interested in Is how do you Get the benefits of 3D printing Like mass transformation But using other materials Other processing techniques Like casting for example So The second thing I want to talk about today About closing the materials Is about You know that thing We said It's like they're like Oh, we are Let me go back And I'll show you This idea of We'll be able to copy that floppy No more shipping huge amounts Of products around the world No more shipping the broken products Back There's this whole idea That if you have a 3D printer Then you're sort of Off the supply chain That you can basically Create things where you are And have them available to you And of course right now That is not true Right So if you do 3D printing With plastic filament The plastic filament Is at the end of a Global supply chain Around the equivalent Right So it is like You're totally on a supply chain But we can do a sonic screwdriver Now the sonic screwdriver Is what would it take To actually Take 3D printing off the grid Right To actually have something That isn't attached to the supply chain And there's a few ways You can think about How we might want to do it So One thing you can do Is you can use Binding on products So if we can actually Grow Something locally And then use that To create polymers And we can then build things out of We would have a Sort of a local Sustainable thing That wouldn't be on a supply chain Or just be our field of Corn for example That we're then using To make filament That we're then using For a 3D printer Right Not part of the supply chain Another option is to use Material that we all Have in hand And this looks Completely different On the slide But these are Giants This is a giant Heat of Palatized Polyethylene PEC Right So a huge amount of waste plastic That are in our communities That if we could figure out How to repurpose that We could basically Use this to close the loop And make things out of it At this point You would probably realize that When we start thinking About making the local materials We're kind of also thinking About making this Sustainable material Right So the things that are local Are often the things that Are reusable Or are waste products That we can sort of Close the loop on it So we can just Often need that We can think about When you think about What are some ways of To be printed That we can make things Sustainable This is a pile of Palatine Actually for injection Or not to be printed From a company called Preserve Which is facing Massachusetts Which is where I live And they actually decided That they were going to Make toothbrushes And now plates Like serverware Out of basically Closed loop plastics So when you buy So they actually started By using yogurt containers So probably Couple of yogurt containers But now when you buy A preserved toothbrush You use it for Six to eight weeks You have a long-awaited Toothbrush for And then you actually Should have it back to them And they grind it up And they use it to Make more toothbrushes So very explicitly Sort of closing the loop And the same thing With addition So it's sort of Some kind of Disposable product But they basically Have built in a system To close the loop So that the plastic Could actually be used To make More of their products By marketing A couple of years ago So this is a product That involves a Finale lens Or a large lens To concentrate sunlight On to sand And then to create Center To basically center The sand into objects So this is using materials But it'll write back So there's very Local material And of course My favorite example Of getting off A supply chain Is doing this in space So this is an example Of something called D-Shake That's working with A European space agency To 3D printing Basically on the moon With Ludo regolith So the idea is That you just bring The binder with you And then you actually 3D print Sort of soft Sort of dusty soil Dusty soil Probably not the right word Dust Basically dust Ludo regolith On the moon To make things Like face faces That are habitable So this is totally Like this is like Out of the gravity world Totally off the supply chain Right You're making things Sort of right there With the materials That are handy So I've always heard of My self-criticism So she's one of my Viewers She is a professor And narrator From my alma mater To the University of Toronto She is a medallist By training She started working In the field In 1950 She pretty much Invented the field Of archeometry But one of the Things that she's Best known for Is giving students A lecture And it's that book The real world Of technology And I highly Recommend This book And these ideas But Specifically thinking About technology And culture So in this book She talks about She talks about Perscriptive labor And holistic labor So Perscriptive labor Is what we think about When we think about Um Division of labor Some added smiths Kin making Everybody makes A different component Of it Um This is a Perspecting donuts Coming off an assembly line Everyone has Their own tasks That's involved So Perscriptive labor Project Which many people Are involved in And need That they need to be coordinated This is an Incredibly successful thing In fact So much so that We don't actually think About this as a thing Right This is just Like how you Manufacture things And then Enable us To make things Like our West 280s That we would Never be able to make Without the sort Of large scale Coordination Of lots of people Doing their Sort of assigned tasks We're also familiar With what's Personal Later Where the person Is actually making it Is responsible For the entirety Of what they're making That they They have an understanding Of the whole process They are doing the whole Process And they're making it One of the things That I find really Interesting About studio printing Is that We take something That is very Traditionally And stereotypically Prescriptive labor Things like Injection molding Manufacturing Production And we're actually Moving it pretty much As a person To Conceive it Had up the model And then do the actual 3D printing But To me The challenge of this Is that now You are the person Who is responsible For the externalities Of what you do So at this point You can't just Feel like Okay, there's a factor Somewhere they're Making this thing They're doing something With a waste material I don't know what He did It's not my problem Right? Because you sort of Are responsible For what you're doing You're the person Who's responsible For what they produce And what's going to Be waste and so forth So I have Kind of a challenge For People who are involved In this field Which is basically So both on the Process of these But especially on the Thinking about materials Thinking about systems Fees We can do a lot Better than we do That's what I have to say today Thank you Thank you Thank you Thank you Thank you Thank you